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List of the Dead Sea Scrolls

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List of the Dead Sea Scrolls
A view of part of the Temple Scroll that was found in Qumran Cave 11.
MaterialPapyrus, Parchment, and Bronze
WritingHebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Nabataean
CreatedEst. 408 BC to 318 AD
Discovered1946/7–1956
Present locationVarious

The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the caves near Qumran. The Dead Sea Scrolls is a collection of manuscripts discovered between 1946 and 1956 in the West Bank near the Dead Sea.

List of manuscripts

[edit]

The content of many scrolls has not yet been fully published. Some resources for more complete information on the scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, "Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert"[1] for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book[2] and the Leon Levy Collection,[3] both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study. Information is not always comprehensive, as content for many scrolls has not yet been fully published.

Qumran Cave 1

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Description

Wadi Qumran Cave 1 was discovered for the first time in 1946. The initial discovery, by Bedouin shepherd Muhammed edh-Dhib, his cousin Jum'a Muhammed, and Khalil Musa, took place between November 1946 and February 1947.[4][5] The shepherds discovered seven scrolls housed in jars in a cave near what is now known as the Qumran site, and they took them back to the camp to show to their families. None of the scrolls were destroyed in this process.[6] The original seven Dead Sea Scrolls from Cave 1 at Qumran are the Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa), a second copy of Isaiah (1QIsab), the Community Rule Scroll (1QS), the Pesher on Habakkuk (1QpHab), the War Scroll (1QM), the Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH), and the Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen).[7] One of the pottery jars containing the scrolls from Cave 1 is now kept in the British Museum.[8]


Qumran Cave 2

[edit]
Description

Wadi Qumran Cave 2 was discovered in February 1952 and soon the Bedouin people discovered 30 fragments in it.[67]: 10–11  The cave eventually yielded 300 fragments from 33 manuscripts of Dead Sea Scrolls, including fragments of Jubilees and the Wisdom of Sirach written in Hebrew.[68][69]

Qumran Cave 3

[edit]
Description

Wadi Qumran Cave 3 was discovered on 14 March 1952 by the ASOR team. The cave initially yielded fragments of Jubilees and the Copper Scroll.[67]: 10–11 

Qumran Cave 4

[edit]
Description
Qumran cave 4, where ninety percent of the scrolls were found.

Wadi Qumran Cave 4 was discovered in August 1952, and was excavated from 22–29 September 1952 by Gerald Lankester Harding, Roland de Vaux, and Józef Milik.[112][67]: 10–11  Cave 4 is actually two hand-cut caves (4a and 4b), but since the fragments were mixed, they are labeled as 4Q. Cave 4 is the most famous of Qumran caves both because of its visibility from the Qumran plateau and its productivity. It is visible from the plateau to the south of the Qumran settlement. It is by far the most productive of all Qumran caves, producing ninety percent of the Dead Sea Scrolls and scroll fragments (approx. 15,000 fragments from 500 different texts), including 9–10 copies of Jubilees, along with 21 tefillin and 7 mezuzot.

4Q1–4Q100
4Q101–4Q200
4Q201–4Q300
4Q301-

Qumran Cave 5

[edit]
Description

Wadi Qumran Cave 5 was discovered alongside Cave 6 in 1952, shortly after the discovery of Cave 4. Cave 5 produced approximately 25 manuscripts.[67]: 10–11 

Qumran Cave 6

[edit]
Description

Wadi Qumran Cave 6 was discovered alongside Cave 5 in 1952, shortly after the discovery of Cave 4. Cave 6 contained fragments of about 31 manuscripts.[5][132][67]: 10–11 

Qumran Cave 7

[edit]
Description

Wadi Qumran Cave 7 yielded fewer than 20 fragments of Greek documents, including 7Q2 (the "Letter of Jeremiah" = Baruch 6), 7Q5 (which became the subject of much speculation in later decades), and a Greek copy of a scroll of Enoch.[391][392][393] Cave 7 also produced several inscribed potsherds and jars.[394][132][395]

Qumran Cave 8

[edit]
Description

Wadi Qumran Cave 8, along with caves 7 and 9, was one of the only caves that are accessible by passing through the settlement at Qumran. Carved into the southern end of the Qumran plateau, cave 8 was excavated by archaeologists in 1957. Cave 8 produced five fragments: Genesis (8QGen), Psalms (8QPs), a tefillin fragment (8QPhyl), a mezuzah (8QMez), and a hymn (8QHymn).[402] Cave 8 also produced several tefillin cases, a box of leather objects, tons of lamps, jars, and the sole of a leather shoe.[394][132][395]

Qumran Cave 9

[edit]
Description

Wadi Qumran Cave 9, along with caves 7 and 8, was one of the only caves that are accessible by passing through the settlement at Qumran. Carved into the southern end of the Qumran plateau, Cave 9 was excavated by archaeologists in 1957. There was only one manuscript fragment found in Cave 9.

Qumran Cave 10

[edit]
Description

In Qumran Cave 10 archaeologists found two ostraca with writing on them, along with an unknown symbol on a grey stone slab.

Qumran Cave 11

[edit]
Description

Wadi Qumran Cave 11 was discovered in 1956 and yielded 21 texts of the Dead Sea Scrolls, some of which were quite lengthy. The Temple Scroll, so called because more than half of it pertains to the construction of the Temple of Jerusalem, was found in Cave 11, and is by far the longest scroll. It is now 26.7 feet (8.15 m) long. Its original length may have been over 28 feet (8.75 m). The Temple Scroll was regarded by scholar Yigael Yadin as "The Torah According to the Essenes". On the other hand, Hartmut Stegemann, a contemporary and friend of Yadin, believed the scroll was not to be regarded as such, but was a document without exceptional significance. Stegemann notes that it is not mentioned or cited in any known Essene writing.[405]

Also in Cave 11, an eschatological fragment about the biblical figure Melchizedek (11Q13) was found. Cave 11 also produced a copy of Jubilees.

According to former chief editor of the DSS editorial team John Strugnell, there are at least four privately owned scrolls from Cave 11, that have not yet been made available for scholars. Among them is a complete Aramaic manuscript of the Book of Enoch·.[406]

Wadi Murabba'at Cave 1

[edit]

Nahal Hever Cave 8

[edit]

Masada

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In 2022, D. Longacre and B. Strawn demonstrated this small fragment to be part of the larger manuscript 4QPsc, as opposed to a separate manuscript of the Psalms.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Tov, Emanuel (2010). Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert. Brill. ISBN 9789047443797.
  2. ^ "Shrine Of The Book - The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls".
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw "Leon Levy Collection". Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
  4. ^ Humphries, Mark (2006). Early Christianity. Oxford, UK: Routledge. ISBN 9780415205399.
  5. ^ a b Fitzmyer 2008.
  6. ^ Trever, John C. (2003). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Personal Account. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 9781593330422.
  7. ^ Vermes, Geza (1998). The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-024501-4..
  8. ^ British Museum Collection
  9. ^ The Great Isaiah Scroll at The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
  10. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 14–15.
  11. ^ a b 1Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  12. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 15–16.
  13. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 18.
  14. ^ Bruce, F.F.,"The Dead Sea Habakkuk Scroll," Archived 2020-08-01 at the Wayback Machine The Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society I (1958/59): 5–24.
  15. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 16.
  16. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 16–18.
  17. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence H. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fitzmyer 2008, p. 19.
  19. ^ 1Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  20. ^ 1Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  21. ^ 1Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf OakTree Software, Inc. Accordance 10: Bible Software. 2008.
  23. ^ 1Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  24. ^ 1Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  25. ^ 1Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  26. ^ 1Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  27. ^ 1Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  28. ^ 1Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  29. ^ 1Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  30. ^ 1Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  31. ^ a b c d e f g Fitzmyer 2008, p. 20.
  32. ^ 1Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  33. ^ 1Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  34. ^ 1Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  35. ^ 1Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  36. ^ 1Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  37. ^ 1Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  38. ^ 1Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  39. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 20–21.
  40. ^ 1Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  41. ^ a b Fitzmyer 2008, p. 21.
  42. ^ 1Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  43. ^ 1Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  44. ^ a b Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 21–22.
  45. ^ 1Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  46. ^ 1Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h Fitzmyer 2008, p. 22.
  48. ^ 1Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  49. ^ 1Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  50. ^ 1Q27 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  51. ^ 1Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  52. ^ 1Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  53. ^ 1Q29 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  54. ^ 1Q30 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  55. ^ 1Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 23.
  57. ^ 1Q32 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  58. ^ 1Q34 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  59. ^ 1Q35 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  60. ^ 1Q36 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  61. ^ 1Q37 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  62. ^ 1Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  63. ^ 1Q39 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  64. ^ 1Q40 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  65. ^ 1Q71 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  66. ^ 1Q72 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  67. ^ a b c d e VanderKam, James C. (1994). The Dead Sea Scrolls Today. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
  68. ^ S.S.L. Frantisek Trstensky. "The Archaeological Site Of Qumran and the Personality Of Roland De Vaux" (PDF). Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  69. ^ "Dead Sea Scrolls: Timetable". The Gnostic Society Library. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  70. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fitzmyer 2008, p. 25.
  71. ^ 2Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  72. ^ 2Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  73. ^ 2Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  74. ^ 2Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  75. ^ 2Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  76. ^ 2Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  77. ^ 2Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  78. ^ 2Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  79. ^ 2Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  80. ^ a b c d e f g h Fitzmyer 2008, p. 26.
  81. ^ 2Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  82. ^ 2Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  83. ^ 2Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  84. ^ 2Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  85. ^ 2Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  86. ^ 2Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  87. ^ 2Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  88. ^ 2Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  89. ^ 2Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  90. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 26–27.
  91. ^ 2Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  92. ^ a b c d e f Fitzmyer 2008, p. 27.
  93. ^ 2Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  94. ^ 2Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  95. ^ 2Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  96. ^ 2Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  97. ^ "Leon Levy Collection". Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
  98. ^ 3Q1 at Leon Levy Collection
  99. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 28.
  100. ^ 3Q2 at Leon Levy Collection
  101. ^ 3Q3 at Leon Levy Collection
  102. ^ 3Q4 at Leon Levy Collection
  103. ^ 3Q5 at Leon Levy Collection
  104. ^ 3Q6 at Leon Levy Collection
  105. ^ 3Q7 at Leon Levy Collection
  106. ^ 3Q8 at Leon Levy Collection
  107. ^ 3Q9 at Leon Levy Collection
  108. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 28–29.
  109. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 29.
  110. ^ 3Q14 at Leon Levy Collection
  111. ^ 3Q15 at Leon Levy Collection
  112. ^ Milik, Józef Tadeusz (1957). Dix ans de découverte dans le désert de Juda. Paris, FR: Éditions du Cerf.R. de Vaux; Milik, Józef Tadeusz (1977). Discoveries in the Judaean Desert. Vol. 6. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198263173.Milik, Józef Tadeusz; Matthew Black (1976). The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments Qumran Cave 4. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198263173.
  113. ^ 4Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  114. ^ 4Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  115. ^ 4Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  116. ^ 4Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  117. ^ 4Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  118. ^ 4Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  119. ^ 4Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  120. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fitzmyer 2008, p. 30.
  121. ^ 4Q8 4QGen h1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  122. ^ 4Q8 4QGen h2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  123. ^ 4Q8 4QGen h-para at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  124. ^ 4Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  125. ^ 4Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  126. ^ 4Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  127. ^ 4Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  128. ^ 4Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  129. ^ 4Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  130. ^ a b 4Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  131. ^ 4Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  132. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Florentino Garcia Martinez; Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar (1995). The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802844934.
  133. ^ a b c d e f g Fitzmyer 2008, p. 31.
  134. ^ 4Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  135. ^ 4Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  136. ^ 4Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  137. ^ 4Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  138. ^ 4Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  139. ^ 4Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  140. ^ 4Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  141. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 31–32.
  142. ^ 4Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  143. ^ a b c d e f g Fitzmyer 2008, p. 32.
  144. ^ 4Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  145. ^ 4Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  146. ^ 4Q27 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  147. ^ 4Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  148. ^ 4Q29 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  149. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 32–33.
  150. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 33.
  151. ^ a b c 4Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Accessed 20 May 2013
  152. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fitzmyer 2008, p. 34.
  153. ^ 4Q47 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  154. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 34–35.
  155. ^ 4Q48 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  156. ^ a b c d e f Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
  157. ^ 4Q49 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  158. ^ 4Q50 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  159. ^ 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  160. ^ 4Q52 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  161. ^ 4Q53 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  162. ^ 4Q54 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  163. ^ a b c d e f g h Fitzmyer 2008, p. 36.
  164. ^ 4Q55 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  165. ^ 4Q56 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  166. ^ 4Q57 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  167. ^ 4Q58 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  168. ^ 4Q59 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  169. ^ 4Q60 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  170. ^ 4Q61 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  171. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fitzmyer 2008, p. 37.
  172. ^ 4Q62 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  173. ^ 4Q63 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  174. ^ 4Q64 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  175. ^ 4Q65 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  176. ^ 4Q66 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  177. ^ 4Q67 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  178. ^ 4Q68 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  179. ^ 4Q69 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  180. ^ a b c d e Schiffman, Lawrence; VanderKam, James (2008). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195084504.
  181. ^ a b c d e Flint, Peter (2013). The Dead Sea Scrolls. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780687494491.
  182. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fitzmyer 2008, p. 38.
  183. ^ 4Q73 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  184. ^ 4Q74 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  185. ^ Sanderson 1997. DJD 15: 215–218.
  186. ^ 4Q75 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  187. ^ 4Q76 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  188. ^ 4Q77 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  189. ^ 4Q78 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  190. ^ a b c d e f g Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
  191. ^ 4Q79 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  192. ^ 4Q80 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  193. ^ 4Q81 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  194. ^ 4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  195. ^ 4Q83 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  196. ^ 4Q84 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  197. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fitzmyer 2008, p. 41.
  198. ^ 4Q85 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  199. ^ Longacre, Drew, and Brent A. Strawn. "A New Identification of a Psalm Manuscript from Qumran: 4Q85 + 4Q98c", Dead Sea Discoveries, doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10037
  200. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 40.
  201. ^ 4Q86 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  202. ^ 4Q87 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  203. ^ 4Q88 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  204. ^ 4Q89 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  205. ^ 4Q90 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  206. ^ 4Q91 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  207. ^ 4Q92 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  208. ^ 4Q93 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  209. ^ 4Q94 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  210. ^ 4Q95 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  211. ^ 4Q96 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  212. ^ 4Q97 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  213. ^ 4Q98 4QPsr at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  214. ^ 4Q99 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  215. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fitzmyer 2008, p. 42.
  216. ^ 4Q100 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  217. ^ 4Q101 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  218. ^ 4Q102 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  219. ^ 4Q103 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  220. ^ 4Q104 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  221. ^ 4Q105 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  222. ^ 4Q106 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  223. ^ 4Q107 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  224. ^ 4Q108 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  225. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fitzmyer 2008, p. 43.
  226. ^ 4Q109 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  227. ^ 4Q110 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  228. ^ 4Q111 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  229. ^ 4Q112 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  230. ^ 4Q113 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  231. ^ 4Q114 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  232. ^ 4Q115 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  233. ^ 4Q116 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  234. ^ 4Q117 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  235. ^ 4Q118 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  236. ^ a b c d e f Fitzmyer 2008, p. 44.
  237. ^ 4Q119 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  238. ^ 4Q120 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  239. ^ 4Q121 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  240. ^ 4Q122 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  241. ^ 4Q123 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  242. ^ Tov, Emanuel; et al. (The Greek Biblical Texts from the Judean Desert) (2008). "23". Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible and Qumran: Collected Essays. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism. Vol. 121. Mohr Siebeck. p. 346. ISBN 9783161495465.
  243. ^ 4Q126 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  244. ^ 4Q127 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  245. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 44–45.
  246. ^ 4Q128 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  247. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 45.
  248. ^ 4Q129 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  249. ^ 4Q130 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  250. ^ 4Q131 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  251. ^ 4Q132 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  252. ^ 4Q133 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  253. ^ 4Q134 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  254. ^ 4Q135 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  255. ^ 4Q136 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  256. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fitzmyer 2008, p. 46.
  257. ^ 4Q138 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  258. ^ 4Q139 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  259. ^ 4Q140 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  260. ^ 4Q141 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  261. ^ 4Q142 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  262. ^ 4Q143 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  263. ^ 4Q144 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  264. ^ 4Q145 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  265. ^ 4Q146 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  266. ^ 4Q147 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  267. ^ 4Q148 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  268. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 46–47.
  269. ^ 4Q149 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  270. ^ a b c d e f Fitzmyer 2008, p. 47.
  271. ^ 4Q150 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  272. ^ 4Q151 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  273. ^ 4Q152 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  274. ^ 4Q153 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  275. ^ 4Q154 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  276. ^ 4Q155 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  277. ^ a b Wise, Michael O.; Abegg, Martin G.; Cook, Edward M. (2005). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 577. ISBN 9780060766627.
  278. ^ 4Q156 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  279. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 47–48.
  280. ^ 4Q157 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  281. ^ 4Q158 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  282. ^ a b c Fitzmyer 2008, p. 48.
  283. ^ 4Q159 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  284. ^ 4Q160 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  285. ^ 4Q161 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  286. ^ 4Q162 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  287. ^ a b "The Qumran Library: Scrolls". Library of Congress.
  288. ^ a b c d Fitzmyer 2008, p. 49.
  289. ^ 4Q166 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  290. ^ 4Q167 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  291. ^ 4Q168 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  292. ^ 4Q169 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  293. ^ a b Fitzmyer 2008, p. 50.
  294. ^ 4Q174 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  295. ^ 4Q175 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  296. ^ 4Q179 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  297. ^ 4Q186 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  298. ^ 4Q196 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  299. ^ 4Q197 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  300. ^ 4Q198 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  301. ^ 4Q199 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  302. ^ 4Q200 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  303. ^ 4Q201 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  304. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 54–55.
  305. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 55.
  306. ^ 4Q215 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  307. ^ Gault, Brian P. (2010) "Fragments of Canticles at Qumran". Revue de Qumran. p.352
  308. ^ 4Q246 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  309. ^ a b c d Fitzmyer 2008, p. 62.
  310. ^ 4Q252 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  311. ^ 4Q253 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  312. ^ 4Q254 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  313. ^ 4Q254a-820 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  314. ^ 4Q258 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  315. ^ 4Q285 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  316. ^ 4Q299 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  317. ^ 4Q300 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  318. ^ 4Q301 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  319. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 74.
  320. ^ 4Q364 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  321. ^ a b c Fitzmyer 2008, p. 75.
  322. ^ 4Q365 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  323. ^ 4Q366 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  324. ^ 4Q367 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  325. ^ 4Q378 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  326. ^ 4Q379 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  327. ^ 4Q385 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  328. ^ 4Q394 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  329. ^ 4Q400 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  330. ^ 4Q434 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  331. ^ 4Q483 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  332. ^ 4Q521 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  333. ^ Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd, The Gog and Magog Tradition in Revelation 20:8, in, H. J. de Jonge, Johannes Tromp, eds., The book of Ezekiel and its influence, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007, p.172; scheduled to be published in Charlesworth's edition, volume 9
  334. ^ 4Q523 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  335. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 98.
  336. ^ Collins, John J. (2001). "44. Ecclesiasticus, or The Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach". In Barton, J.; Muddiman, J. (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary. London: Oxford University Press. p. 684. ISBN 978-0199277186. Archived from the original on 2017-11-22.
  337. ^ 4Q539 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  338. ^ 4Q541 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  339. ^ 4Q542 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  340. ^ 4Q555 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  341. ^ "Uncovered in Jerusalem, 9 tiny unopened Dead Sea Scrolls". The Times of Israel.
  342. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104–105.
  343. ^ 5Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  344. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fitzmyer 2008, p. 105.
  345. ^ 5Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  346. ^ 5Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  347. ^ 5Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  348. ^ 5Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  349. ^ 5Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  350. ^ 5Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  351. ^ 5Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  352. ^ 5Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  353. ^ 5Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  354. ^ 5Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  355. ^ a b c d e Fitzmyer 2008, p. 106.
  356. ^ 5Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  357. ^ 5Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  358. ^ 5Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  359. ^ 5Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  360. ^ a b c d Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104, 106.
  361. ^ 6Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  362. ^ 6Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  363. ^ 6Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  364. ^ 6Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  365. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fitzmyer 2008, p. 107.
  366. ^ 6Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  367. ^ 6Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  368. ^ 6Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  369. ^ 6Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  370. ^ 6Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  371. ^ 6Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  372. ^ 6Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  373. ^ 6Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  374. ^ 6Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  375. ^ 6Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  376. ^ 6Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  377. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Fitzmyer 2008, p. 108.
  378. ^ 6Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  379. ^ 6Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  380. ^ 6Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  381. ^ 6Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  382. ^ 6Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  383. ^ 6Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  384. ^ 6Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  385. ^ 6Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  386. ^ 6Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  387. ^ 6Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  388. ^ 6Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  389. ^ 6Q30 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  390. ^ 6Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  391. ^ Baillet, Maurice ed. Les 'Petites Grottes' de Qumrân (ed., vol. 3 of Discoveries in the Judaean Desert; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), 144–45, pl. XXX.
  392. ^ Muro, Ernest A., "The Greek Fragments of Enoch from Qumran Cave 7 (7Q4, 7Q8, &7Q12 = 7QEn gr = Enoch 103:3–4, 7–8)," Revue de Qumran 18 no. 70 (1997).
  393. ^ Puech, Émile, "Sept fragments grecs de la Lettre d'Hénoch (1 Hén 100, 103, 105) dans la grotte 7 de Qumrân (= 7QHén gr)," Revue de Qumran 18 no. 70 (1997).
  394. ^ a b Humbert and Chambon, Excavations of Khirbet Qumran and Ain Feshkha, 67.
  395. ^ a b Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104, 109.
  396. ^ 7Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  397. ^ 7Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  398. ^ 7Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  399. ^ 7Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  400. ^ 7Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  401. ^ 7Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  402. ^ Baillet ed. Les 'Petites Grottes' de Qumrân (ed.), 147–62, pl. XXXIXXXV.
  403. ^ "9Q1 at Leon Levy Collection". Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
  404. ^ Evans, Craig. Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls. 2010.
  405. ^ Stegemann, Hartmut. "The Qumran Essenes: Local Members of the Main Jewish Union in Late Second Temple Times." Pages 83–166 in The Madrid Qumran Congress: Proceedings of the International Congress on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Madrid, 18–21 March 1991, Edited by J. Trebolle Barrera and L. Vegas Montaner. Vol. 11 of Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah. Leiden: Brill, 1992.
  406. ^ Shanks, Hershel (July–August 1994). "An Interview with John Strugnell". Biblical Archaeology Review. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
  407. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 110.
  408. ^ 11Q4 - 11QEzek at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  409. ^ 11Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library.
  410. ^ "MasSir at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library".
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