Philippine languages

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See also: Languages of the Philippines
Philippine
Geographic
distribution		Philippines
Northern Sulawesi, Indonesia
Eastern Sabah, Malaysia
Orchid Island, Taiwan
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Subdivisions
ISO 639-2 / 5phi
GlottologNone
grea1284  (Greater Central Philippine)
The Philippine languages, per Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005)

In linguistics, the Philippine languages are a proposal by Zorc (1986) and Robert Blust (1991) that all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi—except Sama–Bajaw (languages of the "Sea Gypsies") and a few languages of Palawan—form a subfamily of Austronesian languages.[1][2] Although the Philippines is near the center of Austronesian expansion from Formosa, there is little linguistic diversity among the approximately 150 Philippine languages, suggesting that earlier diversity has been erased by the spread of the ancestor of the modern Philippine languages.[3][4]

Classification

From approximately north to south, the Philippine languages are divided into the following subgroups:

In addition, the Ati, Umiray Dumaget, Manide and Inagta Alabat languages are unclassified within the Philippine family.

Vocabulary comparison

Comparison chart between several selected Philippine languages spoken from north to south with Proto-Austronesian first for comparison.

English 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Proto-Austronesian *əsa
*isa		 *duSa *təlu *Səpat *lima *Cau *Rumaq *asu *niuR *qalejaw *baqeRu *i-kita *n-anu *apuy
Batanic (Bashiic) 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Yami (Tao) ása dóa (raroa) tílo (tatlo) apat (ápat) lima tao vahay chito niyoy araw vayo yaten ango apoy
Ivatan asa dadowa tatdo apat lima tao vahay chito niyoy araw va-yo yaten ango apoy
Northern Luzon 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Ilokano ibbong
awan		 maysa dua tallo uppat lima tao balay aso niog aldaw baro sitayo ania apoy
Ibanag awan tadday dua tallu appa' lima tolay balay kitu niuk aggaw bagu sittam anni afi
Gaddang antet addwa tallo appat lima tolay balay atu ayog aw bawu ikkanetam sanenay afuy
Pangasinan sakey dua
duara		 talo
talora		 apat
apatira		 lima too abong aso niyog ageo balo sikatayo anto pool
Central Luzon 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Kapampangan ala métung
isâ		 adwâ atlû ápat lima táu balé ásu ngúngut aldô báyu íkatamu nánu api
Central Philippine 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Filipino sero isa dalawa tatlo apat lima tao bahay aso niyog araw bago tayo ano apoy
Tagalog wala isa dalawa tatlo apat lima tao bahay aso niyog araw bago tayo ano apoy
Bikol 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Central Bikol wara saro duwa tulo upat lima tawo harong ayam niyog adlaw ba-go kita ano kalayo
Rinconada Bikol əsad darwā tolō əpat lima tawō baləy ayam noyog aldəw bāgo kitā onō kalayō
Visayan 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Waray waray usa
sayo		 duha tulo upat lima tawo balay ayam
ido		 lubi adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Hiligaynon walay isa duwa tatlo apat lima tawo balay ido lubi adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Asi usa ruha tuyo upat lima tawo bayay iro nidog adlaw bag-o kita ni-o kayado
Romblomanon isa duha tuyo upat lima tawo bayay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Onhan isya darwa tatlo ap-at lima tawo balay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Kinaray-a wara sara darwa tatlo apat lima taho balay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita
tatən		 ano kalayo
Aklanon uwa isaea
sambilog		 daywa tatlo ap-at lima tawo baeay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita ano kaeayo
Cebuano wala usa duha tulo upat lima tawo balay iro lubi adlaw bag-o kita unsa kalayo
Tausug isa
hambuuk		 duwa tu upat lima tau bay iru' niyug adlaw ba-gu kitaniyu unu kayu
Mindanao 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Mëranaw isa dowa t'lo phat lima taw walay aso neyog gawi'e bago tano tonaa apoy
South Mindanao (Bilic) 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Tboli sotu lewu tlu fat lima tau gunu ohu lefo kdaw lomi tekuy tedu ofih
Minahasan 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Tombulu (Minahasa) esa zua
rua		 telu epat lima tou walé asu po'po' endo weru kai
kita		 apa api
Sangiric 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Sangirese sembau
esa'		 darua tatelu epa' lima tau balé kapuna' bango' elo wuhu kité tawé putung
Gorontalo-Mongondow 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Gorontalo tuwewu duluwo totolu opato limo tawu bele 'apula sekat dulahu bohu 'ito wolo tulu
Mongondow inta' dua tolu opat lima intau baloi ungku' cekut singgai mobagu kita onda tulu'

See also

Defunct language regulators

References

  1. ^ Zorc, R.D. The genetic relationships of Philippine languages. 1986. In Geraghty, P., Carrington, L. and Wurm, S.A. editors, FOCAL II: Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. C-94:147-173. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1986.
  2. ^ Blust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 30 (2): 73–129. doi:10.2307/3623084.
  3. ^ Adelaar & Himmelmann (2005)
  4. ^ More diverse Philippine-type are found in Borneo.
  • K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005.

Further reading

External links


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