Jump to content

LGBTQ rights in Europe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 118.10.87.55 (talk) at 05:21, 29 August 2015. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

LGBTQ rights in Europe
Europe
StatusLegal in all 56 states
Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories. Illegal in 2 states with limited recognition.
Gender identityLegal in 43 out of 56 states
Legal in 3 out of 6 dependencies and other territories
MilitaryAllowed to serve openly in 39 out of 52 states having an army
Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Discrimination protectionsLegal in 42 out of 56 states
Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsLegal in 25 out of 56 states
Legal in 3 out of 6 dependencies and other territories
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 12 out of 56 states
AdoptionLegal in 19 out of 56 states
Legal in 3 out of 6 dependencies and other territories
Part of a series on
LGBTQ rights
The Greek letter "lambda"
Lesbian ∙ Gay ∙ Bisexual ∙ Transgender ∙ Queer
Overview
Aspects
Opposition
Organizations
Politics
Timeline
Related
LGBTQ portal

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are widely diverse in Europe per country. Twelve out of the eighteen countries that have legalised same-sex marriage are situated in Europe;[A] a further thirteen European countries have legalised civil unions or other forms of recognition for same-sex couples. Austria, Germany, Italy, Hungary and Switzerland are considering legislation to introduce same-sex marriage. Same-sex marriage in Slovenia and Ireland is to become legal in 2015. In addition, it will be enacted in Finland by March 2017. Malta is the only country in Europe that recognizes legally performed same-sex marriages overseas but does not perform them. Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine have a constitutional ban on same-sex marriage.

History

A participant of 2013 Prague Pride wearing a traditional Moravian dress (Hanakia) and a sign "Good day - Olomouc greets Prague"

Although same-sex relationships were quite common (but never an equivalent to marriage between man and woman) in ancient Greece, Rome and pagan Celtic societies, after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, severe laws against homosexual behavior appeared. An edict by the Emperor Theodosius I in 390 condemned all "passive" homosexual men to death by public burning. This was followed by the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian I in 529, which prescribed public castration and execution for all who committed homosexual acts, both active and passive partners. Homosexual behavior, called sodomy, was considered a capital crime in most European countries, and thousands of homosexual men were executed across Europe during waves of persecution in these centuries. Lesbians were less often singled out for punishment, but they also suffered persecution and execution from time to time.[1]

Since the foundation of Poland in 966, Polish law has never defined homosexuality as a crime.[2][3] Forty years after Poland lost its independence in 1795, the sodomy laws of Russia, Prussia, and Austria came into force in the partitioned Polish territory. Poland regained its independence in 1918 and abandoned the laws of the occupying powers.[4][5][6] In 1932, Poland codified the equal age of consent for homosexuals and heterosexuals at 15.[7]

In Turkey, homosexuality has been legal since 1858.[8]

During the French Revolution, the French National Assembly rewrote the criminal code in 1791, omitting all reference to homosexuality. During the Napoleonic wars, homosexuality was decriminalised in territories coming under French control, such as the Netherlands and many of the pre-unification German states, however in Germany this ended with the unification of the country under the Prussian Kaiser, as Prussia had long punished homosexuality harshly. On 6 August 1942, the Vichy government made homosexual relations with anyone under twenty-one illegal as part of its conservative agenda. Most Vichy legislation was repealed after the war– but the anti-gay Vichy law remained on the books for four decades until it was finally repealed in August 1982 when the age of consent (15) was again made the same for heterosexual as well as homosexual partners.

Nevertheless, gay men and lesbians continued to live closeted lives, since moral and social disapproval by heterosexual society remained strong across Europe for another two decades, until the modern gay rights movement began in 1969.

Further information: LGBT social movements

Various countries under dictatorships in the 20th century were very anti-homosexual, such as in the Soviet Union, in Nazi Germany and in Spain under Francisco Franco's regime. In contrast, after Poland regained independence after World War I, it went on in 1932 to become the first country in 20th-century Europe to decriminalise homosexual activity[clarification needed], followed by Denmark in 1933, Iceland in 1940, Switzerland in 1942 and Sweden in 1944.

In 1962, homosexual behavior was decriminalized in Czechoslovakia, following a scientific research of Kurt Freund that included phallometry of homosexually oriented men who appeared to have given up sexual relations with other men and established heterosexual marriages. Freund came to the conclusion that homosexual orientation may not be changed.[citation needed]

In 1972, Sweden became the first country in the world to allow people who were transsexual by legislation to surgically change their sex and provide free hormone replacement therapy.[9]

In 1979, a number of people in Sweden called in sick with a case of being homosexual, in protest of homosexuality being classified as an illness. This was followed by an activist occupation of the main office of the National Board of Health and Welfare. Within a few months, Sweden became the first country in Europe from those that had previously defined homosexuality as an illness to remove it as such.[10]

In 1989, Denmark was the first country in Europe, and the world, to introduce registered partnerships for same-sex couples.[citation needed]

In 1991, Bulgaria was the first country in Europe to ban same-sex marriage.[11] Since then, eleven countries have followed (Lithuania in 1992, Belarus and Moldova in 1994, Ukraine in 1996, Poland in 1997, Latvia and Serbia in 2006, Montenegro in 2007, Hungary in 2012, Croatia in 2013 and Slovakia in 2014).[11][12]

In 2001 a next step was made, when the Netherlands opened civil marriage for same-sex couples, which made it the first country in the world to do so. Since then, eleven other European states have followed (Belgium in 2003, Spain in 2005, Norway and Sweden in 2009, Portugal and Iceland in 2010, Denmark in 2012, France in 2013, the United Kingdom in 2014 and Luxembourg and the Republic of Ireland in 2015).[citation needed]

On 22 October 2009, the assembly of the Church of Sweden, voted strongly in favour of giving its blessing to homosexual couples,[13] including the use of the term marriage, ("matrimony"). The new law was introduced on 1 November 2009.

Recent developments

Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.

Civil partnerships have been legal in Ireland since 2011. In 2013, the government held a constitutional convention which voted overwhelmingly in favour of amending the constitution in order to extend marriage rights to same-sex couples. On 22 May 2015, Irish citizens voted on whether to add the following amendment to the constitution: "Marriage may be contracted in accordance with law by two persons without distinction as to their sex.". 62.1% of the electorate voted in favour of the amendment, making Ireland the first country worldwide to introduce same-sex marriage through a national referendum. Ireland's first same-sex marriage ceremonies are expected to take place in August 2015.

The Isle of Man has allowed civil partnerships since 2011, as well as Jersey in 2012.[citation needed] Liechtenstein also legalised registered partnership by 68 percent of voters via a referendum in 2011.[14]

On 1 January 2012, a new constitution of Hungary enacted by the government of Viktor Orbán, leader of the ruling Fidesz party, came into effect, restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples and containing no guarantees of protection from discrimination on account of sexual orientation.[15]

In 2012, the United Kingdom government launched a public same-sex marriage consultation,[16] intending to change the laws applying to England and Wales. Its Marriage Bill was signed into law on 17 July 2013. The Scottish government launched a similar consultation, aiming to legalise same-sex marriage by 2015. On 4 February 2014, the Scottish Parliament passed a bill to legalise same sex marriages in Scotland as well as ending the "spousal veto" that would allow spouses to deny transgender partners the ability to change their legal gender.[17]

In May 2013, France legalised same-sex marriage, with French president François Hollande signing a law authorizing marriage and adoption by gay couples.[18]

On 7 June 2013, Romania amended its Constitution to ban same-sex marriage through a commission tasked with amending it, with 15 MPs in the commission voting for,and only 3 abstentions.[19]

On 30 June 2013, Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, signed the Russian LGBT propaganda law into force, which was unanimously approved by the State Duma. The law makes distributing propaganda among minors in support of non-traditional sexual relationships a criminal offence.[20]

On 1 December 2013, a referendum was held in Croatia to constitutionally define marriage as a union between a woman and a man. The vote passed, with 65.87% supporting the measure, and a turnout of 37.9%.[21]

On 27 January 2014 in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (part of Cyprus occupied since the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974) Turkish Cypriot deputies passed an amendment repealing a colonial-era law that punished homosexual acts with up to five years in prison by a new Criminal Code.[22]

On 14 April 2014, the Parliament of Malta voted in favour of the Civil Union Act which recognizes same-sex couples and permits them to adopt children. On the same day the Maltese parliament also voted in favour of a constitutional amendment to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

On 4 June 2014, the Slovak parliament overwhelmingly approved a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, with 102 deputies for and 18 deputies against the legislation.[12]

On 18 June 2014, the Parliament of Luxembourg approved a bill to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption.[23] The law was published in the official gazette on 17 July and took effect 1 January 2015.[24][25][26]

On 15 July 2014, Croatian Parliament passed the Life Partnership Act giving same-sex couples all rights that married couples have, except for adoption.[27] However, the Act allows a parent's life partner to become the child's partner-guardian. Partner-guardianship as an institution is equal to step-child adoption in rights and responsibilities, but it does not give parental status to the parent's life partner. Criteria for partner-guardianship and step-parent adoption for opposite-sex couples are the same. Also, regardless of partner-guardianship, a parent's life partner may attain partial parental responsibility over the child either via court or consensus among the parents and life partner, even full in some cases when the court decides that it is in the child's best interest.

In September 2014, a law went into effect in Denmark effectively dropping the former practice of requiring transgender persons to undergo arduous psychiatric evaluation and castration before being allowed legal gender change. By requiring nothing more than a statement of gender identity and subsequent confirmation of the request for gender change after a waiting period of 6 months, this means that anyone wishing their legal gender marker changed can do so with no expert-evaluation and few other formal restrictions.[28] Meanwhile Norwegian Health Minister Bent Høie has made promises that a similar law for Norway will be drafted soon.[29]

On 9 October 2014, the parliament of Estonia passed the Cohabitation bill by a 40-38 vote.[30] It was signed by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves that same day and will take effect on 1 January 2016.[31]

On 27 November 2014 the Parliament of Andorra passed a Civil Union bill, legalising also joint adoption for same-sex partners. On 24 December 2014, the bill was published in the official journal, following promulgation by co-prince François Hollande as signature of one of the two co-princes was needed. It took effect on 25 December 2014.[32]

On 12 December 2014 the Parliament of Finland passed a same-sex marriage bill by a 101-90 vote.[33] The law was signed by President Sauli Niinistö on 20 February 2015. In order that the provisions of the framework law would be fully implementable further legislation has to be passed. The provisional date of the law going into effect is 1 March 2017.[34]

On 21 January 2015, the Parliament of Macedonia overwhelmingly approved Amendment XXXIII to the Constitution of Macedonia, banning same-sex marriage, with 72 MPs voting for and 4 MPs voting against.[35]

On 7 February 2015, Slovaks voted in a referendum to ban same sex marriage and same sex parental adoption.[36] The result of the referendum was for the proposals, with 95% and 92% votes for, respectively.[37] However, the referendum was deemed invalid because of a low turnout.[38]

On 3 March 2015 the Parliament of Slovenia passed a same-sex marriage bill by a 51-28 vote.[39]

Public opinion around Europe

See also: Societal attitudes towards homosexuality
2010 European Social Survey: % of people in each country who agree or strongly agree that "gay men and lesbians should be free to live their own lives as they wish." [2]
Country Percentage
 Netherlands 92%
 Sweden 89%
 Denmark 89%
 Belgium 87%
 United Kingdom 84%
 Norway 83%
 France 82%
 Ireland 82%
  Switzerland 82%
 Germany 81%
 Spain 80%
 Finland 74%
 Czech Republic 65%
 Portugal 59%
 Greece 50%
 Slovenia 49%
 Bulgaria 47%
 Hungary 45%
 Poland 44%
 Slovakia 42%
 Estonia 41%
 Croatia 38%
 Lithuania 28%
 Ukraine 28%
 Russia 25%

In a 2002 Pew Global Attitudes Project surveyed by the Pew Research Center, showed majorities in every Western European nation said homosexuality should be accepted by society, while most Russians, Poles and Ukrainians disagreed.[40] A Eurobarometer in 2006 surveying up to 30,000 people from each European Union country, showed split opinion around the 27 member states on the issue of same sex marriage. The majority of support came from the Netherlands (82%), Sweden (71%), Denmark (69%), Belgium (62%), Luxembourg (58%), Spain (56%), Finland (54%), Germany (52%) and the Czech Republic (52%). All other countries within the EU had below 50% support; with Romania (11%), Latvia (12%), Cyprus (14%), Bulgaria (15%), Greece (15%), Lithuania (17%), Poland (17%), Hungary (18%) and Malta (18%) at the other end of the list.[41] Same sex adoption had majority support from only two countries: Netherlands at 69% and Sweden at 51% and the least support from Poland and Malta on 7% respectively.[41]

A more recent survey carried out in October 2008 by The Observer affirmed that the majority of Britons – 55% – support gay marriage.[42] A 2013 poll shows that the majority of the Irish public support gay marriage and gay adoption, 73% and 60% respectively.[43] France has support for same sex marriage at 62%,[44] and Russian at 14%.[45] Italy has support for the 'Civil Partnership Law' between gays at 45% with 47% opposed.[46] In 2009 58.9% of Italians supported civil unions, while 40.4 supported same-sex marriage.[47] In 2010, 63.9% of Greeks supported same-sex partnerships, while 38.5% supported same-sex marriage.[48] In 2012 a poll by MaltaToday[49] showed that 41% of Maltese supported same sex marriage, with support increasing to 60% amongst the 18-35 age group. In a 2013 opinion poll conducted by CBOS, 65% of Poles were against same-sex civil unions, 72% of Poles were against same-sex marriage, 88% were against adoption by same-sex couples, and 68% were against gays and lesbians publicly showing their way of life.[50] In Croatia, a poll from November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[51]A CBOS opinion poll from February 2014 found that 70% of Poles believe same-sex sexual activity is morally unacceptable, while only 22% believed it is morally acceptable.[52]

According to pollster Gallup Europe, women, younger generations, and the highly educated are more likely to support same-sex marriage and adoption rights for gay people than other demographics.[53]

Gay rights in the European Union
  Indicates the country/territory has legalised same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
  Indicates that the country has pending civil union or registered partnership legislation
  Indicates that the country has pending same-sex marriage legislation
Country Pollster Year For[a] Against[a] Neither[b] Margin
of error 		Source
Albania Albania IPSOS 2023 26%
 73%
(74%) 		1% [54]
Andorra Andorra Institut d'Estudis Andorrans 2013 70%
(79%) 		19%
(21%) 		11% [55]
Armenia Armenia Pew Research Center 2015 3%
(3%) 		96%
(97%) 		1% ±3% [56][57]
Austria Austria Eurobarometer 2023 65% 30% 5% [58]
Belarus Belarus Pew Research Center 2015 16%
(16%) 		81%
(84%) 		3% ±4% [56][57]
Belgium Belgium Ipsos 2024 69% 19% [9% support some rights]
 12% not sure ±5% [59]
Eurobarometer 2023 79% 19% 2% not sure [58]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina IPSOS 2023 26%
(27%) 		71%
(73%) 		3% [54]
Bulgaria Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2023 17% 75% 8% [58]
Croatia Croatia Eurobarometer 2023 42% 51% 7% [58]
Cyprus Cyprus Eurobarometer 2023 50% 44% 6% [58]
Czech Republic Czech Republic Eurobarometer 2023 60% 34% 6% [58]
Denmark Denmark Eurobarometer 2023 93% 5% 2% [58]
Estonia Estonia Eurobarometer 2023 41% 51% 8% [58]
Finland Finland Eurobarometer 2023 76% 18% 6% [58]
France France Ipsos 2024 62% 26% [16% support some rights] 12% not sure ±3.5% [59]
Pew Research Center 2023 82%
 14% 4% ±3.6% [60]
Eurobarometer 2023 79% 14 7% [58]
Georgia (country) Georgia Women's Initiatives Supporting Group 2021 10%
(12%) 		75%
(88%) 		15% [61]
Germany Germany Ipsos 2024 73% 18% [10% support some rights] 12% not sure ±3.5% [59]
Pew Research Center 2023 80%
 19% 1% ±3.6% [60]
Eurobarometer 2023 84% 13% 3% [58]
Greece Greece Pew Research Center 2023 48%
(49%) 		49%
(51%) 		3% ±3.6% [60]
Eurobarometer 2023 57%
(59%) 		40%
(41%) 		3% [58]
Hungary Hungary Ipsos 2024 44% 35% [18% support some rights] 21% not sure ±5% [59]
Pew Research Center 2023 31%
(33%) 		64%
(67%) 		5% ±3.6% [60]
Eurobarometer 2023 42% 52% 6% [58]
Iceland Iceland Gallup 2006 89% 11% – [62]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Ipsos 2024 68% 21% [8% support some rights] 10% ±5%[c] [59]
Eurobarometer 2023 86% 9% 5% [58]
Italy Italy Ipsos 2024 58% 29% [19% support some rights] 12% not sure ±3.5% [59]
Pew Research Center 2023 73%
(75%) 		25% 2% ±3.6% [60]
Eurobarometer 2023 69% 27% 4% [58]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Pew Research Center 2016 7%
(7%) 		89%
(93%) 		4% [56][57]
Kosovo Kosovo IPSOS 2023 20%
(21%) 		77%
(79%) 		3% [54]
Latvia Latvia Eurobarometer 2023 36% 59% 5% [58]
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Institut 2021 72% 28% 0% [63]
Lithuania Lithuania Eurobarometer 2023 39% 55% 6% [58]
Luxembourg Luxembourg Eurobarometer 2023 84% 13% 3% [58]
Malta Malta Eurobarometer 2023 74% 24% 2% [58]
Moldova Moldova Europa Liberă Moldova 2022 14% 86% [64]
Montenegro Montenegro IPSOS 2023 36%
(37%) 		61%
(63%) 		3% [54]
Netherlands Netherlands Ipsos 2024 77% 15% [8% support some rights] 8% not sure ±5% [59]
Pew Research Center 2023 89%
(90%) 		10% 1% ±3.6% [60]
Eurobarometer 2023 94% 5% 2% [58]
North Macedonia North Macedonia IPSOS 2023 20%
(21%) 		78%
(80%) 		2% [54]
Norway Norway Pew Research Center 2017 72%
(79%) 		19%
(21%) 		9% [56][57]
Poland Poland Ipsos 2024 39%
 48% [28% support some rights] 13% ±5% [59]
Pew Research Center 2023 41%
(43%) 		54%
(57%) 		5% ±3.6% [60]
United Surveys by IBRiS 2024 50%
(55%) 		41%
(45%) 		9% [65]
Eurobarometer 2023 50% 45% 5% [58]
Portugal Portugal Ipsos 2023 80%
(84%) 		15% [11% support some rights]
(16%) 		5% [66]
Eurobarometer 2023 81% 14% 5% [58]
Romania Romania Ipsos 2023 25%
(30%) 		59% [26% support some rights]
(70%) 		17% ±3.5% [66]
Eurobarometer 2023 25% 69% 6% [58]
Russia Russia Ipsos 2021 17%
(21%) 		64% [12% support some rights]
(79%) 		20% not sure ±4.8% [c] [67]
FOM 2019 7%
(8%) 		85%
(92%) 		8% ±3.6% [68]
Serbia Serbia IPSOS 2023 24%
(25%) 		73%
(75%) 		3% [54]
Slovakia Slovakia Focus 2024 36%
(38%) 		60%
(62%) 		4% [69]
Eurobarometer 2023 37% 56% 7% [58]
Slovenia Slovenia Eurobarometer 2023 62%
(64%) 		37%
(36%) 		2% [58]
Spain Spain Ipsos 2024 73% 19% [13% support some rights] 9% not sure ±3.5% [59]
Pew Research Center 2023 87%
(90%) 		10% 3% ±3.6% [60]
Eurobarometer 2023 88% 9% 3% [58]
Sweden Sweden Ipsos 2024 78% 15% [8% support some rights] 7% not sure ±5% [59]
Pew Research Center 2023 92%
(94%) 		6% 2% ±3.6% [60]
Eurobarometer 2023 94% 5% 1% [58]
Switzerland Switzerland Ipsos 2023 54%
(61%) 		34% [16% support some rights]
(39%) 		13% not sure ±3.5% [66]
Turkey Turkey Ipsos 2024 18% 52% [19% support some rights] 30% not sure ±5% [c] [59]
Ukraine Ukraine Rating 2023 37%
(47%) 		42%
(53%) 		22% ±1.5% [70]
United Kingdom United Kingdom YouGov 2023 77%
(84%) 		15%
(16%) 		8% [71]
Ipsos 2024 66% 24% [11% support some rights] 10% not sure ±3.5% [59]
Pew Research Center 2023 74%
(77%) 		22%
(23%) 		4% ±3.6% [60]
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[b] Source
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Spyr.fo 2019 71.1% 12.6% 16.7% [72]
Gibraltar Gibraltar Inter-Ministerial Committee Consultation 2015 63% 37% 0% [73]
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland YouGov 2019 55% - - [74][75]


Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in Europe:
  Joint adoption legal1
  Stepparent adoption legal2
  No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples
1In Finland a law will come into force in 2017.
2In Estonia a law will come into force in 2016.
  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship
Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Europe
Country Pollster Year For Against Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
 Austria Eurobarometer 2023 65%[76] 30% 5%
 Belgium Ipsos 2021 72%[77] 21% 7%
 Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2006 12%[78] 68%[78] 20%[78]
 Cyprus Eurobarometer 2006 10%[78] 86%[78] 4%[78]
Czech Republic Czech Republic CVVM 2019 47%[79] 47% 6%
 Denmark Pew Research Center 2017 75%[80] - -
 Estonia HumanrightsEE 2023 47%[81] 44%[81] 9%[81]
 Finland Taloustutkimus 2013 51%[82] 42%[82] 7%[82]
 France Ipsos 2021 62%[77] 29% 10%
 Germany Ipsos 2021 69%[77] 24% 6%
 Greece KAPA Research 2023 53%[83] 41%[83] 6%[83]
 Hungary Ipsos 2021 59%[77] 36% 5%
 Ireland Red C Poll 2011 60%[84] - -
 Italy Eurispes 2023 50.4% [85] 49.6% 0%
 Latvia SKDS 2023 27%[86] 23%[86] 46%[86]
 Lithuania Eurobarometer 2006 12%[78] 82%[78] 6%[78]
 Luxembourg Politmonitor 2013 55%[87] 44%[87] 1%[87]
 Malta Misco 2014 20%[88] 80%[88] -
 Netherlands Ipsos 2021 83%[77] 12% 5%
 Norway YouGov 2012 54%[89] 34%[89] 12%[89]
 Poland Ipsos 2021 33%[77] 58% 10%
 Portugal Pew Research Center 2017 59%[90] 28%[90] 13%[90]
 Romania Eurobarometer 2006 8%[78] 82%[78] 10%[78]
 Russia Ipsos 2021 23%[77] 67% 10%
 Serbia Civil Rights Defenders 2020 22.5%[91] - -
 Slovakia Eurobarometer 2006 12%[78] 84%[78] 4%[78]
 Slovenia Delo Stik 2015 38%[92] 55%[92] 7%[92]
 Spain Ipsos 2021 77%[77] 17% 6%
 Sweden Ipsos 2021 79%[77] 17% 4%
  Switzerland Pink Cross 2020 67%[93] 30%[93] 3%[93]
 Ukraine Gay Alliance of Ukraine 2013 7%[94] 68%[94] 12%
13% would allow some exceptions[94]
 United Kingdom Ipsos 2021 72%[77] 19% 9%

Legislation by country or territory

Main article: LGBT rights by country or territory
Tables:

European Union

Main article: LGBT rights in the European Union
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
European Union European Union Yes Legal in all 27 member states[95] Yes/No Recognized in 25/27 member states
 Yes/No Legal in 16/27 member states
 Yes/No Stepchild adoption legal in 20/27 member states;
joint adoption legal in 17/27 member states 		Yes Legal in all member states Yes Membership requires a state to ban discrimination based on person's sexual orientation in employment.
4/27 states ban some anti-gay discrimination.
23/27 states ban all anti-gay discrimination 		Yes/No Legal in 25/27 member states[96]

Central Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Austria Austria Yes Legal since 1971; equal age of consent since 2002[97]
+ UN decl. sign. 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2010[98] Yes Legal since 2019[99] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2013;
joint adoption since 2016[100][101][102] 		Yes Includes transgender people[103] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender without undergoing surgery[105]
Czech Republic Czech Republic Yes Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia); equal age of consent since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2006[106] No Upcoming Effective from January 1, 2025 “biological and partial step-child” adoption for same-sex couples, not full joint adoption. Yes Includes transgender people[107] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (with mandatory sterilisation)[108]
Germany Germany Yes Legal in East Germany since 1968
Legal in West Germany since 1969; equal age of consent since 1988 in East Germany and since 1994 in unified Germany
+ UN decl. sign.[97][109] 		Yes Registered life partnerships from 2001 to 2017 (existing partnerships and new foreign partnerships still recognised)[110][111] Yes Legal since 2017[112] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2005; successive adoption since 2013; joint adoption legal since 2017[112] Yes Includes transgender people[113] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[114] Upcoming Effective from November 1, 2024 self-determination of gender changes.
Hungary Hungary Yes Legal since 1962; equal age of consent since 2002
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2009[115] No Constitutional ban since 2012[116][117][118][119] No Constitutional ban since 2020[120][117] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity

No Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2020.[121]

Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Yes Legal since 1989; equal age of consent since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2011[122] Upcoming Effective from January 1, 2025 [123][124][125][126][127][128] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2022;
joint adoption since 2023[129][130] 		Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] No Gender change is not legal[108]
Poland Poland Yes Legal since 1932
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		No/Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 2012;
registered partnership proposed 2019 		No Constitutional ban since 1997[131] (Article 18 of the Constitution is generally interpreted as limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples[132][133][134][135][136][137])[d] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[139] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender. No provisions for nonbinary people. [140]
Slovakia Slovakia Yes Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia); equal age of consent since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		No/Yes some limited rights for unregistered cohabiting same-sex couples since 2018;
Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 (Proposed) 		No Constitutional ban since 2014 No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[141] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[142][143] Yes/No Allowed to change legal gender in theory. However because of lack of care and refusal by the state, de facto almost impossible since 2022. See LGBT rights in Slovakia § Gender identity and expression
Slovenia Slovenia Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Registered cohabitation since 2006[144];
Registered partnerships since 2017[145] 		Yes Legal since 2022[146] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2011;
joint adoption since 2022[147] 		Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Gender change is legal[148]
Switzerland Switzerland Yes Legal nationwide since 1942
Legal in the cantons of Geneva (as part of France), Ticino, Valais, and Vaud since 1798; equal age of consent since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[97][149] 		Yes Registered partnerships in Geneva (2001),[150] Zürich (2003),[151] Neuchâtel (2004)[152] and Fribourg (2005)[152]
Nationwide since 2007[153] 		Yes Legal since 2022[154] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2018;
joint adoption since 2022[154][155] 		Yes Includes transgender people[156] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination [157] Yes Gender change is legal on simple declaration (self-determination +16 yo); surgery/sterilisation not required. [158]

Eastern Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia Abkhazia
(Disputed territory) 		Yes Legal after 1991 No No No No
Armenia Armenia Yes Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		No No Constitutional ban since 2015[159][160] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. No[161] No No
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Yes Legal since 2000[97] No No No No No No
Belarus Belarus Yes Legal since 1994[97] No No Constitutional ban since 1994[162] No No/Yes Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able[163] No Yes/No (Highly bureaucratic, lengthy two-stage process: deciding body meets only twice a year; permission for medical or surgical interventions only at the second stage. Flaw in passport conversion whereby passport number may reveal former designation of sex to agencies.)[164]
Georgia (country) Georgia Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		No No Constitutional ban since 2018 No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[165] Yes Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[108]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Yes Legal since 1998[97] No No No Yes[166] No Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery, sterilization, hormone therapy and medical examinations[citation needed]
Moldova Moldova Yes Legal since 1995
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		No No Constitutional ban since 1994[167] No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2017[108]
Russia Russia Yes Male legal since 1993
Female always legal[168][97]
No Illegal in practice in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation. 		No No Constitutional ban since 2020[169] No No No No Gender change has not been legal since 2023[170]
South Ossetia South Ossetia
(Disputed territory) 		Yes Legal after 1991 No No No No
Transnistria Transnistria
(Disputed territory) 		Yes Legal since 2002[171] No No No No
Ukraine Ukraine Yes Legal since 1991
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		No No Constitutional ban since 1996[172] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[173] Yes[174][175] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[176] Yes No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2016[177]

Northern Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Denmark Denmark Yes Legal since 1933; equal age of consent since 1973
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Registered partnerships from 1989 to 2012 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[178] Yes Legal since 2012[179][180] Yes Stepchild adoption since 1999;
joint adoption since 2010[181][182] 		Yes Includes transgender people[183] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy[184]
Estonia Estonia Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Cohabitation agreement since 2016[185] Yes Legal since 2024[186] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2016;
joint adoption since 2024[187] 		Yes[citation needed] Includes transgender people[188] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Gender reassignment legal; surgery not required[108]
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands
(Autonomous Territory within the Kingdom of Denmark) 		Yes Legal since 1933; equal age of consent since 1977
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Yes Legal since 2017[189][190] Yes Legal since 2017 Yes The Kingdom of Denmark responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[191][192] No[193]
Finland Finland
Åland (includes Åland) 		Yes Legal since 1971; equal age of consent since 1999
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Registered partnerships from 2002 to 2017 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[194] Yes Legal since 2017[195] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2009;
joint adoption since 2017 		Yes Includes transgender people[196] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Since 2023, by way of self-determination.[197]
Iceland Iceland Yes Legal since 1940; equal age of consent since 1992
(As part of Denmark)
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Registered cohabitation since 2006;[198]
Registered partnerships from 1996 to 2010 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[199] 		Yes Legal since 2010[200][201] Yes Legal since 2006[202][203] No standing army Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[204][108]
Latvia Latvia Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2024[205][206] No Constitutional ban since 2006[207] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples, incl. stepchild adoption[208] Yes[209] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[210] YesLegal change allowed[211] but requires "full" transition and doctor's or court's approval.[212] Sterilization required.[213]
Lithuania Lithuania Yes Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018; Cohabitation agreement pending [214] Civil unions proposed. No Constitutional ban since 1992[215] No Only married couples can adopt[216] YesSince 2015[217] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Effective from 2/2/2022, gender change on legal documents permitted without surgery and no non-binary option available.[218][219]
Norway Norway Yes Legal since 1972
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Registered partnerships from 1993 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[220] Yes Legal since 2009[221][222] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2002;
joint adoption since 2009[223][224] 		Yes Includes transgender people[225] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[226] Yes All documents can be amended to the recognised gender[105]
Sweden Sweden Yes Legal since 1944; equal age of consent since 1972
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Registered partnerships from 1995 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[227] Yes Legal since 2009[228] Yes Legal since 2003[229][230] Yes[231] Includes transgender people[232] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes/Upcoming First country within the world in 1972 to allow gender reassignment procedures for individuals. Effective from July 1, 2025 by self-determination for individuals to change gender.

Southern Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 2000; equal age of consent since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[97][233][234] 		Yes Since 2005, for members of the British Armed Forces[235] Yes Since 2014, for members of the British Armed Forces[236] Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[237]
Albania Albania Yes Legal since 1995
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		No No No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] No No legal recognition[108]
Andorra Andorra Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Stable unions since 2005[238]; Civil unions from 2014–2023, replaced by civil marriage[239] Yes Legal since 2023 Yes Legal since 2014[240][239][241] Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Since 2023, without SRS and sterilization - but with a mandatory 2-year waiting period.[242]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Legal since 1996 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Republika Srpska since 1998, and in Brčko District since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		No No No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Requires surgery for change[243]
Bulgaria Bulgaria Yes Legal since 1968; equal age of consent since 2002
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 No Constitutional ban since 1991[244] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[245] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[246][247]

No Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2017.[248][249]

Croatia Croatia Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 2003 [250] Life partnerships since 2014[251] No Constitutional ban since 2013[252] Yes Legal since 2022[253] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104][254] Yes Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health.[255]
Cyprus Cyprus Yes Legal since 1998; equal age of consent since 2002
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Civil cohabitation since 2015[256] No No Yes[257] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity.[258]
Gender change not legal.
Gibraltar Gibraltar
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 1993; equal age of consent since 2012
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Civil partnerships since 2014[259] Yes Legal since 2016[260] Yes Legal since 2014 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[261] Yes Forbids discrimination on the grounds of gender reassignment[261]

No Gender change is not legal

Greece Greece Yes Legal since 1951; equal age of consent since 2015
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Cohabitation agreements since 2015[262] Yes Legal since 2024[263] Yes Legal since 2024 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Under the Legal Gender Recognition Act 2017[264][265]
Italy Italy Yes Legal since 1890
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Civil unions since 2016[266] No In 2018 the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriages performed abroad must be registered as civil unions. (Proposed) [267] Yes/No Stepchild adoption admitted by the Court of Cassation since 2016[268][269] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[270][271]
Kosovo Kosovo
(Disputed territory) 		Yes Legal since 1994
(as part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 2004[97] 		No No[272] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[273][274] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[275] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.

No No legal recognition[108]

Malta Malta Yes Legal since 1973
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Civil unions since 2014[276] Yes Legal since 2017 Yes Legal since 2014 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2016 		Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender; surgery not required since 2015[277]
Montenegro Montenegro Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Life partnership from July 2021[278] No Constitutional ban since 2007 (Court decision pending)[279][280] No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[105][108]
North Macedonia North Macedonia Yes Legal since 1996
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		No (Proposed) No No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.

Gender change is legally recognized since 2021[281]

Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory) 		Yes Legal since 2014[282][283][97] No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[282][283] Yes Legal, requires surgery for change[284]
Portugal Portugal Yes Legal since 1983; equal age of consent since 2007
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes De facto unions since 2001[285][286] Yes Legal since 2010[287] Yes Legal since 2016[288][289][290] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes All documents can be amended to the recognised gender since 2011[291]
Romania Romania Yes Legal since 1996; equal age of consent since 2002
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018;[292]
 No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[293] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (sterilisation mandatory)[108]
San Marino San Marino Yes Legal since 1865
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Civil unions since 2019 No Yes/No Stepchild adoption legal since 2019 Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination No No legal recognition[105]
Serbia Serbia Yes Legal from 1858, when nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire to 1860,[294] and again since 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 2006
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		No (Proposed) No Constitutional ban since 2006[295] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Legal after 1 year of hormone therapy, surgery no longer required since 2019[296]
Spain Spain Yes Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes De facto unions in Catalonia (1998),[297] Aragon (1999),[297] Navarre (2000),[297] Castilla–La Mancha (2000),[297] Valencia (2001),[298] the Balearic Islands (2001),[299] Madrid (2001),[297] Asturias (2002),[300] Castile and León (2002),[301] Andalusia (2002),[297] the Canary Islands (2003),[297] Extremadura (2003),[297] Basque Country (2003),[297] Cantabria (2005),[302] Galicia (2008)[303] La Rioja (2010),[304] and Murcia (2018),[305][306] and in both autonomous cities; Ceuta (1998)[307] and Melilla (2008).[308] Yes Legal since 2005[309] Yes Legal since 2005[310][311] Yes Includes transgender people[312] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal nationwide since 2023.[313] 		Yes Since 2023, by way of self-determination[314]
Turkey Turkey Yes Legal since 1858[97] No No No No No Yes Legal since 1988, requires sterilisation and surgery for change[315]
Vatican City Vatican City Yes Legal since 1890 (As part of Italy)[97] No No No Has no military No

Western Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belgium Belgium Yes Legal nationwide since 1795; equal age of consent since 1985
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Legal cohabitation since 2000[316] Yes Legal since 2003[317][318][319] Yes Legal since 2006[320][321] Yes Includes transgender people[322] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Since 2018, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[323]
France France Yes Legal nationwide since 1791
Legal in Savoy since 1792; equal age of consent since 1982
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[324] Yes Legal since 2013[325] Yes Legal since 2013[326] Yes Includes transgender people[327] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[104] Yes Since 2017, sex changes no longer requires sterilisation and surgery[328]
Bailiwick of Guernsey Guernsey
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 1983; equal age of consent since 2012
+ UN decl. sign.[329][330][97] 		Yes Civil partnerships performed in the UK abroad recognised for succession purposes in inheritance and other matters respecting interests in property since 2012[331][332] Legal cohabitation since 2017[333] Yes Legal since 2017 in Guernsey, since 2018 in Alderney, and since 2020 in Sark[334]
[335] 		Yes Legal since 2017[336] Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[337][338] Yes Legal gender changes since 2007[339][340]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Yes Male legal since 1993
Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Civil partnerships from 2011 to 2015 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[341] Yes Legal since 2015 after a constitutional referendum[342] Yes Legal since 2017[343][344][345][346][347][348] Yes Includes transgender people[349] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[350][351][352] Yes Under the Gender Recognition Act 2015, by self-declaration.[353]
Isle of Man Isle of Man; equal age of consent since 2006
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Civil partnerships since 2011[354] Yes Legal since 2016[355] Yes Legal since 2011 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[356] Yes Transgender people are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11)[357][358]
Jersey Jersey; equal age of consent since 2006
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Civil partnerships since 2012[359] Yes Legal since 2018[360][361] Yes Legal since 2012 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[362] Yes Under the Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010[363]
Luxembourg Luxembourg Yes Legal since 1795; equal age of consent since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2004[364] Yes Legal since 2015[365][366] Yes Legal since 2015[367] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[368] Yes No divorce, sterilization and/or surgery legally required since September 2018 for change of gender[369][108]
Monaco Monaco Yes Legal since 1793
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Cohabitation agreements since 2020 No (Proposed) No Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[97]
Netherlands Netherlands Yes Legal since 1811; equal age of consent since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Registered partnership since 1998[370] Yes Legal since 2001[371] Yes Legal since 2001[372][373] Yes Includes transgender people[374] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[375] Yes Since 2014, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[376][377]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Yes Female always legal. Male legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981, and in Northern Ireland since 1982; equal age of consent since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[97] 		Yes Civil partnerships since 2005[378] Yes Legal in England, Wales, and Scotland since 2014, and Northern Ireland since 2020[379][379] Yes Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013[380][381][382] Yes Since 2000; Includes transgender people[383] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[384][97] [385] Yes Under the Gender Recognition Act 2004

See also

References and notes

A The UK Parliament excepted Scotland and Northern Ireland from its same-sex marriage legislation, although the Scottish parliament has since legalised it.
  1. ^ Crompton, Louis. (2003). Homosexuality & Civilization. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 1-212.
  2. ^ http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/poland.html%20%20
  3. ^ http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/IES/poland.html
  4. ^ "A Brief History of Gay Poland". Globalgayz.com. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  5. ^ ">> social sciences >> Poland". glbtq. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  6. ^ "The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality: Poland". .hu-berlin.de. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  7. ^ The Oxford companion to politics of ... - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference ILGA 2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Hanna Jedvik (5 March 2007). "Lagen om könsbyte ska utredas". RFSU. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2007. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  10. ^ Jag känner mig lite homosexuell idag | quistbergh.se The American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders in 1973 with publication of its DSM II. Source: The American Psychiatric Association, and DSM II. Thus, the American Psychiatric Association took this step six years before a similar action was taken in Sweden.
  11. ^ a b "European countries which define marriage as a union between a man and a woman in their constitutions". ILGA Europe. ILGA Europe. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  12. ^ a b Radoslav, Tomek (4 June 2014). "Slovak Lawmakers Approve Constitutional Ban on Same-Sex Marriage". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  13. ^ "Kyrkomötet öppnade för enkönade äktenskap". Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  14. ^ Liechtenstein: Homo-Ehe kommt nächstes Jahr Queer.de, 17 December 2009
  15. ^ "New Hungarian constitution comes into effect with same-sex marriage ban". Pinknews. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  16. ^ "Gay marriage: Government consultation begins". BBC News. 15 March 2012.
  17. ^ "Scotland Establishes Marriage Equality". the Advocate. 4 February 2014.
  18. ^ "French President Signs Gay Marriage Into Law". Huffington Post. 18 May 2013.
  19. ^ "Romania's New Constitution Bans Gay Marriage". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  20. ^ "HRW Slams Effects Of Russia's Gay 'Propaganda' Law, One Year On". RFE/RL. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  21. ^ "2013 Referendum". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  22. ^ "Northern Cyprus becomes last European territory to decriminalize gay sex". Reuters. 27 January 2014.
  23. ^ "Feu vert pour le mariage gay au Luxembourg". Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg). 18 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  24. ^ Template:Fr icon Mémorial A n° 125 de 2014
  25. ^ "Same-sex marriages from January 1".
  26. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage in Luxembourg from 1 January 2015".
  27. ^ "Povijesna odluka: Hrvatska ima Zakon o životnom partnerstvu". www.tportal.hr. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  28. ^ "Denmark Drops Forced Sterilization of Transgender People". Human Rights Campaign. 11 June 2014.
  29. ^ "— En stor dag!". BLIKK Magasin. 10 April 2015.
  30. ^ "Parliament Passes Cohabitation Act; President Proclaims It". News - ERR. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  31. ^ Template:Et icon Riigikogu võttis vastu kooseluseaduse
  32. ^ Template:Ca icon Demà entren en vigor lleis importants, com la d'unions civils o la 'regla d´or'
  33. ^ "Eduskunnan etusivu". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  34. ^ "President signs gender-neutral marriage law". Yle Uutiset.
  35. ^ "Macedonian lawmakers approve same-sex marriage ban". Washington blade. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  36. ^ "Slovakia to Hold Referendum on Same-Sex Marriage". ABC News. 27 November 2014. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014.
  37. ^ "Slovakia's Anti-Gay Rights Referendum Flops Due To Low Turnout". Huffington Post. 8 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  38. ^ "Slovakia: Referendum to further limit gay rights ruled invalid". Euronews. 8 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  39. ^ "Changes to the Marriage Act confirmed, homosexual couples can now marry". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  40. ^ "Views of a Changing World 2003". The Pew Research Center. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
  41. ^ a b "Eight EU Countries Back Same-Sex Marriage". Angus Reid Global Monitor : Polls & Research. Retrieved 29 January 2006.
  42. ^ "Sex uncovered poll: Homosexuality". The Guardian. London. 26 October 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  43. ^ http://www.gcn.ie/feature.aspx?sectionid=14&articleid=3182
  44. ^ "French Back Same-Sex Marriage, Not Adoption". Angus Reid Global Monitor : Polls & Research. Retrieved 29 January 2006.
  45. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage Nixed By Russians". Angus Reid Global Monitor : Polls & Research. Retrieved 29 January 2006.
  46. ^ "Italians Divided Over Civil Partnership Law". Angus Reid Global Monitor : Polls & Research. Retrieved 21 February 2007.
  47. ^ "Italiani più avanti della politica | Arcigay". Arcigay.it. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  48. ^ http://images.tanea.gr/assetservice/Image.ashx?c=15881978&r=0&p=0&t=0&q=100&v=1&s=1&w=800
  49. ^ "Heartening change in attitudes to put gay unions on political agenda". MaltaToday.com.mt. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  50. ^ Feliksiak, Michał (February 2013). "Stosunek do praw gejów i lesbijek oraz związków partnerskich" (PDF). Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  51. ^ "Anketa za HRT: 59 posto građana ZA promjenu Ustava > Slobodna Dalmacija > Hrvatska". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  52. ^ Rafał Boguszewski (February 2014). "RELIGIJNOŚĆ A ZASADY MORALNE" (PDF) (in Polish). CBOS. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  53. ^ "Public opinion and same-sex unions (2003)". ILGA Europe. Retrieved 29 January 2006. [dead link]
  54. ^ a b c d e f "Attitudes towards LGBTIQ+ people in the Western Balkans" (PDF). ERA – LGBTI Equal Rights Association for the Western Balkans and Turke. June 2023.
  55. ^ "Un 70% d'andorrans aprova el matrimoni homosexual". Diari d'Andorra (in Catalan). 7 July 2013.
  56. ^ a b c d "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe" (PDF). Pew. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  57. ^ a b c d "Religious belief and national belonging in Central and Eastern Europe - Appendix A: Methodology". Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "Discrimination in the European Union". TNS. European Commission. Retrieved 8 June 2024. The question was whether same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe.
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l LGBT+ PRIDE 2024 (PDF). Ipsos. 1 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage". Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  61. ^ "წინარწმენიდან თანასწორობამდე (From Prejudice to Equality), part 2" (PDF). WISG. 2022.
  62. ^ "Litlar breytingar á viðhorfi til giftinga samkynhneigðra" (PDF) (in Icelandic). Gallup. September 2006.
  63. ^ Vogt, Desiree (March 2021). "Rückhalt für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare". Liechtensteiner Vaterland (in German).
  64. ^ https://moldova.europalibera.org/a/sondaj-chi%C8%99in%C4%83uienii-au-devenit-mai-toleran%C8%9Bi-fa%C8%9B%C4%83-de-comunitatea-lgbt/31856786.html
  65. ^ Mikołajczyk, Marek (24 April 2024). "Tak dla związków partnerskich, nie dla adopcji [SONDAŻ DGP]". Dziennik Gazeta Prawna. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  66. ^ a b c LGBT+ PRIDE 2023 GLOBAL SURVEY (PDF). Ipsos. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  67. ^ LGBT+ PRIDE 2021 GLOBAL SURVEY (PDF). Ipsos. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  68. ^ "Отношение к сексменьшинствам" (in Russian). ФОМ. June 2019.
  69. ^ "Polovici slovenských občanov neprekážajú registrované partnerstvá pre páry rovnakého pohlavia". 27 March 2024.
  70. ^ "Соціологічне дослідження до Дня Незалежності: УЯВЛЕННЯ ПРО ПАТРІОТИЗМ ТА МАЙБУТНЄ УКРАЇНИ (16-20 серпня 2023) Назад до списку". 24 August 2023.
  71. ^ Simons, Ned (4 February 2023). "It's Ten Years Since MPs Voted For Gay Marriage, But Is There A 'Backlash'?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  72. ^ Egholm, Sverri (7 September 2019). "Spyr.fo: 71 prosent vilja varðveita hjúnabandslógina". dagur.fo (in Faroese).
  73. ^ "ERG Says Government's Behaviour Regarding Equal Marriage Consultation Is "Fidgety And Indecisive"". Your Gibraltar TV. 21 March 2016.
  74. ^ Wakefield, Lily (20 June 2019). "70 percent of Brits say Northern Ireland should legalise same-sex marriage". PinkNews.
  75. ^ Stuart, Calum (20 June 2019). "70% of UK residents support marriage equality in Northern Ireland". Gay Star News.
  76. ^ https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2972
  77. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "LGBT+ Pride 2021 Global Survey" (PDF). Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  78. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "EUROBAROMETER 66 FIRST RESULTS" (PDF). TNS. European Commission. December 2006. p. 80. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  79. ^ "Průzkum 2019: Čím dál více lidí si uvědomuje, že mají v rodině a mezi přáteli gaye a lesby" [Survey 2019: More and more people realize that they have gays and lesbians in their family and among friends]. nakluky.cz (in Czech). 6 July 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  80. ^ Gianni Balduzzi (23 July 2018). "Sondaggi politici, italiani tra i più contrari in Europa alle adozioni gay" [Political polls find Italians among the most against gay adoptions in Europe]. Termometro Politico (in Italian). Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  81. ^ a b c "Avaliku arvamuse uuring LGBT teemadel (2023)" (PDF).
  82. ^ a b c "Extranet - Taloustutkimus Oy".
  83. ^ a b c "Nearly 55% of Greeks support gay marriage and 53% adoption, poll finds". ekathimerini.com. 16 January 2024.
  84. ^ "Nearly three quarters of Irish people in favour of gay marriage". Thejournal.ie.
  85. ^ "Rapporto Italia 2023" [Italy Report 2023] (in Italian). EURISPES Istituto di Studi Politici Economici e Sociali. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  86. ^ a b c "Teju trešdaļai Latvijas iedzīvotāju atbalstoša attieksme pret LGBTQ, liecina aptauja (2023)".
  87. ^ a b c "Politmonitor: Breite Mehrheit für Homo-Ehe". Politmonitor. Luxemburger Wort. 10 March 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  88. ^ a b Sansone, Kurt (12 January 2014). "Survey – 80 per cent against gay adoption". Times of Malta. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  89. ^ a b c "Le mariage et l'adoption pour tous, un an après" (PDF). YouGov. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  90. ^ a b c "Pew Research Center".
  91. ^ "Attitudes towards LGBTI+ rights and issues in Serbia" (PDF). Civil Rights Defenders. 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  92. ^ a b c "Večina podpira istospolne poroke, do posvojitev je zadržana".
  93. ^ a b c "Neue Umfrage zeigt: Klare Zustimmung für tatsächliche Gleichstellung" [New survey shows: Clear agreement for real equality] (in German). 10 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  94. ^ a b c ""Гей-альянс Украина" публикует результаты исследования общественного мнения о восприятии ЛГБТ в украинском социуме".
  95. ^ "Perspective: what has the EU done for LGBT rights?". Café Babel. 17 May 2010. Archived from the original on 19 May 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  96. ^ "What is the current legal situation in the EU?". ILGA Europe. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  97. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  98. ^ "RIS – Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz – Bundesrecht konsolidiert, Fassung vom 17.08.2019". www.ris.bka.gv.at.
  99. ^ "Unterscheidung zwischen Ehe und eingetragener Partnerschaft verletzt Diskriminierungsverbot". Constitutional Court of Austria (in German). 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  100. ^ "Bundesgesetz, mit dem das Allgemeine Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch und das Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft geändert wird" (PDF). parlament.gv.at (in German).
  101. ^ "Entschließungsantrag betreffend der Aufhebung des Adoptionsverbots für Homosexuelle" (PDF). parlament.gv.at.
  102. ^ "§ 144(2) ABGB (General Civil Code)". www.ris.bka.gv.at (in German).
  103. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  104. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "ILGA-Europe" (PDF). ilga-europe.org.
  105. ^ a b c d "Map shows how Europe forces trans people to be sterilized". Gay Star News.
  106. ^ "Portál veřejné správy". portal.gov.cz.
  107. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  108. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Trans Rights Europe Map, 2018" (PDF). Transgender Europe. 21 April 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  109. ^ "glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin" (PDF). glbtq.com.
  110. ^ "LPartG – nichtamtliches Inhaltsverzeichnis". www.gesetze-im-internet.de.
  111. ^ "Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts – 2. Ergänzung der Anwendungshinweise zur Umsetzung des vorgenannten Gesetzes".
  112. ^ a b Connolly, Kate (30 June 2017). "German Parliament votes to legalise same-sex marriage". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  113. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  114. ^ "Antidiskriminierungsstelle – Publikationen – AGG in englischer Sprache". antidiskriminierungsstelle.de.
  115. ^ Kft, Wolters Kluwer Hungary. "2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról – Hatályos Jogszabályok Gyűjteménye". net.jogtar.hu.
  116. ^ "Folyamatban levő törvényjavaslatok – Országgyűlés". www.parlament.hu.
  117. ^ a b "Melegházasságról szóló törvényjavaslat landolt a magyar parlamentben" (in Hungarian). Index.hu. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  118. ^ "Fundamental Law of Hungary" (PDF). TASZ. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  119. ^ Gorondi, Pablo (18 April 2011). "Hungary passes new conservative constitution". Reading Eagle. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  120. ^ "Hungary amends constitution to redefine family, effectively banning gay adoption". ABC News. 15 December 2020. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  121. ^ Wareham, Jamie (19 May 2020). "Transgender People In Hungary Lose Right To Gender Recognition". Forbes. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  122. ^ "Gesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare (Partnerschaftsgesetz; PartG)" (PDF). gesetze.li (in German).
  123. ^ Sele, David (16 May 2024). "Landtag beschließt Ehe für alle". Vaterland (in German). Archived from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  124. ^ "Einladung - Öffentliche Landtagssitzung (Mittwoch/Donnerstag/Freitag, 6./7./8. März 2024 09.00 Uhr, Landtagssaal) (see agenda item #33)" (PDF). landtag.li (in German). 6 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  125. ^ "Liechtenstein: Parlament berät Vorlage zur Eheöffnung". Mannschaft Magazin. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  126. ^ ""Ehe für Alle" ab 1. Januar 2025". Radio Liechtenstein (in German). Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  127. ^ Flay Leichtenstein. "Danke fur 24x..." Facebook (in German). Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  128. ^ "Landtag, 8. Marz 2024, Trakt. 31 (Teil 2) - 33 (watch from 33:58 onwards; results shown on 1:01:44)". vimeopro (in German). 8 March 2024.
  129. ^ "Art. 25 gekippt: Etappensieg für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare". Volksblatt (in German). 6 May 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  130. ^ "Art. 25 des Partnerschaftsgesetzes in Kraft - Ab heute dürfen auch homosexuelle Paare ein Stiefkind adoptieren)". vaterland.li (in German). 1 June 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  131. ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Poland". Sejm RP. Retrieved 5 May 2015. Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland.
  132. ^ Judgment of the Supreme Court of 7 July 2004, II KK 176/04, W dotychczasowym orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego, wypracowanym i ugruntowanym zarówno w okresie obowiązywania poprzedniego, jak i obecnego Kodeksu postępowania karnego, a także w doktrynie (por. wypowiedzi W. Woltera, A. Zolla, A. Wąska), pojęcie "wspólne pożycie" odnoszone jest wyłącznie do konkubinatu, a w szczególności do związku osób o różnej płci, odpowiadającego od strony faktycznej stosunkowi małżeństwa (którym w myśl art. 18 Konstytucji jest wyłącznie związek osób różnej płci). Tego rodzaju interpretację Sąd Najwyższy, orzekający w niniejszej sprawie, w pełni podziela i nie znajduje podstaw do uznania za przekonywujące tych wypowiedzi pojawiających się w piśmiennictwie, w których podejmowane są próby kwestionowania takiej interpretacji omawianego pojęcia i sprowadzania go wyłącznie do konkubinatu (M. Płachta, K. Łojewski, A.M. Liberkowski). Rozumiejąc bowiem dążenia do rozszerzającej interpretacji pojęcia "wspólne pożycie", użytego w art. 115 § 11 k.k., należy jednak wskazać na całkowity brak w tym względzie dostatecznie precyzyjnych kryteriów.
  133. ^ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 11 May 2005, K 18/04". Polska Konstytucja określa bowiem małżeństwo jako związek wyłącznie kobiety i mężczyzny. A contrario nie dopuszcza więc związków jednopłciowych. [...] Małżeństwo (jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny) uzyskało w prawie krajowym RP odrębny status konstytucyjny zdeterminowany postanowieniami art. 18 Konstytucji. Zmiana tego statusu byłaby możliwa jedynie przy zachowaniu rygorów trybu zmiany Konstytucji, określonych w art. 235 tego aktu.
  134. ^ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 9 November 2010, SK 10/08". W doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego wskazuje się nadto, że jedyny element normatywny, dający się odkodować z art. 18 Konstytucji, to ustalenie zasady heteroseksualności małżeństwa.
  135. ^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 25 October 2016, II GSK 866/15". Ustawa o świadczeniach zdrowotnych finansowanych ze środków publicznych nie wyjaśnia, co prawda, kto jest małżonkiem. Pojęcie to zostało jednak dostatecznie i jasno określone we wspomnianym art. 18 Konstytucji RP, w którym jest mowa o małżeństwie jako o związku kobiety i mężczyzny. W piśmiennictwie podkreśla się, że art. 18 Konstytucji ustala zasadę heteroseksualności małżeństwa, będącą nie tyle zasadą ustroju, co normą prawną, która zakazuje ustawodawcy zwykłemu nadawania charakteru małżeństwa związkom pomiędzy osobami jednej płci (vide: L. Garlicki Komentarz do art. 18 Konstytucji, s. 2-3 [w:] Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa 2003). Jest wobec tego oczywiste, że małżeństwem w świetle Konstytucji i co za tym idzie – w świetle polskiego prawa, może być i jest wyłącznie związek heteroseksualny, a więc w związku małżeńskim małżonkami nie mogą być osoby tej samej płci.
  136. ^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 28 February 2018, II OSK 1112/16". art. 18 Konstytucji RP, który definiuje małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny, a tym samym wynika z niego zasada nakazująca jako małżeństwo traktować w Polsce jedynie związek heteroseksualny.
  137. ^ *Gallo D; Paladini L; Pustorino P, eds. (2014). Same-Sex Couples before National, Supranational and International Jurisdictions. Berlin: Springer. p. 215. ISBN 978-3-642-35434-2. the drafters of the 1997 Polish Constitution included a legal definition of a marriage as the union of a woman and a man in the text of the constitution in order to ensure that the introduction of same-sex marriage would not be passed without a constitutional amendment.
    • Marek Safjan; Leszek Bosek, eds. (2016). Konstytucja RP. Tom I. Komentarz do art. 1-86. Warszawa: C.H. Beck Wydawnictwo Polska. ISBN 9788325573652. Z przeprowadzonej powyżej analizy prac nad Konstytucją RP wynika jednoznacznie, że zamieszczenie w art. 18 Konstytucji RP zwrotu definicyjnego "związek kobiety i mężczyzny" stanowiło reakcję na fakt pojawienia się w państwach obcych regulacji poddającej związki osób tej samej płci regulacji zbliżonej lub zbieżnej z instytucją małżeństwa. Uzupełniony tym zwrotem przepis konstytucyjny "miał pełnić rolę instrumentu zapobiegającego wprowadzeniu takiej regulacji do prawa polskiego" (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772). Innego motywu jego wprowadzenia do Konstytucji RP nie da się wskazać (szeroko w tym zakresie B. Banaszkiewicz, "Małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny", s. 640 i n.; zob. też Z. Strus, Znaczenie artykułu 18 Konstytucji, s. 236 i n.). Jak zauważa A. Mączyński istotą tej regulacji było normatywne przesądzenie nie tylko o niemożliwości unormowania w prawie polskim "małżeństw pomiędzy osobami tej samej płci", lecz również innych związków, które mimo tego, że nie zostałyby określone jako małżeństwo miałyby spełniać funkcje do niego podobną (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772; tenże, Konstytucyjne i międzynarodowe uwarunkowania, s. 91; podobnie L. Garlicki, Artykuł 18, w: Garlicki, Konstytucja, t. 3, uw. 4, s. 2, który zauważa, że w tym zakresie art. 18 nabiera "charakteru normy prawnej").
    • Scherpe JM, ed. (2016). European Family Law Volume III: Family Law in a European Perspective Family. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78536-304-7. Constitutional bans on same-sex marriage are now applicable in ten European countries: Article 32, Belarus Constitution; Article 46 Bulgarian Constitution; Article L Hungarian Constitution, Article 110, Latvian Constitution; Article 38.3 Lithuanian Constitution; Article 48 Moldovan Constitution; Article 71 Montenegrin Constitution; Article 18 Polish Constitution; Article 62 Serbian Constitution; and Article 51 Ukrainian Constitution.
    • Stewart J, Lloyd KC (2016). "Marriage Equality in Europe". Family Advocate. 38 (4): 37–40. Article 18 of the Polish Constitution limits the institution of marriage to opposite-sex couples.
  138. ^ "IV SA/Wa 2618/18 – Wyrok WSA w Warszawie". 8 January 2019.
  139. ^ "Poland". travel.state.gov.
  140. ^ https://tranzycja.pl/krok-po-kroku/zmiana-danych-sad/
  141. ^ "Adopting in Slovakia". Community.
  142. ^ "Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the EU Member States Part II: The Social Situation" (PDF). fra.europa.eu.
  143. ^ Petit Press a.s. "Law change criminalises homophobia". spectator.sme.sk.
  144. ^ "Zakon o registraciji istospolne partnerske skupnosti". uradni-list.si (in Slovenian).
  145. ^ "Zakon o partnerski zvezi". uradni-list.si (in Slovenian).
  146. ^ "Implementation of the amendment to the Family Code". gov.si.
  147. ^ "First Adoption by Gay Partner of Child's Parent". The Slovenia Times. 20 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  148. ^ Weber, Nana (25 April 2013). "Sprememba spola v Sloveniji". Pravna Praksa (in Slovenian) (16–17). GV Založba. ISSN 0352-0730.
  149. ^ Hirschfeld, Magnus (10 March 2018). The Homosexuality of Men and Women. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-61592-698-5 – via Google Books.
  150. ^ swissinfo.ch, S. W. I.; Corporation, a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting. "Homosexuals a step closer to equal rights". SWI swissinfo.ch.
  151. ^ swissinfo.ch, S. W. I.; Corporation, a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting. "Zurich grants gay couples more rights". SWI swissinfo.ch.
  152. ^ a b "Le pacs gagne du terrain".
  153. ^ "Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare". admin.ch (in German).
  154. ^ a b "Voters have last word on 'marriage for all' bill". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  155. ^ "Le nouveau droit de l'adoption entrera en vigueur le 1er janvier 2018". Le Conseil federal (in French). 10 July 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  156. ^ Schelhammer, Christoph R. "Diversité : « La société est tout sauf homogène. »". Swiss Army. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  157. ^ "Switzerland votes in favour of LGBT protection bill". bbc.com.
  158. ^ "Débureaucratisation de la procédure de changement de sexe à l'état civil dès le 1er janvier 2022". admin.ch (in French). Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  159. ^ "Referendum in Armenia brings constitutional reforms". ILGA-Europe. 16 December 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  160. ^ "Armenia Central Electoral Commission announces constitutional referendum final results". Newsfeed. 13 December 2015. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  161. ^ "Armenia: Gays live with threats of violence, abuse". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  162. ^ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL-M. "Belarus – Constitution". Servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  163. ^ "Belarus: Attitude towards homosexuals and lesbians in Belarus; state protection available to non-heterosexuals in Belarus with special attention to Minsk (2000–2005)". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 17 January 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  164. ^ "Gay and Lesbian Issues in Belarus". A Belarus Miscellany. Archived from the original on 24 February 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2005.
  165. ^ "სსიპ "საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე"".
  166. ^ "В Минобороны ответили на вопрос о сексуальных меньшинствах в армии". Tengrinews. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  167. ^ "The Constitution of Moldova" (PDF). The Government of Moldova. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  168. ^ "Russian Gay History". community.middlebury.edu. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  169. ^ "Russian parliament begins legalising ban on same-sex marriage". Reuters. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  170. ^ "Putin Signs Gender Reassignment Ban Into Law". The Moscow Times. 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  171. ^ "ЗАКОН". pravo.pmr-online.com.
  172. ^ "Study on homophobia, transphobia and discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity - Legal Report: Ukraine" (PDF). COWI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  173. ^ "Ukraine". travel.state.gov.
  174. ^ Garcia, Horaci (31 May 2022). "Ukraine's 'unicorn' LGBTQ soldiers head for war". Reuters. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  175. ^ "Ukraine's gay soldiers fight Russia—and for their rights". The Economist. 5 April 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  176. ^ "Ukraine's Parliament passes anti-discrimination law". Ukrinform. 12 November 2015. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  177. ^ http://www.rferl.org/a/28340837.html
  178. ^ "Registration form". retsinformation.dk.
  179. ^ Stanners, Peter (7 June 2012). "Gay marriage legalised". The Copenhagen Post. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  180. ^ SØRENSEN, Kaare. "Homoseksuelle fik ja til ægteskab". Jyllands-Posten Politik. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  181. ^ "Lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab, lov om en børnefamilieydelse og lov om børnetilskud og forskudsvis udbetaling af børnebidrag – Udvidet adgang for registrerede partnere til adoption og overførsel af forældremyndighed m.v. - retsinformation.dk".
  182. ^ "Børneloven af børneloven". Retsinformation (in Danish). Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  183. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  184. ^ "MSN New Zealand – Latest News, Weather, Entertainment, Business, Sport, Technology". msn.co.nz.
  185. ^ (in Estonian) "Kooseluseadus". Riigikogu. 9 October 2014.
  186. ^ "Historic decision: Estonia legalizes same-sex marriage". ERR. 20 June 2023.
  187. ^ "Historic decision: Estonia legalizes same-sex marriage". ERR. 20 June 2023.
  188. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  189. ^ "FAROE ISLANDS SAY YES TO SAME-SEX MARRIAGE – LGBT". lgbt.fo.
  190. ^ "Gerðabók" (in Faroese). Løgting. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  191. ^ "Gay News From 365Gay.com". 3 January 2007. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007.
  192. ^ "§ 266b". Archived from the original on 14 December 2014.
  193. ^ "Holdningsskred i synet på homoseksuelle på Færøerne". Information.
  194. ^ Oy, Edita Publishing. "FINLEX ® - Uppdaterad lagstiftning: Lag om registrerat partnerskap 950/2001". www.finlex.fi.
  195. ^ "Finland president signs gay marriage law – couples will have to wait to get married until 2017". Gay Star News.
  196. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  197. ^ "Finland: new gender recognition law 'a major step towards protecting trans rights'". Amnesty International. 1 February 2023. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  198. ^ "Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða réttarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifrjóvgun)". Alþingi.
  199. ^ "Lög um breytingar á hjúskaparlögum og fleiri lögum og um brottfall laga um staðfesta samvist (ein hjúskaparlög)". Alþingi.
  200. ^ "Iceland parliament votes for gay marriage". IceNews. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  201. ^ "New gay marriage law in Iceland comes into force". Icenews.is. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
  202. ^ "LGBT Rights in Iceland". Equaldex. Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  203. ^ "Barnalög". Althingi (in Icelandic). 1 January 2014. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  204. ^ Magnússon, Hilmar (22 June 2012). "Iceland adopts a new comprehensive law on trans issues". ILGA Europe. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  205. ^ [1]
  206. ^ "Latvian Saeima adopts partnership law". eng.lsm.lv. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  207. ^ "President Signs Anti-Gay Constitutional Amendment". UK Gay News. 21 December 2005. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  208. ^ "Same Sex Adoption in Latvia". lvportals.lv.
  209. ^ Salem-Mackall, Theo (30 June 2015). "Pride in the Baltics: Making History in Latvia". Human rights first. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  210. ^ "Rainbow Europe". rainbow-europe.org.
  211. ^ "Change of Name, Surname and Nationality". tm.gov.lv.
  212. ^ "Law on Registration of Civil Status Acts §37.2". likumi.lv.
  213. ^ "Gender Change in Latvia - Emilija's Story". www.lsm.lv.
  214. ^ "Seimas Approves the Proposal on "Cohabitation Agreements" as Alternative to Partnership Law – LGL". 31 May 2017.
  215. ^ "LIETUVOS RESPUBLIKOS KONSTITUCIJA". www3.lrs.lt.
  216. ^ "Intercountry Adoption - Lithuania". Bureau of Consular Affairs - U.S. Department of State. 1 April 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  217. ^ Kuktoraitė, Eglė (29 August 2017). "Ar reikia Lietuvos kariuomenei homoseksualių karių?". Mano teisės (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  218. ^ Robledo, Jordan. "Lithuania approves bill allowing trans people to change name without surgery". Gay Times. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  219. ^ "Civilinis kodeksas patvirtinimo, įsigaliojimo ir įgyvendinimo ĮSTATYMAS. Civilinis KODEKSAS". Lietuvos Respublikos (in Lithuanian). 18 July 2000. Archived from the original on 2 January 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  220. ^ "Lov om endringer i ekteskapsloven, barnelova, adopsjonsloven, bioteknologiloven mv. (felles ekteskapslov for heterofile og homofile par) – Lovdata". lovdata.no.
  221. ^ "Norway Gay Marriage Bill Passes Final Hurdle". 365gay.com. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
  222. ^ "Norway passes law approving gay marriage". Los Angeles Times. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  223. ^ "Norway". travel.state.gov.
  224. ^ "Lov om barn og foreldre (barnelova)". Lovdata (in Norwegian). 1982. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  225. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  226. ^ Moore, Matt (11 November 2020). "Norway bans hate speech against trans and bisexual people". Gay Times. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. The amendments [...] changed the phrase "homosexual orientation" to "sexual orientation"
  227. ^ "Svensk författningssamling" (PDF). notisum.se.
  228. ^ "Gays Win Marriage Rights". Sveriges Radio English. 1 April 2009.
  229. ^ "Sweden". travel.state.gov.
  230. ^ "Föräldrabalk (1949:381)". Sveriges Riksdag (in Swedish). 1949. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  231. ^ Fia Sundevall & Alma Persson (2016) "LGBT in the Military: Policy Development in Sweden 1944–2014", Sexuality Research and Social Policy, June 2016, Volume 13, Issue 2, pp 119-129, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13178-015-0217-6/fulltext.html
  232. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  233. ^ "An ordinance to amend the criminal code" (PDF). Sovereign Base Areas Administration. 10 November 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  234. ^ "Criminal Code" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  235. ^ "Civil Partnership (Armed Forces) Order 2005" (PDF). Legislation UK. 15 November 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 December 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  236. ^ "Overseas Marriage (Armed Forces) Order 2014" (PDF). Legislation UK. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  237. ^ "Employment (Equality) Ordinance 2013" (PDF). Sovereign Base Areas Administration. 8 February 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  238. ^ "Llei 4/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada de les unions estables de parella".
  239. ^ a b "Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995" (PDF).
  240. ^ "Diari d'Andorra – Enllestida la llei d'unions civils amb el procés d'adopció dels matrimonis". diariandorra.ad.
  241. ^ RTVA, Andorra Difusió. "Demà entren en vigor lleis importants, com la d'unions civils o la 'regla d´or' | Andorra Difusió". www.andorradifusio.ad.
  242. ^ "Andorra adopts first gender recognition law". TGEU. 25 July 2022. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  243. ^ "Data" (PDF). ilga-europe.org.
  244. ^ "Article 46(1), Bulgaria – Constitution". Retrieved 4 October 2009.
  245. ^ "Bulgaria". travel.state.gov.
  246. ^ "Bulgarian Parliament approves with 93-23 vote (and 23 abstentions) amendments to the Protection from Discrimination Act to include protection against discrimination of trans people". The Sofia Globe. 25 March 2015.
  247. ^ "Bulgarian Parliament Votes on Anti-Discrimination Law Amendments". Novinite.com. 25 March 2015.
  248. ^ "Anual Review 2018: Bulgaria" (PDF). ILGA Europe. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  249. ^ "Trans Rights Index: Europe & Central Asia 2021" (PDF). TGEU. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  250. ^ "O PROGLAŠENJU ZAKONA O ISTOSPOLNIM ZAJEDNICAMA".
  251. ^ "Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola – Zakon.hr". www.zakon.hr.
  252. ^ "Ustav Republike Hrvatske" (PDF) (in Croatian). Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske. 15 January 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  253. ^ "Odbijena žalba Ministarstva: istospolni parovi u Hrvatskoj mogu zajedno pristupiti procjeni za posvojitelje!". www.dugineobitelji.com. 26 May 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  254. ^ (in Croatian) "Zakon o suzbijanju diskriminacije". Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 21 July 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  255. ^ (in Croatian)"Pravilnik o načinu prikupljanja medicinske dokumentacije te utvrđivanja uvjeta i pretpostavki za promjenu spola i drugom rodnom identitetu". Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 15 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  256. ^ "In-Cyprus is under construction". in-cyprus.com.
  257. ^ "Army legislation".
  258. ^ "Cyprus: Penal code amended to protect against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity". PinkNews. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  259. ^ "CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014" (PDF).
  260. ^ "Gibraltar unanimously legalizes marriage equality". 26 October 2016.
  261. ^ a b "Equal Opportunities Act 2006" (PDF). gibraltarlaws.gov.gi. 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  262. ^ "ΝΟΜΟΣ 4356/2015 | ΦΕΚ Α 181-2015 | σελίδα 1". nomoi.info.
  263. ^ Lavietes, Matt (15 February 2024). "Greece legalizes same-sex marriage in a first for an Orthodox Christian nation". NBC News. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  264. ^ "Greece improves gender recognition law but misses chance to introduce self-determination". ILGA EUROPE. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  265. ^ "Greece passes gender-change law opposed by Orthodox church". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  266. ^ "Il presidente Mattarella ha firmato la legge sulle unioni civili". 20 May 2016.
  267. ^ "Same-sex marriages performed abroad won't be recognized in Italy". www.thelocal.it. 15 May 2018.
  268. ^ (in Italian) "Adozioni gay, la Corte d'Appello di Roma conferma: sì a due mamme". Corriere della Sera.
  269. ^ (in Italian)"Cassazione, via libera alla stepchild adoption in casi particolari". Repubblica.
  270. ^ (in Italian) "Legge 14 Aprile 1982, n. 164 (GU n. 106 del 19/04/1982) Norme in Materia di Rettificazione di Attribuzione di Sesso". Archived from the original on 23 May 2007.
  271. ^ "Court of Cassation judgment of 21 May 2015" (PDF).
  272. ^ "FAMILY LAW OF KOSOVO – Law Nr.2004/32". childhub.org.
  273. ^ "Adoption Laws in Kosovo: Unmarried persons". State portal of the Republic of Kosovo. Constitution of Kosovo.
  274. ^ "Adoption in Kosovo (Report) – Page 6". OSCE Mission in Kosovo.
  275. ^ "Kosovo Constitution". www.kushtetutakosoves.info.
  276. ^ "AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto".
  277. ^ "Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Bill". 22 November 2016.
  278. ^ "Zakon o životnom partnerstvu lica istog pola". Službeni list Crne Gore (in Montenegrin) (67/2020): 1-14. 7 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  279. ^ "THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO and THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO ADOPTED ON 19 OCTOBER 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  280. ^ "Information on the rights of minority groups in Montenegro" (PDF). Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  281. ^ https://ener.gov.mk/files/propisi_files/ria1/2_213014465MK%204052021-ZME%20SOBRANIE.docx
  282. ^ a b Erol, Ali (27 January 2014). "Northern Cyprus Decriminalizes Homosexuality and Protects LGBTs Against Hate Speech". kaosgl. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  283. ^ a b Akpinar, Omer (20 October 2014). "Kuzey Kıbrıs'ın "Eşcinsellik Suçu" Yasası Tarihe Karıştı!". KAOSGL (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  284. ^ Kamenou, Nayia; Gavrielides, Costa; Ethemer, Enver; Bullici, Okan. "Aktivizm, Hukuk Ve İki Kesimdeki Değişim" (PDF). FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG – KIBRIS LGBTİ HAREKETİ.
  285. ^ "Lei no. 7/2001 de 11 de Maio" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Diario da Republica. 11 May 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  286. ^ "AR altera lei das uniões de facto". TVI24 (in Portuguese). 3 July 2007. Archived from the original on 15 July 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  287. ^ "Lei no. 9/2010 de 31 de Maio" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Assemblea da Republica. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  288. ^ "Lei 17/2016 de 20 de junho" (in Portuguese). Assembleia da Republica. 20 June 2016. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  289. ^ "Lei que alarga a procriação medicamente assistida publicada em Diário da República". tvi24 (in Portuguese). 20 June 2016. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  290. ^ "Todas as mulheres com acesso à PMA a 1 de Agosto". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). 20 June 2016. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  291. ^ "MEPs welcome new gender change law in Portugal; concerned about Lithuania – The European Parliament Intergroup on LGBTI Rights". www.lgbt-ep.eu.
  292. ^ "Decizie istorică a CCR în privința căsătoriilor gay". Digi24. 18 July 2018.
  293. ^ "Romania". travel.state.gov.
  294. ^ First post-Medieval criminal code in the Principality of Serbia, named "Kaznitelni zakon" (Law of Penalties), adopted in 1860, punishes sexual intercourse "against the order of nature" between males with 6 months to 4 years imprisonment. V. Para # 206, p. 82 of the "Kaznitelni zakon 1860" in Slavo-Serbian orthography (PDF)
  295. ^ "Constitution of Serbia". Serbian Government. Retrieved 8 November 2006.
  296. ^ "Donet Pravilnik o načinu izdavanja i obrascu potvrde nadležne zdravstvene ustanove o promeni pola" (in Serbian). Gayten-LGBT. 30 December 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  297. ^ a b c d e f g h i Galán, José Ignacio Pichardo. "Same-sex couples in Spain. Historical, contextual and symbolic factors" (PDF). Institut national d'études démographiques. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  298. ^ "Ley 1/2001, de 6 de abril, por la que se regulan las uniones de hecho". Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  299. ^ "Llei 18/2001 de 19 de desembre, de parelles estables" (in Catalan). Govern de les Illes Balears. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  300. ^ "LEY 4/2002, de 23 de mayo, de Parejas Estables" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  301. ^ "DECRETO 117/2002, de 24 de octubre, por el que se crea el Registro de Uniones de Hecho en Castilla y León y se regula su funcionamiento" (PDF) (in Spanish). Junta de Castilla y León. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  302. ^ "Ley de Cantabria 1/2005, de 16 de mayo, de Parejas de Hecho de la Comunidad Autónoma de Cantabria" (in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  303. ^ "Decreto 248/2007, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se crea y se regula el Registro de Parejas de Hecho de Galicia" (in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  304. ^ "Decreto 30/2010, de 14 de mayo, por el que se crea el Registro de Parejas de Hecho de La Rioja" (in Spanish). El Gobierno de La Rioja. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  305. ^ "9L/PPL-0018 | Asamblea Regional de Murcia". www.asambleamurcia.es.
  306. ^ "Murcia será en junio la última comunidad en regular por ley las parejas de hecho". La Verdad. 25 May 2018.
  307. ^ "Reglamento regulador del Registro de Uniones de Hecho". Ciudad autonoma de Ceuta (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  308. ^ "REGLAMENTO REGULADOR DEL REGISTRO DE PAREJAS DE HEC HO DE LA CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA" (PDF). Melilla (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  309. ^ "Spain approves liberal gay marriage law". St. Petersburg Times. 1 July 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
  310. ^ "Intercountry Adoption - Spain". Department of State Bureau of Consular Affairs. 7 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  311. ^ (in Spanish) Boletín Oficial del Estado "Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida". Gobierno de Espana (in Spanish). 27 May 2006. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  312. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  313. ^ "Ley 3/2016, de 22 de julio, de Protección Integral contra LGTBIfobia y la Discriminación por Razón de Orientación e Identidad Sexual en la Comunidad de Madrid" (PDF) (in Spanish). Legislacion Consolidada. 10 August 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  314. ^ Jones, Sam (16 February 2023). "Spain passes law allowing anyone over 16 to change registered gender". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  315. ^ "Legal Aspects of Gender Reassignment Surgery in Turkey: A Case Report". Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 18 (1): 77–88. 28 January 2011. doi:10.1177/097152151001800104. S2CID 143761091.
  316. ^ "Gesetz zur Einführung des gesetzlichen Zusammenwohnens" (PDF).
  317. ^ "Belgium to follow Holland on gay marriage". RTÉ News. 29 November 2002.
  318. ^ "Belgium legalizes gay marriage". UPI. 31 January 2003.
  319. ^ "Belgium approves same-sex marriage". PlanetOut. 30 January 2003. Archived from the original on 28 February 2006.
  320. ^ "Belgium". travel.state.gov.
  321. ^ (in French and Dutch) Belgian Official Gazette Loi du 5 mai 2014 portant établissement de la filiation de la coparente, as amended by loi du 18 décembre 2014 modifiant le Code civil, le code de droit international privé, le Code consulaire, la loi du 5 mai 2014 portant établissement de la filiation de la coparente et la loi du 8 mai 2014 modifiant le Code civil en vue d’instaurer l’égalité de l’homme et de la femme dans le mode de transmission du nom à l’enfant et à l’adopté
  322. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  323. ^ "Loi du 25 juin 2017 réformant des régimes relatifs aux personnes transgenres en ce qui concerne la mention d'une modification de du sexe dans les actes de l'état civil et ses effets/Wet van 25 juni 2017 tot hervorming van regelingen inzake transgenders wat de vermelding van een aanpassing van de registratie van het geslacht in de akten van de burgerlijke stand en de gevolgen hiervan betreft" (PDF).
  324. ^ "Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité | Legifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr.
  325. ^ Erlanger, Steven (18 May 2013). "Hollande Signs French Gay Marriage Law". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  326. ^ "France". travel.state.gov.
  327. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  328. ^ "France scraps transgender sterilisation". BBC News. 14 October 2016.
  329. ^ "Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2011". guernseylegalresources.gg. 30 October 2012.
  330. ^ "JURIST – Homosexual Offenses and Human Rights in Guernsey". jurist.org.
  331. ^ "Data". gov.gg.
  332. ^ "Union civile, Green, marriage, Liberate « Guernsey Press". guernseypress.com.
  333. ^ PO Box 23, St Peter Port (13 March 2017). "The Same-Sex Marriage (Consequential and Miscellaneous Amendments and Contrary Provisions) (Guernsey) Ordinance, 2017". www.gov.gg. Retrieved 12 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  334. ^ "Guernsey votes to legalise same-sex marriage". Gay Times Magazine. 22 September 2016.
  335. ^ "Sark becomes last place in British Isles to legalise same-sex marriage". gaytimes.co.uk.
  336. ^ "Guernsey law change allows same-sex couples to adopt". BBC News. 24 June 2015.
  337. ^ "Politicians unanimously approve Guernsey's new anti-discrimination law". ITV. 30 September 2022. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  338. ^ "The Children (Guernsey and Alderney) Law, 2008". Guernsey Legal Resources. 6 July 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  339. ^ "The Prevention of Discrimination (Enabling Provisions) (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law, 2004". Guernsey Legal Resources. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  340. ^ "Legal Resources: Legal Resources Navigation List: Guernsey Law Reports 2007–08 GLR 161". guernseylegalresources.gg.
  341. ^ "Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010". irishstatutebook.ie.
  342. ^ "Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage Equality) Bill 2015 (Number 5 of 2015) – Tithe an Oireachtais". www.oireachtas.ie. 21 January 2015.
  343. ^ "Unmarried gay and heterosexual couples can now adopt a child". Independent.ie.
  344. ^ "Gay adoption law due before same-sex marriage referendum". The Irish Times. 21 January 2015.
  345. ^ "FAQs". The Adoption Authority of Ireland.
  346. ^ "Data". rainbow-europe.org.
  347. ^ Gartl, Fiona. "Change sought to anomaly in adoption law". The Irish Times.
  348. ^ "Children and Family Relationships Act 2015" (PDF). oireachtas.ie.
  349. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  350. ^ "Employment Equality Act, 1998". Irishstatutebook.ie. 18 June 1998. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  351. ^ "Equal Status Act, 2000". Irishstatutebook.ie. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  352. ^ "Prohibition of Incitement To Hatred Act, 1989". irishstatutebook.ie.
  353. ^ MacGuill, Dan. ""A historic moment" – Oireachtas signs off on gender recognition bill".
  354. ^ "Civil Partnership Act 2011" (PDF). legislation.gov.im.
  355. ^ "Same-sex Manx marriages can go ahead after Royal Assent". BBC. 19 July 2016. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  356. ^ "Employment Act 2006" (PDF).
  357. ^ "Gender Recognition Act 2009" (PDF). legislation.gov.im.
  358. ^ "Gender recognition bill to provide protection to Isle of Man trans residents". PinkNews.
  359. ^ "Civil Partnership (Jersey) Law 2012". Jersey Legal Information Board.
  360. ^ "Orders approved and business transacted at the Privy Council held by the Queen of Buckingham Palace" (PDF). Privy Council. 23 May 2018.
  361. ^ "Superintendent Registrar's advice for same-sex marriage planning". www.gov.je.
  362. ^ "Draft" (PDF). statesassembly.gov.je.
  363. ^ "Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010". Jersey Legal Information Board.
  364. ^ "Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats. - Legilux". legilux.public.lu.
  365. ^ "Luxembourg Times – Archives – Same-sex marriages from January 1". www.wort.lu.
  366. ^ "Same-sex marriage in Luxembourg from 1 January 2015". Chronicle. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  367. ^ "Mémorial A n° 125 de 2014 – Legilux" (PDF). www.legilux.public.lu.
  368. ^ "Mémorial A n° 207 de 2006" (PDF). legilux.public.lu.
  369. ^ "Luxembourg makes status change for transgender people easier". Luxembourg Times. 27 July 2018.
  370. ^ Waaldijk, Kees. "Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands" (PDF). INED. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  371. ^ "Gay Marriage Goes Dutch". CBS News. Associated Press. 1 April 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  372. ^ "Intercountry adoption - Netherlands". Bureau of Consular Affairs - US Department of State. 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  373. ^ "Wet van 25 november 2013 tot wijziging van Boek 1 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek in verband met het juridisch ouderschap van de vrouwelijke partner van de moeder anders dan door adoptie". Officiele bekendmakingen (in Dutch). 2013. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  374. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  375. ^ Veiligheid, Ministerie van Justitie en. "Prohibition of discrimination". www.government.nl.
  376. ^ Lavers, Michael K (19 December 2013). "Dutch Transgender Rights Bill Approved By Senate". Huffpost. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  377. ^ J Lester Feder (18 December 2013). "The Netherlands Passes Landmark Gender Identity Law". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  378. ^ "Civil Partnership Act 2004". legislation.gov.uk.
  379. ^ a b "Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed". BBC News. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  380. ^ Thomas, Ellen (20 September 2009). "New legislation sees gay Scottish couples win right to adopt children". The Herald. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  381. ^ "United Kingdom". travel.state.gov.
  382. ^ "Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008: Cases in which woman to be other parent". Legislation UK. Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  383. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
  384. ^ "Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4)". opsi.gov.uk.
  385. ^ "Public Order Act 1986". www.legislation.gov.uk.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT-related maps of Europe.


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Europe&oldid=678403694"