Sydney: Difference between revisions
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{{Two other uses|the metropolitan area in Australia|the local government area|City of Sydney}} |
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Damn, Sydney sucks; what have they ever done for us? All hail kitty! |
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{{Infobox Australian Place |
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| type = city |
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| name = Sydney |
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| state = nsw |
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| image = Sydney opera house and skyline.jpg |
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| imagesize = 300 |
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| caption = The [[Sydney Opera House]] and [[Sydney central business district|Sydney CBD]] on [[Port Jackson]] |
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| pop = 4,284,379<!-- 4,284,379 is the population stated in the citation. --> |
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|pop_blank1_title = [[Demonym]] |
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|pop_blank1 = Sydneysider |
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| pop_footnotes = <ref name=2006population/> |
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| poprank = 1st |
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| density = 2058 |
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| density_footnotes = (2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/4a256353001af3ed4b2562bb00121564/45b3371f4a681356ca25740e007c92bf!OpenDocument|title=Explore Your City Through the 2006 Census Social Atlas Series|author=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=[[17 March]] [[2008]]|accessdate=2008-05-19}}</ref> |
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| est = [[Australia Day|26 January]] [[1788]] |
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| coordinates = {{coord|33|51|35.9|S|151|12|40|E|type:town_region:AU-NSW|display=inline,title}} |
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| area = 12144.6 |
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| area_footnotes = |
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| timezone = [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]] |
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| utc = +10 |
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| timezone-dst = [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]] |
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| utc-dst = +11 |
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| dist1 = 881 |
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| dir1 = NE |
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| location1 = [[Melbourne]] |
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| dist2 = 938 |
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| dir2 = S |
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| location2 = [[Brisbane]] |
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| dist3 = 3970 |
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| dir3 = E |
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| location3 = [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] |
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| dist4 = 1406 |
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| dir4 = E |
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| location4 = [[Adelaide]] |
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| dist5 = 4003 |
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| dir5 = SE |
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| location5 = [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] |
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| lga = [[:Image:Sydney councils.png|various]] (38) |
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| region = |
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| county = [[Cumberland County, New South Wales|Cumberland]] |
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| stategov = [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly electoral districts|various]] (49) |
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| fedgov = [[:Image:Map2a.gif|various]] (22) |
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| maxtemp = 21.6 |
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| mintemp = 13.7 |
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| rainfall = 1214.8 |
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}} |
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[[Image:Sydney locator-MJC.png|thumb|Location of Sydney within Australia]] |
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'''Sydney''' ({{pronEng|ˈsɪdniː}}) is the [[List of cities in Australia by population|most populous city]] in [[Australia]], with a [[metropolitan area]] population of approximately 4.28 million (2006 estimate).<ref name="2006population">{{Cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/1301.02008?OpenDocument |title=Year Book Australia, 2008 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |pages=p.194 |accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref> It is the [[List of Australian capital cities|state capital]] of [[New South Wales]], and the site of the first [[British Empire|British]] colony in Australia, established in 1788 at [[Sydney Cove]] by [[Arthur Phillip]], leader of the [[First Fleet]] from [[Great Britain|Britain]].<ref name=HOS>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ozexperience.com/index.php/travel/about_australia/brief_history_of_australia/ |title=History of Australia |publisher=Oz Experience}}</ref> A resident of the city is referred to as a Sydneysider. |
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Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast. The city is built around [[Port Jackson]], which includes [[Sydney Harbour]], leading to the city's nickname, "the Harbour City". It is noted for the [[Sydney Opera House]] and the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge|Harbour Bridge]], and [[Beaches in Sydney|its beaches]]. The [[metropolitan area]] is surrounded by national parks, and contains many bays, rivers and inlets. It is listed as a [[global city|beta world city]] by the [[Loughborough University]] group's 1999 inventory.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb5.html |title=Research Bulletin 5: A Roster of World Cities |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |first=J.V. |last=Beaverstock |coauthors=Smith, R.G.; Taylor, P.J.}}</ref> The city has hosted international sporting, political and cultural events, including the [[1938 British Empire Games]], [[2000 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2003 Rugby World Cup]]. In September 2007, the city hosted the leaders of the 21 [[APEC]] economies for [[APEC Australia 2007]], and in July 2008 will host [[World Youth Day 2008]]. The main airport serving Sydney is [[Sydney Airport]]. |
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[[Image:Sydney kitten.jpg]] |
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Sydney is one of the most [[multiculturalism|multicultural]] cities in the world, which reflects its role as a major destination for [[Immigration to Australia|immigrants]] to Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/multicultural/confer/10/speech44a.htm |work=1995 Global Cultural Diversity Conference Proceedings, Sydney |title=Designing for Diversity: the Multicultural City |publisher=Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship}}</ref> According to the Mercer cost of living survey, Sydney is Australia’s most expensive city, and the 21st most expensive in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/features/cost_survey.html |title=Cost of living - The world's most expensive cities |publisher=City Mayors}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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{{Main|History of Sydney}} |
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[[Image:Very early map of sydney from 1789.jpg|left|thumb|A map of Sydney in 1789]] |
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[[Image:Sydney looking north over Hyde Park 1828.jpg|thumb|left|Sydney circa 1828, looking north over [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] towards the [[Port Jackson|harbour]]]] |
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Radiocarbon dating has provided evidence that the Sydney region has been populated by [[indigenous Australians]] for at least 30,000 years.<ref>{{cite news | first=Richard | last=Macey | coauthors= | title=Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years | date=2007-09-15| publisher= | url =http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html | work =The Sydney Morning Herald | pages =1 | accessdate =2007-09-15 | language = }}</ref> At the time of the arrival of the [[First Fleet]] in 1788, 4000 - 8000 Aboriginal people lived in the region. The British called them "[[Eora]]"<ref name="kohen">Kohen, J. L. 2000. First and last peoples: Aboriginal Sydney. In J. Connell (Ed.). ''Sydney the emergence of a global city.'' pp 76-95. [[Oxford University Press]] ISBN 0-19-550748-7, pp 76-78, 81-82, 83</ref>, because being asked where they came from, these people would answer: “Eora”, meaning in their language: ‘here’, or ‘from this place’. There were three language groups in the Sydney region; these were further refined into dialects spoken by smaller clans. The principal languages were [[Darug language|Darug]] (the ''[[Cadigal]]'', original inhabitants of the City of Sydney, spoke a coastal dialect of Darug), [[Dharawal language|Dharawal]] and [[Guringai language|Guringai]]. Each clan had a territory; the location of that territory determined the resources available. Although [[urbanization]] has destroyed most evidence of these settlements (such as shell [[midden]]s), Sydney and its environs are well known for numerous rock drawings and carvings because of the nature of the rock, [[Hawkesbury sandstone]].<ref>{{cite news | first=Bruce | last=Elder | title=History set in stone | date=2007-09-07 | publisher=The Age| url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/new-south-wales/history-set-in-stone/2007/09/05/1188783292366.html | accessdate =2007-10-18}}</ref> |
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European interest in colonising Australia arose with the landing of British sea captain Lieutenant [[James Cook]] in [[Botany Bay]] in 1770. Under instruction from the [[United Kingdom|British]] government, a [[Penal colony|convict settlement]] was founded by [[Arthur Phillip]], who arrived at Botany Bay with a fleet of 11 ships on January 20, 1788. This site was soon found to be unsuitable for habitation, owing to poor soil and a lack of reliable fresh water. Phillip founded the colony at [[Sydney Cove]] on [[Port Jackson]] on [[26 January]] [[1788]]. He named it after the British [[Home Secretary]], [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney|Thomas Townshend, Lord Sydney]], in recognition of Sydney's role in issuing the charter authorising Phillip to establish a colony.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In April 1789 a disease, thought to be [[smallpox]], decimated the indigenous population of Sydney; a conservative estimate says that 500 to 1000 Aboriginal people died in the area between [[Broken Bay|Broken]] and Botany Bays.<ref name="kohen"/>There was violent resistance to British settlement, notably by the warrior [[Pemulwuy]] in the area around Botany Bay, and conflicts were common in the area surrounding the [[Hawkesbury River]]. By 1820 there were only a few hundred Aborigines and [[Lachlan Macquarie|Governor Macquarie]] had begun initiatives to 'civilize, Christianize and educate' the Aborigines by removing them from their clans.<ref name="kohen" /> |
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[[Image:Garden Palace Sydney 1879.jpg|thumb|right|[[The Domain, Sydney|The International Exhibition of 1879]] at the [[Garden Palace]]]] |
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Macquarie's tenure as [[Governor of New South Wales]] was a period when Sydney was improved from its basic beginnings. Roads, bridges, wharves and public buildings were constructed by British and Irish [[Convictism in Australia|convicts]], and by 1822 the town had banks, markets, well-established thoroughfares and an organised constabulary. The 1830s and 1840s were periods of urban development, including the development of the first suburbs, as the town grew rapidly when ships began arriving from [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain and Ireland]] with [[immigrants]] looking to start a new life in a new country. On [[20 July]] [[1842]] the municipal council of Sydney was incorporated and the town was declared the first city in Australia, with Charles H. Chambers the first mayor.<ref> ''Australian Encyclopaedia'' Volume 2, p 524, [[Angus & Robertson|Angus and Robertson]] Limited, 1926 </ref> The first of several [[Australian gold rushes|gold rushes]] started in 1851, and the port of Sydney has since seen many waves of people arriving from around the world. Rapid suburban development began in the last quarter of the 19th century with the advent of steam powered tramways and railways. With [[Industrial revolution|industrialisation]] Sydney expanded rapidly, and by the early 20th century it had a population well in excess of one million. The [[Great Depression]] hit Sydney badly. One of the highlights of the Depression era, however, was the completion of the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] in 1932.<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.harbourbridge.com.au/hbpages/historycontx.html |
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| title = Brief History of the Sydney Harbour Bridge |
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| accessdate = 2006-10-08 |
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| author = Harbour Bridge Views |
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| year = 2007 |
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}}</ref> |
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A [[Sydney-Melbourne rivalry|rivalry]] has traditionally existed between Sydney and [[Melbourne]] since the gold rushes of the 1850s grew the capital of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] into Australia's largest and richest city.<ref>Farrelly, Elizabeth [http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/how-could-sydney-get-it-so-wrong/2006/11/04/1162340054054.html How could Sydney get it so wrong?] [[The Sydney Morning Herald|Sydney Morning Herald]], 4 November 2006</ref> Sydney overtook [[Melbourne]] in population in the early years of the 20th century,<ref>[http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/commission/books/linking-a-nation/chapter-6.html Linking a Nation: Australia's Transport and Communications 1788 - 1970]</ref> and has remained the largest city in Australia since this time. During the 1970s and 1980s Sydney's [[Sydney central business district|CBD]] with the [[Reserve Bank of Australia|Reserve Bank]] and [[Australian Stock Exchange]] clearly surpassed Melbourne as the nation's financial capital.<ref>Elias, David [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/12/30/1072546531264.html?from=storyrhs Tell Melbourne it's over, we won] [[The Sydney Morning Herald|Sydney Morning Herald]], 31 December 2003</ref> Throughout the 20th century, especially in the decades immediately following [[World War II]], Sydney continued to expand as large numbers of [[Europe]]an and later [[Asia]]n immigrants populated the metropolitan area. The culture brought about by immigrants was a major factor in the city's diverse and highly cosmopolitan atmosphere. |
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<!--===Timeline of events=== |
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[[Image:Map of Sydney central bus district.PNG|thumb|Map of the centre of Sydney]] |
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* 1788: First European settlements established |
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* 1852: Sydney incorporated as a [[city]] |
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* 1855: New South Wales's first [[railway]] line linking Sydney with [[Parramatta, New South Wales|Parramatta]] |
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* 1870: [[Intercolonial Exhibition (1870)]] |
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* 1879: [[Sydney International Exhibition (1879)]] |
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* 1883: [[Parramatta, New South Wales|Parramatta]] - [[Intercolonial Juvenile Industrial Exhibition (1883)]] |
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* 1901: [[Commonwealth of Australia]] proclaimed in Sydney on [[1 January]] |
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* 1903: Overtook [[Melbourne]] as Australia's largest city |
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* 1926: Undeground Railway completed to Saint James, first electrification takes place on Illawarra Line. |
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* 1932: [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] completed |
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* 1942: [[Attack on Sydney Harbour|Sydney attacked by Japanese submarine]]s |
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* 1964: First double decker train |
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* 1973: [[Sydney Opera House]] completed |
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* 1993: Last single deck train runs on suburban network |
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* 2000: [[2000 Summer Olympics]]--> |
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==Geography== |
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{{Main|Geography of Sydney}} |
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[[Image:Sydney ASTER 2001 oct 12.jpg|thumb|Image of Sydney taken by NASA [[RS]] satellite. The city centre is about a third of the way in on the south shore of the upper inlet, the Parramatta River, directly south of the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]]]] |
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===Topography=== |
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Sydney is in a coastal basin bordered by the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the east, the [[Blue Mountains (Australia)|Blue Mountains]] to the west, the [[Hawkesbury River]] to the north and the [[Royal National Park]] to the south. Sydney lies on a [[submergent coastline]], where the [[ocean]] level has risen to flood deep river valleys ([[ria]]) carved in the hawkesbury sandstone. One of these drowned valleys, [[Port Jackson]], better known as Sydney Harbour, is the largest natural harbour in the world.<ref>[http://www.mpiweb.org/CMS/mpiweb/mpicontent.aspx?id=3918 Showcase Destinations Sydney, Australia: The Harbour City] by David Latta</ref> There are more than 70 harbour and ocean beaches, including the famous [[Bondi Beach, New South Wales|Bondi Beach]], in the urban area. Sydney's urban area covers {{convert|1687|km2|sqmi|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} as at 2001.<ref> name="abs_2016_0">[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/subscriber.nsf/log?openagent&20160_2001.pdf&2016.0&Publication&735A104E4E83C6E2CA256CF40001D92A&0&2001&25.03.2003&Latest 2016.0 Census of Population and Housing: Selected Characteristics for Urban Centres, Australia], [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], [[2003-03-26]]</ref> The Sydney Statistical Division, used for census data, is the unofficial metropolitan area<ref>''[http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/32eb1b908521ad75ca2571220079feee!OpenDocument#M 1217.0.55.001 - Glossary of Statistical Geography Terminology, 2003]'', Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2003</ref> and covers {{convert|12145|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="abs_2032_0">[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/subscriber.nsf/log?openagent&20320_2001.pdf&2032.0&Publication&6E673B244F83579CCA257156007B9D31&0&2001&16.01.2004&Latest2016.0 "2032.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Australia in Profile – A Regional Analysis, 2001"], [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], [[2004-01-16]]</ref> This area includes the [[Central Coast (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] and [[Blue Mountains (Australia)|Blue Mountains]] as well as broad swathes of national park and other unurbanised land. |
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Geographically, Sydney sprawls over two major regions: the [[Cumberland Plain]], a relatively flat region lying to the south and west of the harbour, and the [[Hornsby Plateau]], a sandstone plateau lying mainly to the north of the harbour, dissected by steep valleys. The oldest parts of the city are located in the flat areas south of the harbour; the [[North Shore (Sydney)|North Shore]] was slower to develop because of its hilly topography, and was mostly a quiet backwater until the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] was opened in 1932, linking it to the rest of the city. |
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===Climate=== |
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[[Image:Avalon beach-1w.jpg|thumb|right|[[Avalon, New South Wales|Avalon]] Beach in Sydney's north. Sydney's hot weather in summer makes its beaches very popular.]] |
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Sydney has a [[temperate climate]] with warm summers and mild winters, with rainfall spread throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web |
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| title =Climate Classification of Australia (map) |
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| work = |
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| publisher =[[Bureau of Meteorology]] |
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| date = |
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| url =http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/atmosphere/images/atfg002.gif |
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| accessdate = 2007-10-20 }}</ref> The weather is moderated by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs. The warmest month is January, with an average air temperature range at [[Sydney Observatory|Observatory Hill]] of 18.6-25.8 °C (65.5-78.4 °F) and an average of 14.6 days a year over {{convert|30|°C|°F|1|lk=on|abbr=on}}. The maximum recorded temperature was {{convert|45.3|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}} on [[14 January]] [[1939]] at the end of a 4 day nationwide [[heat wave]].<ref>Bureau of Meteorology. 2006. [http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060201.shtml Climate summary for Sydney, January 2006]</ref> The winter is mildly cool, with temperatures rarely dropping below {{convert|5|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}} in coastal areas. The coldest month is July, with an average range of 8-16.2 °C (46.4-61.2 °F). The lowest recorded minimum was {{convert|2.1|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}}. Rainfall is fairly evenly divided between summer and winter, but is slightly higher during the first half of the year, when easterly winds dominate. The average annual rainfall, with moderate to low variability, is {{convert|1217|mm|in|0|lk=on|abbr=on}}, falling on an average 138 days a year.<ref>Australian [[Bureau of Meteorology]]. 2005. [http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062.shtml Climate averages].</ref><ref>Ellyard, D. 1994. Droughts and Flooding Rains. Angus & Robertson ISBN 0-207-18557-3</ref> Snowfall last occurred in the Sydney City area in the 1830s.<ref>MacDonnell, Freda. Thomas Nelson (Australia) Limited, 1967. Before King’s Cross</ref> |
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{{climate chart|[[Sydney]] |
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|18.6|25.8|103 |
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|18.7|25.7|117 |
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|17.5|24.7|131 |
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|14.7|22.4|127 |
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|11.5|19.3|123 |
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|9.2|16.9|128 |
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|8|16.2|98 |
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|8.9|17.7|82 |
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|11|19.9|69 |
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|13.5|22|77 |
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|15.5|23.6|83 |
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|17.5|25.1|78 |
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|float=right |
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|clear=both |
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}} |
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Although the city does not suffer from [[tropical cyclone|cyclone]]s or significant earthquakes, the [[El Niño]] Southern Oscillation plays an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: drought and bushfire on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite phases of the oscillation. Many areas of the city bordering bushland have experienced bushfires, notably in 1994 and [[Black Christmas (bushfires)|2001-02]] — these tend to occur during the spring and summer. The city is also prone to severe hail storms and wind storms. One such storm was the [[1999 Sydney hailstorm|1999 hailstorm]], which severely damaged Sydney's eastern and city suburbs. The storm produced massive hailstones of at least {{convert|9|cm|in|1|lk=on|abbr=on}} in diameter and resulting in insurance losses of around [[Australian dollar|AUD]] $1.7 billion in less than five hours.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/weather/nsw/sevwx/14april1999.shtml | title = The Sydney Hailstorm - [[14 April]] [[1999]] | publisher = Bureau of Meteorology|accessdate = 2006-10-05}}</ref> The city is also prone to [[flash flooding]] from enormous amounts of rain caused by East Coast Lows (a low pressure depression which deepens off the state usually in winter and early spring which can bring significant damage by heavy rain, cyclonic winds and huge swells). The most notable event was the great Sydney flood which occurred on [[6 August]] [[1986]] and dumped a record {{convert|327.6|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} on the city in 24 hours. This caused major traffic chaos and damage in many parts of the metropolitan area.<ref>[http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/cyclone8.htm Rain in Sydney, 1986] in ''Australian Climate Extremes'', Bureau of Meteorology, accessed [[9 September]] [[2006]].</ref> |
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The [[Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)|Bureau of Meteorology]] has reported that 2002 through 2005 were the warmest summers in Sydney since records began in 1859. 2004 had an average daily maximum temperature of 23.39 °C, 2005 - 23.35 °C, 2002 - 22.91 °C and 2003 - 22.65 °C. The average daily maximum between 1859 and 2004 was {{convert|21.6|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}}. For the first nine months of 2006 the mean temperature was {{convert|18.41|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}}; the warmest year previously was 2004 with {{convert|18.51|°C|°F|2|abbr=on}}. Since November 2003, there have been only two months in which the average daily maximum was below average: March 2005 (about 1 °C below average)<ref>[http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20050331.shtml Cool, cloudy and rainy end to March in Sydney] in ''Sydney Climate Summary - NSW Regional Office'', Bureau of Meteorology, accessed [[21 october]] [[2007]].</ref> and June 2006 (0.7 °C below average)<ref>[http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/nsw/20060703.shtml Sydney has coldest June in 24 years] in ''Sydney Monthly Climate Summary - NSW Regional Office'', Bureau of Meteorology, accessed [[21 october]] [[2007]].</ref>. |
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However, the summer of 2007-08 proved to be one of the coolest on record. The Bureau of Meteorology reported that it was the coolest summer in 11 years, the wettest summer in six years, and one of only three summers in recorded history to lack a maximum temperature above {{convert|31|°C|°F|}}.<ref>[http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/season/nsw/sydney.shtml Sydney has coolest summer in 11 years] in ''Sydney Climate Summary - NSW Regional Office'', Bureau of Meteorology, accessed [[25 March]] [[2008]].</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 75%; margin: 0 auto 0 auto;" |
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|+ '''Climate Table''' |
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|- |
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! !! Jan !! Feb !! Mar !! Apr !! May !! Jun !! Jul !! Aug !! Sep !! Oct !! Nov !! Dec !!Year |
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|- |
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! Mean daily maximum temperature ([[Celsius|°C]]) |
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| 25.8 || 25.7 || 24.7 || 22.4 || 19.3 || 16.9 || 16.2 || 17.7 || 19.9 || 22.0 || 23.6 || 25.1 || 21.6 |
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|- |
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! Mean daily minimum temperature (°C) |
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| 18.6 || 18.7 || 17.5 || 14.7 || 11.5 || 9.2 || 8.0 || 8.9 || 11.0 || 13.5 || 15.5 || 17.5 || 13.7 |
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|- |
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! Mean total rainfall ([[Millimetre|mm]]) |
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| 103.3 || 117.4 || 131.2 || 127.2 || 123.3 || 128.1 || 98.1 || 81.5 || 68.7 || 76.9 || 83.1 || 78.1 || 1217.0 |
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|- |
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! Mean number of rain days |
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| 12.1 || 12.3 || 13.3 || 12.0 || 12.0 || 11.4 || 10.3 || 9.9 || 10.3 || 11.5 || 11.4 || 11.5 || 138.0 |
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|- |
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| colspan="15" style="text-align: center;" | <small>'''Source:''' [http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062.shtml Bureau of Meteorology]</small> |
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|} |
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==Urban structure== |
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{{Sydney Urban Areas Labelled Map|float=right}} |
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[[Image:Chatswood NSW skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Chatswood, New South Wales|Chatswood]]'s high-rise commercial district.]] |
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{{seealso|Buildings and architecture of Sydney|Heritage homes of Sydney}} |
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[[Sydney central business district|Sydney's central business district]] (CBD) extends southwards for about 3 kilometres (1.25 [[mile|mi]]) from [[Sydney Cove]], the point of the first European settlement in the area at the southern end of the bridge known as "[[The Rocks]]". Densely concentrated [[skyscrapers]] and other buildings including historic sandstone buildings such as the [[Sydney Town Hall]] and [[Queen Victoria Building]] are interspersed by several parks such as [[Wynyard Park, Sydney|Wynyard]] and [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]]. The Sydney CBD is bounded on the east side by a chain of parkland that extends from [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]] through [[The Domain, Sydney|the Domain]] and [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Gardens]] to [[Farm Cove, New South Wales|Farm Cove]] on the harbour. The west side is bounded by [[Darling Harbour]], a popular tourist and nightlife precinct while [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central station]] marks the southern end of the CBD. [[George Street, Sydney|George Street]] serves as the Sydney CBD's main north-south thoroughfare. |
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As the site of earliest European settlement in Australia, the CBD contains many other historic buildings such as the [[Sydney Mint]], one of Australia's oldest buildings, [[Fort Denison]], a penal site which was built in the colonial days on a small island situated on the harbour, as well as heritage listed buildings in [[The Rocks]]. The area also boasts well known modern architectural sites such as the [[Sydney Opera House]] and [[Martin Place]]. |
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Although the CBD dominated the city's business and cultural life in the early days, other business/cultural districts have developed in a radial pattern since [[World War II]]. As a result, the proportion of white-collar jobs located in the CBD declined from more than 60 per cent at the end of World War II to less than 30 per cent in 2004.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Together with the commercial district of [[North Sydney, New South Wales|North Sydney]], joined to the CBD by the Harbour Bridge, the most significant outer business districts are [[Parramatta, New South Wales|Parramatta]]<ref>{{cite web |
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| title = Parramatta City Centre |
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| work = |
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| publisher = [[New South Wales Department of Planning|Department of Planning]] |
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| date = |
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| url =http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/parramatta/ |
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| accessdate =2007-10-29 }} </ref> in the central-west, [[Penrith, New South Wales|Penrith]]<ref>{{cite web |
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| title = Penrith City Centre |
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| work = |
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| publisher = [[New South Wales Department of Planning|Department of Planning]] |
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| date = |
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| url =http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/penrith/ |
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| accessdate =2007-10-29 }}</ref> in the west, [[Bondi Junction, New South Wales|Bondi Junction]] in the east, [[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]]<ref>{{cite web |
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| title = Liverpool City Centre |
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| work = |
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| publisher = [[New South Wales Department of Planning|Department of Planning]] |
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| date = |
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| url =http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/liverpool/ |
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| accessdate =2007-10-29 }}</ref> in the southwest, [[Chatswood, New South Wales|Chatswood]] to the north, and [[Hurstville, New South Wales|Hurstville]] to the south. |
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The extensive area covered by urban Sydney is formally divided into more than 300 [[suburb]]s (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as 38 local government areas. There is no city-wide government, but the [[Government of New South Wales]] and its agencies have extensive responsibilities in providing metropolitan services.<ref>Department of Local Government. Local Council Boundaries [http://www.dlg.nsw.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_Regions.asp?region=SO®iontype=1 Sydney Outer (SO)]</ref> The [[City of Sydney]] itself covers a fairly small area comprising the central business district and its neighbouring [[inner-city]] suburbs. In addition, regional descriptions are used informally to conveniently describe larger sections of the urban area. These include [[Eastern Suburbs (Sydney)|Eastern Suburbs]], |
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[[Hills District (Sydney)|Hills District]], |
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[[Inner West (Sydney)|Inner West]], |
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[[Canterbury-Bankstown]], |
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[[Lower North Shore (Sydney)|Lower North Shore]], |
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[[Northern Beaches (Sydney)|Northern Beaches]], |
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[[Northern Suburbs (Sydney)|Northern Suburbs]], |
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[[North Shore (Sydney)|North Shore]], |
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[[St George, New South Wales|St George]], |
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[[Southern Sydney]], |
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[[South-eastern Sydney]], |
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[[South-western Sydney]], |
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[[Sutherland Shire]] and |
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[[Western Sydney]]. However, many [[suburbs]] are not conveniently covered by any of these categories. |
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==Economy== |
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{{main|Economy of Sydney}} |
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[[Image:Sydney-lacity.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Sydney central business district|Central Business District]] in Sydney is home to most of Sydney's financial centres]] |
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Sydney is a modern, prosperous city with the highest [[Median household income in Australia and New Zealand|median household income]] of any major city in Australia ([[Median household income in Australia and New Zealand#Household income growth since 2000|US$42,559 PPP]]). |
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The largest economic sectors in Sydney, measured by numbers of people employed, include property and business services, retail, manufacturing, and health and community services.<ref name="2001census">Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2002. [http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@cpp.nsf/Lookup/105Snapshot12001 Sydney - Basic Community Profile and Snapshot - 2001 Census]</ref> Since the 1980s, jobs have moved from manufacturing to the services and information sectors. Sydney provides approximately 25 percent of the country's total [[GDP]].<ref name="sydneymedia">[http://www.sydneymedia.com.au/html/2290-city-commerce.asp City Commerce] - City of Sydney Media Centre. Accessed [[21 July]], 2006.</ref> |
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Sydney is the largest corporate and financial centre in Australia and is also an important financial centre in the [[Asia Pacific]].<ref>Daly, M. T. and Pritchard, B. 2000. Sydney:Australia's financial and commercial capital. In J. Connell (Ed.). ''Sydney the emergence of a global city.'' pp 76-95. Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-550748-7, pp 167-188</ref> The [[Australian Securities Exchange]] and the [[Reserve Bank of Australia]] are located in Sydney, as are the headquarters of 90 banks and more than half of Australia's top companies, and the regional headquarters for around 500 [[multinational corporation]]s.<ref name="sydneymedia"/> Of the ten largest corporations in Australia (based on revenue)<ref>[http://www.brw.com.au/lists/detail/?listId=5 BRW 1000]</ref>, four have headquarters in Sydney ([[Caltex#Australia|Caltex Australia]], the [[Commonwealth Bank]], [[Westpac]], and [[Woolworths Limited|Woolworths]]). [[Fox Studios Australia]] has large [[Film studio|movie studios]] in the city. |
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The [[Sydney Futures Exchange]] (SFE) is one of the [[Asia Pacific]]'s largest financial futures and options exchanges, with 64.3 million contracts traded during 2005. In global terms it is the 12th largest [[Futures exchange|futures market]] in the world and the 19th largest including options.<ref>[http://www.sfe.com.au/index.html?content/sfe/intro.htm Overview], Sydney Futures Exchange website, accessed [[3 July]] [[2006]]</ref> |
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[[Tourism]] plays an important role in Sydney's economy, with 7.8 million domestic visitors and 2.5 million international visitors in 2004.<ref>Tourism NSW. 2004.[http://corporate.tourism.nsw.gov.au/corporatelive/downloads/research/datacard%202004%20forecasts%20(external%20use).pdf Tourism Data Card - Forecasts, Economic Impacts and selected Regional Data - 2004]</ref> |
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Sydney's retail environment is flourishing, with many shopping centres and retail outlets throughout the city. Premier locations in the central city include the [[Queen Victoria Building]] on George Street, the pedestrian mall on [[Pitt Street]] and the quieter, northern end of Castlereagh St. Along the latter are most of the international luxury boutiques in Sydney such as [[Jimmy Choo]], [[Versace]], [[Gucci]] and [[Chanel]]. [[Oxford Street, Sydney|Oxford Street]] in [[Paddington, New South Wales|Paddington]] and Crown Street, [[Woollahra, New South Wales|Woollahra]] are home to boutiques selling more niche products while the main streets of [[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]] and [[Enmore, New South Wales|Enmore]] cater more towards students and alternative lifestyles. Many of the large regional centres around the metropolitan area also contain large shopping complexes, such as [[Parramatta, New South Wales|Parramatta]] in Western Sydney, [[Bondi Junction, New South Wales|Bondi Junction]] in the Eastern Suburbs and [[Chatswood, New South Wales|Chatswood]] on the North Shore, most of which are [[Westfield Group|Westfield]] brand shopping centres. |
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[[Image:DarlHarbNight.jpg|thumb|left|Sydney CBD at Night]] |
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As of 2004, the [[unemployment rate]] in Sydney was 4.9 percent.<ref name="2003sydney">Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2005. [http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/105Economy12000-2004?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=105&issue=2000-2004&num=&view= Sydney Statistical Division].</ref> According to ''[[The Economist]]'' Intelligence Unit's Worldwide [[cost of living]] survey, Sydney is the sixteenth most expensive city in the world, while a [[UBS]] survey ranks Sydney as 18th in the world in terms of net earnings.<ref>{{cite web |
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| title =London is the most expensive city in the world while Swiss cities are home to highest earners |
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| work =Economics |
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| publisher =City Mayors |
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| date= 2007 |
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| url =http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html |
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| accessdate = 2007-10-28 }}</ref> |
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As of 20 September 2007, Sydney has the highest median [[Real estate pricing|house price]] of any Australian capital city at [[Australian dollar|$]]559 000.<ref>Real Estate Institute of Australia. [http://www.reiaustralia.com.au/media/releases.asp Still strong confidence in the housing market], Press Release</ref> Sydney also has the highest median rent prices of any Australian city at $450 a week. A report published by the OECD in November 2005, shows that Australia has the Western World's highest housing prices when measured against rental yields.<ref>Boilling, M. February 2 2006. [http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5478,18010915%5E2862,00.html City among most costly], ''Herald Sun''</ref> |
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Sydney has been classified as a "Beta" [[global city]] by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network.<ref>Beaverstock, J.V. et al[http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb5.html A Roster of World Cities]</ref> |
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==Demographics== |
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{{Main|Demographics of Sydney}} |
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{| class="infobox" align=right |
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|colspan="2"|'''Significant overseas born populations'''<ref name=pop-detail>{{Census 2006 AUS | id = 105 | name = Sydney (Statistical Division) | accessdate=2008-02-28}}</ref> |
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|- |
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! Country of Birth || Population (2006) |
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|- |
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|[[United Kingdom]] ||175,165 |
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|- |
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|[[Mainland China]] ||109,143 |
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|- |
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|[[New Zealand]] ||81,064 |
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|- |
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|[[Vietnam]] ||62,144 |
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|- |
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|[[Lebanon]] ||54,501 |
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|- |
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|[[India]] ||52,974 |
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|- |
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|[[Philippines]] ||52,087 |
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|- |
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|[[Italy]] ||44,562 |
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|- |
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|[[Hong Kong]] ||36,867 |
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|- |
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|[[South Korea]] ||32,125 |
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|- |
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|[[Greece]] ||32,021 |
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|- |
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|[[South Africa]] ||28,429 |
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|- |
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|[[Fiji]] ||26,929 |
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|- |
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|[[Malaysia]] ||21,213 |
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|- |
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|[[Indonesia]] ||20,560 |
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|- |
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|[[Iraq]] ||20,217 |
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|} |
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At the time of the 2006 census, there were 4,119,190 residents present in the [[Census in Australia|Sydney Statistical Division]].<ref name="2006quickstats">{{Census 2006 AUS | id = 105 | name = Sydney (Statistical Division) | quick = on | accessdate = 2007-10-31}}</ref> Of those 3,641,422 lived in Sydney's urban area.<ref name="2006UCL">{{Census 2006 AUS | id = UCL171400 | name = Sydney (Urban Centre/Locality)|quick = on|accessdate=2007-11-02}}</ref> Inner Sydney was the most densely populated place in Australia with 4,023 persons per square kilometre.<ref>Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2005. [http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/105052003?OpenDocument&tabname=Details&prodno=10505&issue=2003&num=&view=& National Regional Profile: Inner Sydney]</ref> The statistical division is larger in area than the urban area, as it allows for predicted growth. A resident of Sydney is commonly referred to as a Sydneysider.<ref>about.com, Strine and Aussie Slang. [http://goaustralia.about.com/cs/language/a/strines.htm Sanger to Sydneysider]</ref> |
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[[Image:Cabramatta Freedom Plaza 1.JPG|left|thumb|Freedom Arch in [[Cabramatta, New South Wales|Cabramatta]], a suburb home to a large proportion of Sydney's Vietnamese population]] |
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In the 2006 census, the most common self-described ancestries identified for Sydney residents were [[Australia]]n, [[English people|English]], [[Irish people|Irish]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[Chinese people|Chinese]]. The Census also recorded that one per cent of Sydney's population identified as being of [[indigenous Australians|indigenous]] origin and 39.4 per cent were born overseas. The three major sources of [[Immigration to Australia|immigrants]] are the [[United Kingdom]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref name=2006quickstats/> Significant<!--over 40,000 people born overseas---> numbers of immigrants also came from [[Vietnam]], [[Lebanon]], [[Italy]], [[India]] and the [[Philippines]]. Most Sydneysiders are native speakers of [[Australian English|English]]; many have a second language, the most common being [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (predominately [[Lebanese Arabic|Lebanese]]), [[Chinese language]]s (mostly [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]] or [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]]), and [[Italian language|Italian]].<ref name=2006quickstats/> Sydney has the seventh largest percentage of a foreign born population in the world, ahead of cities such as the highly multicultural [[London]] and [[Paris]].<ref>http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2004/pdf/hdr04_chapter_55.pdf</ref> |
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The median age of a Sydney resident is 34, with 12 per cent of the population over 65 years.<ref name="2003sydney" /> 15.2 per cent of Sydney residents have educational attainment equal to at least a [[bachelor's degree]],<ref>The City of Sydney Community Profile - Sydney Statistical Division. 2006. [http://www.id.com.au/profile/default.asp?id=148&gid=350&pg=8 What are our qualifications?], profile.id</ref> which is lower than the national average of 19 per cent.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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According to the 2006 census, 64 per cent of the Sydney residents are identified as [[Christians]], 3.7 per cent as [[Buddhist]]s, 3.9 per cent as [[Islam in Australia|Muslim]]s, 1.7 per cent as [[Hindu]]s, 0.9 per cent as [[Jew]]s and 14.1 per cent as having no religion.<ref name=pop-detail/> |
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===Ancestry=== |
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According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics: |
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*24% [[British people|Australian]] (mostly [[British people]]: [[English people]], [[Irish people]], [[Welsh people]], [[Scottish people]], [[Cornish people]] and [[Manx people]]) |
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*20% [[English people|English]] |
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*6.3% [[Irish people|Irish]] |
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*5.7% [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] |
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*4.8% [[Scottish people|Scottish]] |
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*3.7% [[Arabs|Arab]] (Lebanese, Syrian, Iraqi, Arab nfd, Egyptian, Jordanian, Mauritanian, Palestinian, Sudanese, Arab nec, and others) |
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*3.4% [[Italian people|Italian]] |
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*2.1% [[Greek people|Greek]] |
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*2% [[German people|German]] |
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*20.6% others (does not go into the hundreds of thousands) |
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*7.4% not stated<ref>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/TopicList?newmethod=Place+of+Usual+Residence&newtopic=Ancestry&newproductlabel=Ancestry+%28full+classification+list%29+by+Sex&submitbutton=View+Census+Table+%3E&collection=Census&period=2006&areacode=105&geography=&method=Place+of+Usual+Residence&productlabel=&producttype=Census+Tables&topic=Ancestry&navmapdisplayed=true&javascript=true&breadcrumb=POLT&topholder=0&leftholder=0¤taction=301&action=401&textversion=false Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006 Census]</ref> |
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==Culture== |
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{{Main|Culture of Sydney}} |
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Sydney hosts many different festivals and some of Australia's largest social and cultural events. These include the [[Sydney Festival]], Australia's largest arts festival which is a celebration involving both indoor and free outdoor performances throughout January; the Biennale of Sydney, established in 1973; the [[Big Day Out]], a travelling [[Rock and roll|rock music]] festival which originated in Sydney; the [[Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras|Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras]] along [[Oxford Street, Sydney|Oxford Street]]; the [[Sydney Film Festival]] and many other smaller film festivals such as the short film [[Tropfest]] and Flickerfest. Australia's premier prize for portraiture, the [[Archibald Prize]] is organised by the Art Gallery of New South Wales. The [[Sydney Royal Easter Show]] is held every year at Sydney Olympic Park, the final of [[Australian Idol]] takes place on the steps of the [[Opera House]], and [[Australian Fashion Week]] takes place in April/May. Also, Sydney's [[New Years Eve]] and [[Australia Day]] celebrations are the largest in Australia. |
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===Entertainment and performing arts=== |
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[[Image:Cockatoo Island Festival audience.jpg|right|thumb|[[The Waifs]]' concert at the Turbine Hall on [[Cockatoo Island, New South Wales|Cockatoo Island]] for the [[Cockatoo Island Festival]]]] |
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Sydney has a wide variety of cultural institutions. Sydney's iconic [[Sydney Opera House|Opera House]] has five theatres capable of hosting a range of performance styles; it is the home of [[Opera Australia]]—the third busiest opera company in the world, and the [[Sydney Symphony Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitvictoria.com/displayobject.cfm/objectid.0C4C8443-E83A-4CA6-8E5033B9A6089DD3/|title=Autumn Opera Season|publisher=Tourism Victoria|accessdate=2007-10-15}}</ref> Other venues include the [[Sydney Town Hall]], [[City Recital Hall]], the [[State Theatre (Sydney)|State Theatre]] and [[the Wharf Theatre]]. |
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[[Image:Sala principal de conciertos ópera de Sydney.jpg|left|thumb|[[Sydney Opera House]] Concert Hall]] |
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The [[Sydney Dance Company]] under the leadership of [[Graeme Murphy]] during the late 20th century has also gained acclaim. The [[Sydney Theatre Company]] has a regular roster of local plays, such as noted [[playwright]] [[David Williamson]], classics and international playwrights. <!--can this be linked in the Opera House or other venues? no.--> |
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[[Image:Sydney taronga zoo.jpg|thumb|left||[[Giraffe]]s at the world famous [[Taronga Zoo]]]] |
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In 2007, [[New Theatre (Newtown)]] celebrated 75 years of continuous production in Sydney. Other important theatre companies in Sydney include [[Company B (theatre)|Company B]] and [[Griffin Theatre Company]]. From the 1940s through to the 1970s the [[Sydney Push]], a group of authors and political activists whose members included [[Germaine Greer]], influenced the city's cultural life.<!--what is this doing here--> |
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[[Image:Luna Park-Sydney-Australia.JPG|thumb|right|[[Luna Park Sydney|Luna Park]], Sydney's premier theme park]] |
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The [[National Institute of Dramatic Art]], based in [[Kensington, New South Wales|Kensington]], boasts internationally famous alumni such as [[Mel Gibson]], [[Judy Davis]], [[Baz Luhrmann]] and [[Cate Blanchett]]. Sydney's role in the film industry has increased since the opening of [[Fox Studios Australia]] in 1998. Prominent films which have been filmed in the city include [[Moulin Rouge!]], [[Mission Impossible II]], [[Star Wars]] episodes [[Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones|II]] and [[Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith|III]], [[Superman Returns]], [[Dark City (1998 film)|Dark City]], [[Dil Chahta Hai]], [[Happy Feet]] and [[The Matrix]]. Films using Sydney as a setting include [[Finding Nemo]], [[Strictly Ballroom]], [[Mission Impossible II]], [[Muriel's Wedding]], and [[Dirty Deeds (2002 film)|Dirty Deeds]]. As of 2006, over 229 films have been set in, or featured Sydney.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/find?s=kw&q=Sydney Based on IMBd search]</ref> |
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Sydney's most popular nightspots include [[Kings Cross, New South Wales|Kings Cross]], [[Oxford Street, Sydney|Oxford Street]], [[Darling Harbour]], [[Circular Quay]] and [[The Rocks]] which all contain various bars, nightclubs and restaurants. [[Star City Casino]], is Sydney's only casino and is situated around Darling Harbour. There are also many traditional pubs, cafes and restaurants in inner city areas such as [[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]], [[Balmain, New South Wales|Balmain]] and [[Leichhardt, New South Wales|Leichhardt]]. Sydney's main live music hubs include areas such as [[Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown]] and [[Annandale, New South Wales|Annandale]]. It once had a thriving live music scene in the 1970s and 1980s, nurturing acts such as [[AC/DC]], [[Midnight Oil]] and [[INXS]]. Other popular nightspots tend to be spread throughout the city in areas such as [[Bondi, New South Wales|Bondi]], [[Manly, New South Wales|Manly]] and [[Parramatta, New South Wales|Parramatta]]. |
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===Tourism=== |
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{{Main|Tourism in Sydney}} |
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{{See also|List of attractions in Sydney|List of museums in Sydney|List of markets in Sydney}}[[Image:Coogee Beach Sydney.jpg|thumb|Coogee Beach early evening]] |
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Sydney has several popular museums. The biggest are the [[Australian Museum]] (natural history and anthropology), the [[Powerhouse Museum]] (science, technology and design), the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]], the [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney|Museum of Contemporary Art]] and the [[Australian National Maritime Museum]]. |
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[[Image:Bondi pano.jpg|725px|thumb|center|The world famous [[Bondi Beach]] on a winter's day]] |
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===Sport and outdoor activities=== |
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[[Image:Dally Messenger in action.jpg|thumb|upright|Born in Sydney, Dally Messenger is regarded as one of the greatest rugby league players in the history of the sport.]] |
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[[Sport in Sydney]] is an important part of the culture. The area is well endowed with [[Parks in Sydney|open spaces]] and access to waterways, and has many natural areas even within the city centre. Within the [[Sydney central business district]] are the [[Chinese Garden of Friendship]], [[Hyde Park, Sydney|Hyde Park]], [[The Domain]] and the [[Royal Botanical Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanical Gardens]]. The metropolitan area contains several [[national park]]s, including the [[Royal National Park]], the second oldest national park in the world and several parks in Sydney's far west which are part of the World Heritage listed [[Greater Blue Mountains Area]].<ref>NPWS website, [http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/parks.nsf/parkContent/N0030?OpenDocument&ParkKey=N0030&Type=Xo Royal National Park]</ref> |
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One of the most popular sports in Sydney is [[Rugby League]]. The sport was brought from England to Sydney before expanding to the rest of Australia. The city is home to nine of the sixteen teams in the [[National Rugby League]] domestic competition. These are [[Canterbury Bulldogs]], [[Cronulla Sharks]], [[Manly Sea Eagles]], [[Penrith Panthers]], [[Parramatta Eels]], [[South Sydney Rabbitohs]], [[St George Illawarra Dragons]], [[Sydney Roosters]] and [[Wests Tigers]]. Despite the final of the [[2008 Rugby League World Cup]] being held in Brisbane, Sydney will host eight World Cup games including one of the Semi-Finals. |
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[[Image:Randwick Racecourse Track.JPG|thumb|left|[[Randwick Racecourse]] hosts many of Sydney's horseracing events]] |
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Sydney is home to the [[Australian Football League|Australian Football League's]] [[Sydney Swans]] and the [[A-League]]'s [[Sydney FC]]. The city is represented by two teams in the [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]], netball's [[Sydney Swifts]] and is the base for New South Wales teams in the [[Super 14]] ([[NSW Waratahs]]) and [[Pura Cup]] ([[New South Wales Blues|Blues]]) competitions. Large sporting events, such as the [[NRL Grand Final]], are regularly held at the [[Stadium Australia|ANZ Stadium]], the main stadium for the [[2000 Summer Olympics]]. Other events in Sydney include the start of the [[Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race]] and the [[City to Surf]] foot race. |
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===Media=== |
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{{main|Media in Sydney}} |
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Sydney has two main daily [[newspaper]]s. ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' is a [[broadsheet]], and is Sydney's newspaper of record with extensive coverage of domestic and international news, culture and business. It is also the oldest extant newspaper in Australia, having been published regularly since 1831. The Herald's competitor, ''[[The Daily Telegraph (Australia)|The Daily Telegraph]]'', is a [[News Corporation]]-owned [[tabloid]]. Both papers have tabloid counterparts published on Sunday, The ''Sun-Herald'' and the ''Sunday Telegraph'', respectively. |
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[[Image:Channel7Epping3.JPG|thumb|right|[[Seven Network]] broadcasting dishes in [[Epping, New South Wales|Epping]].]] |
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The three commercial [[television]] networks ([[Seven Network|Seven]], [[Nine Network|Nine]] and [[Network Ten|Ten]]), as well as the government national broadcast services ([[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] and [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]]) each have a presence in Sydney. Historically, the networks have been based in the northern suburbs, but the last decade has seen several move to the inner city. ''Nine'' has kept its headquarters north of the harbour, in [[Willoughby, New South Wales|Willoughby]]. ''Ten'' has its studios in a redeveloped section of the inner-city suburb of [[Pyrmont, New South Wales|Pyrmont]], and ''Seven'' also has headquarters in Pyrmont, production studios at [[Epping, New South Wales|Epping]]<!--change to Redfern when this happens later in 2008--> as well as a purpose-built news studio in [[Martin Place]] in the CBD. The ABC has a large headquarters and production facility in the inner-city suburb of [[Ultimo, New South Wales|Ultimo]] and SBS has its studios at [[Artarmon, New South Wales|Artarmon]]. [[Foxtel]] and [[Optus Television|Optus]] both supply pay-TV over their cable services to most parts of the urban area. The five free-to-air networks have provided [[digital television]] transmissions in Sydney since January 2000. Additional services recently introduced include the ABC's second channel ABC2 (Channel 22), SBS's world news service SBS2 (Channel 33), an on-air program guide (Channel 4), a news, sport, and weather items channel (Channel 41), ChannelNSW: Government and Public Information (Channel 45)<ref>{{cite web |
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| title =ChannelNSW |
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| work = |
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| publisher =[[Government of New South Wales]] |
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| date = |
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| url =http://www.digitaltv.nsw.gov.au |
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| accessdate =2007-10-29 }}</ref>, Australian Christian Channel (Channel 46), MacquarieBank TV (Channel 47), SportsTAB (Channel 48), Expo Home Shopping (Channel 49), and Federal parliamentary broadcasts (Channel 401 to 408) |
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Many [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] and [[Frequency modulation|FM]] government, commercial and community [[radio]] services broadcast in the Sydney area. The local [[ABC Local Radio|ABC]] radio station is [[702 ABC Sydney]] (formerly 2BL). The [[talkback radio]] genre is dominated by the perennial rivals [[2GB]] and [[2UE]]. Popular [[Music radio|music]] stations include [[Triple M]], [[2Day FM]] and [[Nova 96.9]], which generally targets people under 40. In the older end of the music radio market, [[Vega (radio network)|Vega]] and [[Mix 106.5|MIX 106.5]] target the 25 to 54 age group, while [[2WS|WS-FM]] targets the 40 to 54 age group with their [[Classic hits|Classic Hits]] format mostly focusing on the 70's & 80's. [[Triple J]] (national), [[2SER]] and [[FBi Radio]] provide a more independent, local and alternative sound. There are also a number of community stations broadcasting to a particular language group or local area. |
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Certain areas in Sydney are also being used for tests of digital radio broadcasting<ref>[http://www.digitalradioaustralia.com.au/index.cfm?page_id=1015 Digital Radio Australia: Stations<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, which the government plans to roll out in the future to replace the existing analogue AM and FM networks in much the same way as they are doing with analogue and digital television at present. |
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==Governance== |
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[[Image:Sydney councils.png|right|thumb|Sydney's Local Government Areas]][[Image:SydneyTownHall gobeirne.jpg|left|thumb|upright|The [[Sydney Town Hall|Town Hall]], seat of the City Council]] |
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Apart from the limited role of the [[Cumberland County, New South Wales|Cumberland County Council]] from 1945–1964, there has never been an overall governing body for the Sydney metropolitan area; instead, the metropolitan area is divided into [[Local Government Areas in Australia|local government area]]s (LGAs). These areas have elected councils which are responsible for functions delegated to them by the [[Government of New South Wales|New South Wales State Government]], such as planning and garbage collection. |
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The [[City of Sydney]] includes the central business area and some adjoining inner suburbs, and has in recent years been expanded through amalgamation with adjoining local government areas, such as South Sydney. It is led by the elected [[Lord Mayor of Sydney]] and a council. The Lord Mayor, however, is sometimes treated as a representative of the whole city, for example during the Olympics. |
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Most citywide government activities are controlled by the state government. These include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, and planning of major infrastructure projects. Because a large proportion of New South Wales' population lives in Sydney, state governments have traditionally been reluctant to allow the development of citywide governmental bodies, which would tend to rival the state government. For this reason, Sydney has always been a focus for the politics of both State and [[Government of Australia|Federal Parliaments]]. For example, the boundaries of the City of Sydney LGA have been significantly altered by state governments on at least four occasions since 1945, with expected advantageous effect to the governing party in the [[New South Wales]] Parliament at the time.<ref>Golder, Hilary, ''Sacked: Removing and Remaking the Sydney City Council'', Sydney, 2004.</ref> |
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The 38 LGAs commonly described as making up Sydney are: |
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{{col-begin}} |
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{{col-break}} |
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* [[Municipality of Ashfield|Ashfield]] |
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* [[Auburn Council|Auburn]] |
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* [[City of Bankstown|Bankstown]] |
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* [[Baulkham Hills Shire|Baulkham Hills]] |
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* [[City of Blacktown|Blacktown]] |
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* [[City of Botany Bay|Botany Bay]] |
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* [[Burwood Council|Burwood]] |
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{{col-break}} |
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* [[Camden Council|Camden]] |
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* [[City of Campbelltown, New South Wales|Campbelltown]] |
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* [[City of Canada Bay|Canada Bay]] |
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* [[City of Canterbury, New South Wales|Canterbury]] |
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* [[City of Fairfield|Fairfield]] |
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* [[City of Holroyd|Holroyd]] |
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* [[Hornsby Shire|Hornsby]] |
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{{col-break}} |
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* [[Municipality of Hunter's Hill|Hunter's Hill]] |
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* [[City of Hurstville|Hurstville]] |
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* [[Municipality of Kogarah|Kogarah]] |
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* [[Ku-ring-gai Council|Ku-ring-gai]] |
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* [[Municipality of Lane Cove|Lane Cove]] |
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* [[Municipality of Leichhardt|Leichhardt]] |
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* [[City of Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] |
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{{col-break}} |
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* [[Manly Council|Manly]] |
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* [[Marrickville Council|Marrickville]] |
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* [[Municipality of Mosman|Mosman]] |
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* [[North Sydney Council|North Sydney]] |
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* [[City of Parramatta|Parramatta]] |
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* [[City of Penrith|Penrith]] |
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* [[Pittwater Council|Pittwater]] |
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{{col-break}} |
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* [[City of Randwick|Randwick]] |
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* [[City of Rockdale|Rockdale]] |
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* [[City of Ryde|Ryde]] |
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* [[Municipality of Strathfield|Strathfield]] |
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* [[Sutherland Shire|Sutherland]] |
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* [[City of Sydney|Sydney]] |
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* [[Warringah Council|Warringah]] |
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{{col-break}} |
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* [[Waverley Council|Waverley]] |
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* [[City of Willoughby|Willoughby]] |
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* [[Municipality of Woollahra|Woollahra]] |
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{{col-end}} |
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Different organisations have varying definitions of which councils make up Sydney. The Local Government Association of New South Wales considers all LGAs lying entirely in [[Cumberland County, New South Wales|Cumberland County]] as part of its 'Metro' group, which excludes Camden (classed in its 'Country' group).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lgsa.org.au/www/html/323-local-government-association.asp?intSiteID=1|publisher="Local Government and Shires Associations of New South Wales"|title="About the Local Government Association of NSW"}}</ref> The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] defines a [[Sydney Statistical Division]] (the population figures of which are used in this article) that includes all of the above councils as well as Wollondilly, the Blue Mountains, Hawkesbury, Gosford and Wyong.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/1216.0Jul%202007?OpenDocument|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|title=1216.0 - Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC), Jul 2007}}</ref> |
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==Education== |
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[[Image:University of Sydney Main Quadrangle.jpg|right|thumb|The [[University of Sydney]] established in 1850, is the oldest university in Australia]] |
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{{main|Education in Sydney}} |
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Sydney is home to some of Australia's most prominent universities, and is the site of Australia's first university, the [[University of Sydney]], established in 1850.<ref>The Australian Education Network University and College Guide. 2005. [http://www.australian-universities.com/rankings/ Rankings of Australian universities].</ref> There are five other [[Public university|public universities]] operating primarily in Sydney: the [[University of New South Wales]], [[Macquarie University]], the [[University of Technology, Sydney]], the [[University of Western Sydney]], and the [[Australian Catholic University]] (two out of six campuses). Other universities which operate secondary campuses in Sydney include the [[University of Notre Dame Australia]] and the [[University of Wollongong]]. |
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There are four multi-campus government-funded [[Technical and Further Education]] (TAFE) institutes in Sydney, which provide [[Vocational education|vocational training]] at a tertiary level: the [[Sydney Institute of Technology]], [[Northern Sydney Institute of TAFE]], [[Western Sydney Institute of TAFE]] and [[South Western Sydney Institute of TAFE]]. |
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Sydney has [[State school|public]], [[Parochial school|denominational]] and [[Private school|independent]] schools. Public schools, including pre-schools, primary and secondary schools, and special schools are administered by the [[New South Wales Department of Education and Training]]. There are four state-administered [[List of school education areas in New South Wales|education areas]] in Sydney, that together co-ordinate 919 schools.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Of the 30 [[Selective school (New South Wales)|selective high schools]] in the state, 25 are in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schools.nsw.edu.au/schoolfind/types/shs_ahs_details.php|title=List of selective and agricultural high schools|accessdate=2007-08-08|author=New South Wales Department of Education and Training|authorlink=New South Wales Department of Education and Training|year=2005}}</ref> |
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==Infrastructure== |
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[[Image:CircularQuaySydney.jpg|thumb|right|[[Circular Quay]], the main ferry terminal in Sydney]] |
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[[Image:Sydney M5 Motorway.JPG|thumb|right|The [[M5 South Western Motorway]] links the CBD with Sydney's south-western suburbs]] |
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[[Image:SydneyMonorail1 gobeirne.jpg|thumb|right|Sydney Monorail, [[Liverpool Street, Sydney|Liverpool]] and [[Pitt Street, Sydney|Pitt Street]]s]] |
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===Health systems=== |
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The [[Government of New South Wales]] operates the public [[hospital]]s in the Sydney metropolitan region. Management of these hospitals and other specialist health facilities is coordinated by 4 Area Health Services: Sydney South West (SSWAHS), Sydney West (SWAHS), Northern Sydney and Central Coast (NSCCAHS) and the South Eastern Sydney and Illawarra (SESIAHS) Area Health Services. There are also a number of private hospitals in the city, many of which are aligned with religious organisations. |
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===Transport=== |
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{{main|Public transport in Sydney}} |
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Most Sydney residents travel by car through the system of roads, and [[motorways]]. The most important [[Trunk road|trunk routes]] in the urban area form the nine [[Metroad]] systems, which includes the {{convert|110|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} [[Sydney Orbital Network]]. Sydney is also served by extensive train, taxi, bus and ferry networks. |
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[[Image:Cityrail-millennium-M32-ext.jpg|left|thumb|An EDI [[Millennium train|M-set (Millennium) train]] at Sydney's [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central Station]].]] |
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[[Railways in Sydney|Sydney trains]] are run by [[CityRail]], a corporation of the [[Government of New South Wales|New South Wales State Government]]. Trains run as suburban [[Regional rail|commuter rail]] services in the outer suburbs, then converge in an underground city loop service in the central business district. In the years following the 2000 Olympics, CityRail's performance declined significantly.<ref>{{cite web |
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| title =Yearly On-Time Running |
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| work = |
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| publisher =[[CityRail]] |
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| date= 2006 |
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| url =http://www.cityrail.info/aboutus/our_performance/otr_year_tot_chart.jsp |
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| accessdate =2007-10-28 }}</ref> In 2005, CityRail introduced a revised timetable and employed more drivers.<ref>CityRail (2005). [http://www.cityrail.info/news/timetable2005.jsp Times are changing at CityRail]</ref> A large infrastructure project, the [[CityRail Clearways Project|Clearways]] project, is scheduled to be completed by 2010.<ref>CityRail (2002). [http://www.cityrail.info/news/clearways.jsp Rail Clearways Plan]</ref><ref>{{cite news |
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|last=Kerr |
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|first= J. |
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|coauthors= A. Smith. |
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|date=2004-07-22 |
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|url= http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/07/21/1090089220976.html |
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|title=Panic stations over CityRail driver exodus |
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| publisher= [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |
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|accessdate=2007-10-28 }} </ref><ref>{{cite news |
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|last=Kerr |
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|first= J. |
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|date=2004-12-04 |
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|url= http://smh.com.au/news/National/Terminal-dilemma/2004/12/03/1101923341685.html |
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|title=Terminal dilemma |
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| publisher= [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |
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|accessdate=2007-10-28 }} </ref> |
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In 2007 a report found Cityrail performed poorly compared to many metro services from other world cities. |
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<ref>{{cite news |
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|date=2007-03-21 |
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|url= http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,21418282-2,00.html |
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|title=Aussie train services 'among world's worst' |
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| publisher= News.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-01-11 }} </ref> |
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Sydney has one privately operated [[light rail]] line, the [[Metro Light Rail]], running from [[Central railway station, Sydney|Central Station]] to [[Lilyfield]] along a former goods train line. There is also a small [[Sydney Monorail|monorail]] which runs in a loop around the main shopping district and [[Darling Harbour]]. Sydney was once served by an extensive [[Trams in Sydney|tram network]], which was progressively closed in the 1950s and 1960s. Most parts of the metropolitan area are served by buses, many of which follow the pre-1961 tram routes. In the city and inner [[suburb]]s the [[Public ownership|state-owned]] [[Sydney Buses]] has a monopoly. In the outer suburbs, service is contracted to many private bus companies. Construction of a network of [[bus rapid transit|rapid bus transitways]] in areas not previously well served by public transport began in 1999, and the first of these, the [[Liverpool-Parramatta Rapid Bus Transitway]] opened in February 2003. [[Sydney Ferries]], another State government-owned organisation, runs numerous commuter and tourist ferry services on Sydney Harbour and the [[Parramatta River]]. |
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[[Sydney Airport]], located in the suburb of [[Mascot, New South Wales|Mascot]], is Sydney's main airport, and is one of the oldest continually operated [[airport]]s in the world <ref>http://www.sydneyairport.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/353DC91E-A259-449B-8B68-C8E88CB58691/0/FactSheetHistory1.pdf</ref>. The smaller [[Bankstown Airport]] mainly serves private and [[general aviation]]. There are light aviation airfields at [[Hoxton Park]] and [[Camden, New South Wales|Camden]]. [[RAAF Base Richmond]] lies to the north-west of the city. The question of whether Sydney needs a second airport has raised much controversy. A 2003 study found that Kingsford Smith can manage as Sydney's sole [[international airport]] for 20 years with a significant increase in airport traffic predicted.<ref>Finding of "The Sydney Airport Master Plan (2003)" referred to in: {{cite web |url=http://parlinfoweb.aph.gov.au/piweb/view_document.aspx?ID=2422677&TABLE=HANSARDR| title=Sydney (Kingsford Smith) Airport (Question No. 421) | publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]]|work=[[Hansard]] | date=[[2005-05-10]]|accessdate=2007-10-28}}</ref> The resulting expansion of the airport would have a substantial impact on the community, including additional [[aircraft noise]] affecting residents. Land has been acquired at [[Badgerys Creek, New South Wales|Badgerys Creek]] for a second airport, the site acting as a focal point of political argument.<ref>{{cite news | date=[[2007-08-19]] | work= The Sunday Telegraph | last=Dickens | first=Jim | title= Airport row to lift off again | publisher = News Corporation}}</ref> |
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===Utilities=== |
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Water storage and supply for Sydney is managed by the [[Sydney Catchment Authority]], which is an agency of the NSW Government that sells bulk water to [[Sydney Water]] and other agencies. Water in the Sydney catchment is chiefly stored in dams in the [[Upper Nepean Scheme]], the [[Blue Mountains Dams|Blue Mountains]], [[Woronora Dam]], [[Warragamba Dam]] and the [[Shoalhaven Scheme]].<ref>Sydney Catchment Authority. [http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/dams-and-water/water-supply-history History of Sydney's Water Supply System]</ref> Historically low water levels in the catchment have led to water use [[Water restrictions in Australia|restrictions]] and the NSW government is investigating alternative [[water supply]] options, including [[Greywater|grey water]] recycling and the construction of a seawater [[reverse osmosis]] desalination plant at Kurnell.<ref>Sydney Water. [http://www.sydneywater.com.au/EnsuringTheFuture/Desalination/index.cfm Sydney's desalination project]</ref> Sydney Water also collects the wastewater and sewage produced by the city. |
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Three companies supply natural gas and electricity to Sydney: [[Energy Australia]], [[AGL Energy|AGL]] and [[Integral Energy]]. <!--are there more?--> Numerous telecommunications companies operate in Sydney providing terrestrial and mobile telecommunications services. |
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[[Image:Sydney Harbour Bridge night.jpg|thumb|center|725px|A [[panorama]] of [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] at night, with the [[Sydney Opera House]] on the left, the central business district in the image centre and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] on the right]] |
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[[Image:Sydney harbour from botanical gardens.jpg|thumb|center|725px|A [[panorama]] of [[Port Jackson|Sydney Harbour]] during the day, with the [[Sydney Opera House]] on the right and [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]] in the background, the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney|Royal Botanic Gardens]] and the central business district are to the left]] |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal|name=New South Wales|image=Flag of New South Wales.svg|size=55}} |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Spoken Wikipedia-2|2006-07-09|En-Sydney-article-part1.ogg|En-Sydney-article-part2.ogg}} |
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{{sisterlinks|Sydney}} |
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*[http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an6820588 Max Dupain's photographic collection Sydney Nostalgia 1937-1980, National Library of Australian, Canberra] |
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*[http://www.livingharbour.net/aboriginal/introduction.htm Australian Museum: Aboriginal people of coastal Sydney] |
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*[http://www.metrostrategy.nsw.gov.au Sydney Metropolitan Strategy] |
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*[http://www.nsw.gov.au/weather.asp Sydney Weather: Current temperatures and Forecast (NSW Government)] |
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*[http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/wrap_fwo.pl?IDN10064.txt Sydney Weather Forecast (Bureau of Met)] |
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*{{wikitravel}} |
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*[http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/macleay/81106/huntbplaces.html Historic photographs of Sydney buildings] |
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*[http://www.atmitchell.com/journeys/arts/photography/exposed/ Sydney Exposed - Photographic collection from the State Library of NSW] |
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*[http://www.street-directory.com.au Online] [http://www.whereis.com Street] [http://maps.google.com.au/ Directory] |
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*[http://www.londonancestor.com/maps/sydney-env.htm Map of the Environs of Sydney, 1833] |
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{{Sydney}} |
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{{Sydney regions}} |
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{{Sydney Sports Teams}} |
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{{AustralianCapitalCities}} |
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{{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} |
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{{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}} |
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[[Category:Settlements established in 1788]] |
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[[Category:Australian capital cities]] |
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[[Category:Cities in New South Wales]] |
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[[Category:Coastal cities in Australia]] |
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[[Category:Host cities of the Summer Olympic Games]] |
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[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Australia|Sydney]] |
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[[Category:Port cities in Australia]] |
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[[Category:Host cities of the Commonwealth Games]] |
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Revision as of 06:02, 27 June 2008
Sydney New South Wales | |||||||||
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![]() | |||||||||
Coordinates | 33°51′35.9″S 151°12′40″E / 33.859972°S 151.21111°E | ||||||||
Population | 4,284,379[1] (1st) | ||||||||
• Density | 2,058/km2 (5,330/sq mi) (2006)[2] | ||||||||
Established | 26 January 1788 | ||||||||
Area | 12,144.6 km2 (4,689.1 sq mi) | ||||||||
Time zone | AEST (UTC+10) | ||||||||
• Summer (DST) | AEDT (UTC+11) | ||||||||
Location | |||||||||
LGA(s) | various (38) | ||||||||
County | Cumberland | ||||||||
State electorate(s) | various (49) | ||||||||
Federal division(s) | various (22) | ||||||||
|
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sydney_locator-MJC.png/220px-Sydney_locator-MJC.png)
Sydney (Template:PronEng) is the most populous city in Australia, with a metropolitan area population of approximately 4.28 million (2006 estimate).[1] It is the state capital of New South Wales, and the site of the first British colony in Australia, established in 1788 at Sydney Cove by Arthur Phillip, leader of the First Fleet from Britain.[3] A resident of the city is referred to as a Sydneysider.
Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast. The city is built around Port Jackson, which includes Sydney Harbour, leading to the city's nickname, "the Harbour City". It is noted for the Sydney Opera House and the Harbour Bridge, and its beaches. The metropolitan area is surrounded by national parks, and contains many bays, rivers and inlets. It is listed as a beta world city by the Loughborough University group's 1999 inventory.[4] The city has hosted international sporting, political and cultural events, including the 1938 British Empire Games, 2000 Summer Olympics and the 2003 Rugby World Cup. In September 2007, the city hosted the leaders of the 21 APEC economies for APEC Australia 2007, and in July 2008 will host World Youth Day 2008. The main airport serving Sydney is Sydney Airport.
Sydney is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, which reflects its role as a major destination for immigrants to Australia.[5] According to the Mercer cost of living survey, Sydney is Australia’s most expensive city, and the 21st most expensive in the world.[6]
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Very_early_map_of_sydney_from_1789.jpg/220px-Very_early_map_of_sydney_from_1789.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sydney_looking_north_over_Hyde_Park_1828.jpg/220px-Sydney_looking_north_over_Hyde_Park_1828.jpg)
Radiocarbon dating has provided evidence that the Sydney region has been populated by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years.[7] At the time of the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788, 4000 - 8000 Aboriginal people lived in the region. The British called them "Eora"[8], because being asked where they came from, these people would answer: “Eora”, meaning in their language: ‘here’, or ‘from this place’. There were three language groups in the Sydney region; these were further refined into dialects spoken by smaller clans. The principal languages were Darug (the Cadigal, original inhabitants of the City of Sydney, spoke a coastal dialect of Darug), Dharawal and Guringai. Each clan had a territory; the location of that territory determined the resources available. Although urbanization has destroyed most evidence of these settlements (such as shell middens), Sydney and its environs are well known for numerous rock drawings and carvings because of the nature of the rock, Hawkesbury sandstone.[9] European interest in colonising Australia arose with the landing of British sea captain Lieutenant James Cook in Botany Bay in 1770. Under instruction from the British government, a convict settlement was founded by Arthur Phillip, who arrived at Botany Bay with a fleet of 11 ships on January 20, 1788. This site was soon found to be unsuitable for habitation, owing to poor soil and a lack of reliable fresh water. Phillip founded the colony at Sydney Cove on Port Jackson on 26 January 1788. He named it after the British Home Secretary, Thomas Townshend, Lord Sydney, in recognition of Sydney's role in issuing the charter authorising Phillip to establish a colony.[citation needed] In April 1789 a disease, thought to be smallpox, decimated the indigenous population of Sydney; a conservative estimate says that 500 to 1000 Aboriginal people died in the area between Broken and Botany Bays.[8]There was violent resistance to British settlement, notably by the warrior Pemulwuy in the area around Botany Bay, and conflicts were common in the area surrounding the Hawkesbury River. By 1820 there were only a few hundred Aborigines and Governor Macquarie had begun initiatives to 'civilize, Christianize and educate' the Aborigines by removing them from their clans.[8]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Garden_Palace_Sydney_1879.jpg/220px-Garden_Palace_Sydney_1879.jpg)
Macquarie's tenure as Governor of New South Wales was a period when Sydney was improved from its basic beginnings. Roads, bridges, wharves and public buildings were constructed by British and Irish convicts, and by 1822 the town had banks, markets, well-established thoroughfares and an organised constabulary. The 1830s and 1840s were periods of urban development, including the development of the first suburbs, as the town grew rapidly when ships began arriving from Britain and Ireland with immigrants looking to start a new life in a new country. On 20 July 1842 the municipal council of Sydney was incorporated and the town was declared the first city in Australia, with Charles H. Chambers the first mayor.[10] The first of several gold rushes started in 1851, and the port of Sydney has since seen many waves of people arriving from around the world. Rapid suburban development began in the last quarter of the 19th century with the advent of steam powered tramways and railways. With industrialisation Sydney expanded rapidly, and by the early 20th century it had a population well in excess of one million. The Great Depression hit Sydney badly. One of the highlights of the Depression era, however, was the completion of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932.[11]
A rivalry has traditionally existed between Sydney and Melbourne since the gold rushes of the 1850s grew the capital of Victoria into Australia's largest and richest city.[12] Sydney overtook Melbourne in population in the early years of the 20th century,[13] and has remained the largest city in Australia since this time. During the 1970s and 1980s Sydney's CBD with the Reserve Bank and Australian Stock Exchange clearly surpassed Melbourne as the nation's financial capital.[14] Throughout the 20th century, especially in the decades immediately following World War II, Sydney continued to expand as large numbers of European and later Asian immigrants populated the metropolitan area. The culture brought about by immigrants was a major factor in the city's diverse and highly cosmopolitan atmosphere.
Geography
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sydney_ASTER_2001_oct_12.jpg/220px-Sydney_ASTER_2001_oct_12.jpg)
Topography
Sydney is in a coastal basin bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Blue Mountains to the west, the Hawkesbury River to the north and the Royal National Park to the south. Sydney lies on a submergent coastline, where the ocean level has risen to flood deep river valleys (ria) carved in the hawkesbury sandstone. One of these drowned valleys, Port Jackson, better known as Sydney Harbour, is the largest natural harbour in the world.[15] There are more than 70 harbour and ocean beaches, including the famous Bondi Beach, in the urban area. Sydney's urban area covers 1,687 km2 (651 sq mi) as at 2001.[16] The Sydney Statistical Division, used for census data, is the unofficial metropolitan area[17] and covers 12,145 km2 (4,689 sq mi).[18] This area includes the Central Coast and Blue Mountains as well as broad swathes of national park and other unurbanised land.
Geographically, Sydney sprawls over two major regions: the Cumberland Plain, a relatively flat region lying to the south and west of the harbour, and the Hornsby Plateau, a sandstone plateau lying mainly to the north of the harbour, dissected by steep valleys. The oldest parts of the city are located in the flat areas south of the harbour; the North Shore was slower to develop because of its hilly topography, and was mostly a quiet backwater until the Sydney Harbour Bridge was opened in 1932, linking it to the rest of the city.
Climate
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Avalon_beach-1w.jpg/220px-Avalon_beach-1w.jpg)
Sydney has a temperate climate with warm summers and mild winters, with rainfall spread throughout the year.[19] The weather is moderated by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs. The warmest month is January, with an average air temperature range at Observatory Hill of 18.6-25.8 °C (65.5-78.4 °F) and an average of 14.6 days a year over 30 °C (86.0 °F). The maximum recorded temperature was 45.3 °C (113.5 °F) on 14 January 1939 at the end of a 4 day nationwide heat wave.[20] The winter is mildly cool, with temperatures rarely dropping below 5 °C (41 °F) in coastal areas. The coldest month is July, with an average range of 8-16.2 °C (46.4-61.2 °F). The lowest recorded minimum was 2.1 °C (35.8 °F). Rainfall is fairly evenly divided between summer and winter, but is slightly higher during the first half of the year, when easterly winds dominate. The average annual rainfall, with moderate to low variability, is 1,217 mm (48 in), falling on an average 138 days a year.[21][22] Snowfall last occurred in the Sydney City area in the 1830s.[23]
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Although the city does not suffer from cyclones or significant earthquakes, the El Niño Southern Oscillation plays an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: drought and bushfire on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite phases of the oscillation. Many areas of the city bordering bushland have experienced bushfires, notably in 1994 and 2001-02 — these tend to occur during the spring and summer. The city is also prone to severe hail storms and wind storms. One such storm was the 1999 hailstorm, which severely damaged Sydney's eastern and city suburbs. The storm produced massive hailstones of at least 9 cm (3.5 in) in diameter and resulting in insurance losses of around AUD $1.7 billion in less than five hours.[24] The city is also prone to flash flooding from enormous amounts of rain caused by East Coast Lows (a low pressure depression which deepens off the state usually in winter and early spring which can bring significant damage by heavy rain, cyclonic winds and huge swells). The most notable event was the great Sydney flood which occurred on 6 August 1986 and dumped a record 327.6 mm (12.9 in) on the city in 24 hours. This caused major traffic chaos and damage in many parts of the metropolitan area.[25]
The Bureau of Meteorology has reported that 2002 through 2005 were the warmest summers in Sydney since records began in 1859. 2004 had an average daily maximum temperature of 23.39 °C, 2005 - 23.35 °C, 2002 - 22.91 °C and 2003 - 22.65 °C. The average daily maximum between 1859 and 2004 was 21.6 °C (70.9 °F). For the first nine months of 2006 the mean temperature was 18.41 °C (65.1 °F); the warmest year previously was 2004 with 18.51 °C (65.32 °F). Since November 2003, there have been only two months in which the average daily maximum was below average: March 2005 (about 1 °C below average)[26] and June 2006 (0.7 °C below average)[27].
However, the summer of 2007-08 proved to be one of the coolest on record. The Bureau of Meteorology reported that it was the coolest summer in 11 years, the wettest summer in six years, and one of only three summers in recorded history to lack a maximum temperature above 31 °C (88 °F).[28]
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean daily maximum temperature (°C) | 25.8 | 25.7 | 24.7 | 22.4 | 19.3 | 16.9 | 16.2 | 17.7 | 19.9 | 22.0 | 23.6 | 25.1 | 21.6 | |
Mean daily minimum temperature (°C) | 18.6 | 18.7 | 17.5 | 14.7 | 11.5 | 9.2 | 8.0 | 8.9 | 11.0 | 13.5 | 15.5 | 17.5 | 13.7 | |
Mean total rainfall (mm) | 103.3 | 117.4 | 131.2 | 127.2 | 123.3 | 128.1 | 98.1 | 81.5 | 68.7 | 76.9 | 83.1 | 78.1 | 1217.0 | |
Mean number of rain days | 12.1 | 12.3 | 13.3 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.4 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 10.3 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 138.0 | |
Source: Bureau of Meteorology |
Urban structure
Template:Sydney Urban Areas Labelled Map
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Chatswood_NSW_skyline.jpg/220px-Chatswood_NSW_skyline.jpg)
Sydney's central business district (CBD) extends southwards for about 3 kilometres (1.25 mi) from Sydney Cove, the point of the first European settlement in the area at the southern end of the bridge known as "The Rocks". Densely concentrated skyscrapers and other buildings including historic sandstone buildings such as the Sydney Town Hall and Queen Victoria Building are interspersed by several parks such as Wynyard and Hyde Park. The Sydney CBD is bounded on the east side by a chain of parkland that extends from Hyde Park through the Domain and Royal Botanic Gardens to Farm Cove on the harbour. The west side is bounded by Darling Harbour, a popular tourist and nightlife precinct while Central station marks the southern end of the CBD. George Street serves as the Sydney CBD's main north-south thoroughfare.
As the site of earliest European settlement in Australia, the CBD contains many other historic buildings such as the Sydney Mint, one of Australia's oldest buildings, Fort Denison, a penal site which was built in the colonial days on a small island situated on the harbour, as well as heritage listed buildings in The Rocks. The area also boasts well known modern architectural sites such as the Sydney Opera House and Martin Place.
Although the CBD dominated the city's business and cultural life in the early days, other business/cultural districts have developed in a radial pattern since World War II. As a result, the proportion of white-collar jobs located in the CBD declined from more than 60 per cent at the end of World War II to less than 30 per cent in 2004.[citation needed] Together with the commercial district of North Sydney, joined to the CBD by the Harbour Bridge, the most significant outer business districts are Parramatta[29] in the central-west, Penrith[30] in the west, Bondi Junction in the east, Liverpool[31] in the southwest, Chatswood to the north, and Hurstville to the south.
The extensive area covered by urban Sydney is formally divided into more than 300 suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as 38 local government areas. There is no city-wide government, but the Government of New South Wales and its agencies have extensive responsibilities in providing metropolitan services.[32] The City of Sydney itself covers a fairly small area comprising the central business district and its neighbouring inner-city suburbs. In addition, regional descriptions are used informally to conveniently describe larger sections of the urban area. These include Eastern Suburbs, Hills District, Inner West, Canterbury-Bankstown, Lower North Shore, Northern Beaches, Northern Suburbs, North Shore, St George, Southern Sydney, South-eastern Sydney, South-western Sydney, Sutherland Shire and Western Sydney. However, many suburbs are not conveniently covered by any of these categories.
Economy
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sydney-lacity.jpg/220px-Sydney-lacity.jpg)
Sydney is a modern, prosperous city with the highest median household income of any major city in Australia (US$42,559 PPP).
The largest economic sectors in Sydney, measured by numbers of people employed, include property and business services, retail, manufacturing, and health and community services.[33] Since the 1980s, jobs have moved from manufacturing to the services and information sectors. Sydney provides approximately 25 percent of the country's total GDP.[34]
Sydney is the largest corporate and financial centre in Australia and is also an important financial centre in the Asia Pacific.[35] The Australian Securities Exchange and the Reserve Bank of Australia are located in Sydney, as are the headquarters of 90 banks and more than half of Australia's top companies, and the regional headquarters for around 500 multinational corporations.[34] Of the ten largest corporations in Australia (based on revenue)[36], four have headquarters in Sydney (Caltex Australia, the Commonwealth Bank, Westpac, and Woolworths). Fox Studios Australia has large movie studios in the city.
The Sydney Futures Exchange (SFE) is one of the Asia Pacific's largest financial futures and options exchanges, with 64.3 million contracts traded during 2005. In global terms it is the 12th largest futures market in the world and the 19th largest including options.[37]
Tourism plays an important role in Sydney's economy, with 7.8 million domestic visitors and 2.5 million international visitors in 2004.[38]
Sydney's retail environment is flourishing, with many shopping centres and retail outlets throughout the city. Premier locations in the central city include the Queen Victoria Building on George Street, the pedestrian mall on Pitt Street and the quieter, northern end of Castlereagh St. Along the latter are most of the international luxury boutiques in Sydney such as Jimmy Choo, Versace, Gucci and Chanel. Oxford Street in Paddington and Crown Street, Woollahra are home to boutiques selling more niche products while the main streets of Newtown and Enmore cater more towards students and alternative lifestyles. Many of the large regional centres around the metropolitan area also contain large shopping complexes, such as Parramatta in Western Sydney, Bondi Junction in the Eastern Suburbs and Chatswood on the North Shore, most of which are Westfield brand shopping centres.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/DarlHarbNight.jpg/220px-DarlHarbNight.jpg)
As of 2004, the unemployment rate in Sydney was 4.9 percent.[39] According to The Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide cost of living survey, Sydney is the sixteenth most expensive city in the world, while a UBS survey ranks Sydney as 18th in the world in terms of net earnings.[40]
As of 20 September 2007, Sydney has the highest median house price of any Australian capital city at $559 000.[41] Sydney also has the highest median rent prices of any Australian city at $450 a week. A report published by the OECD in November 2005, shows that Australia has the Western World's highest housing prices when measured against rental yields.[42]
Sydney has been classified as a "Beta" global city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network.[43]
Demographics
Significant overseas born populations[44] | |
Country of Birth | Population (2006) |
---|---|
United Kingdom | 175,165 |
Mainland China | 109,143 |
New Zealand | 81,064 |
Vietnam | 62,144 |
Lebanon | 54,501 |
India | 52,974 |
Philippines | 52,087 |
Italy | 44,562 |
Hong Kong | 36,867 |
South Korea | 32,125 |
Greece | 32,021 |
South Africa | 28,429 |
Fiji | 26,929 |
Malaysia | 21,213 |
Indonesia | 20,560 |
Iraq | 20,217 |
At the time of the 2006 census, there were 4,119,190 residents present in the Sydney Statistical Division.[45] Of those 3,641,422 lived in Sydney's urban area.[46] Inner Sydney was the most densely populated place in Australia with 4,023 persons per square kilometre.[47] The statistical division is larger in area than the urban area, as it allows for predicted growth. A resident of Sydney is commonly referred to as a Sydneysider.[48]
In the 2006 census, the most common self-described ancestries identified for Sydney residents were Australian, English, Irish, Scottish and Chinese. The Census also recorded that one per cent of Sydney's population identified as being of indigenous origin and 39.4 per cent were born overseas. The three major sources of immigrants are the United Kingdom, China and New Zealand.[45] Significant numbers of immigrants also came from Vietnam, Lebanon, Italy, India and the Philippines. Most Sydneysiders are native speakers of English; many have a second language, the most common being Arabic (predominately Lebanese), Chinese languages (mostly Mandarin or Cantonese), and Italian.[45] Sydney has the seventh largest percentage of a foreign born population in the world, ahead of cities such as the highly multicultural London and Paris.[49]
The median age of a Sydney resident is 34, with 12 per cent of the population over 65 years.[39] 15.2 per cent of Sydney residents have educational attainment equal to at least a bachelor's degree,[50] which is lower than the national average of 19 per cent.[citation needed]
According to the 2006 census, 64 per cent of the Sydney residents are identified as Christians, 3.7 per cent as Buddhists, 3.9 per cent as Muslims, 1.7 per cent as Hindus, 0.9 per cent as Jews and 14.1 per cent as having no religion.[44]
Ancestry
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics:
- 24% Australian (mostly British people: English people, Irish people, Welsh people, Scottish people, Cornish people and Manx people)
- 20% English
- 6.3% Irish
- 5.7% Chinese
- 4.8% Scottish
- 3.7% Arab (Lebanese, Syrian, Iraqi, Arab nfd, Egyptian, Jordanian, Mauritanian, Palestinian, Sudanese, Arab nec, and others)
- 3.4% Italian
- 2.1% Greek
- 2% German
- 20.6% others (does not go into the hundreds of thousands)
- 7.4% not stated[51]
Culture
Sydney hosts many different festivals and some of Australia's largest social and cultural events. These include the Sydney Festival, Australia's largest arts festival which is a celebration involving both indoor and free outdoor performances throughout January; the Biennale of Sydney, established in 1973; the Big Day Out, a travelling rock music festival which originated in Sydney; the Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras along Oxford Street; the Sydney Film Festival and many other smaller film festivals such as the short film Tropfest and Flickerfest. Australia's premier prize for portraiture, the Archibald Prize is organised by the Art Gallery of New South Wales. The Sydney Royal Easter Show is held every year at Sydney Olympic Park, the final of Australian Idol takes place on the steps of the Opera House, and Australian Fashion Week takes place in April/May. Also, Sydney's New Years Eve and Australia Day celebrations are the largest in Australia.
Entertainment and performing arts
Sydney has a wide variety of cultural institutions. Sydney's iconic Opera House has five theatres capable of hosting a range of performance styles; it is the home of Opera Australia—the third busiest opera company in the world, and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.[52] Other venues include the Sydney Town Hall, City Recital Hall, the State Theatre and the Wharf Theatre.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sala_principal_de_conciertos_%C3%B3pera_de_Sydney.jpg/220px-Sala_principal_de_conciertos_%C3%B3pera_de_Sydney.jpg)
The Sydney Dance Company under the leadership of Graeme Murphy during the late 20th century has also gained acclaim. The Sydney Theatre Company has a regular roster of local plays, such as noted playwright David Williamson, classics and international playwrights.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sydney_taronga_zoo.jpg/220px-Sydney_taronga_zoo.jpg)
In 2007, New Theatre (Newtown) celebrated 75 years of continuous production in Sydney. Other important theatre companies in Sydney include Company B and Griffin Theatre Company. From the 1940s through to the 1970s the Sydney Push, a group of authors and political activists whose members included Germaine Greer, influenced the city's cultural life.
The National Institute of Dramatic Art, based in Kensington, boasts internationally famous alumni such as Mel Gibson, Judy Davis, Baz Luhrmann and Cate Blanchett. Sydney's role in the film industry has increased since the opening of Fox Studios Australia in 1998. Prominent films which have been filmed in the city include Moulin Rouge!, Mission Impossible II, Star Wars episodes II and III, Superman Returns, Dark City, Dil Chahta Hai, Happy Feet and The Matrix. Films using Sydney as a setting include Finding Nemo, Strictly Ballroom, Mission Impossible II, Muriel's Wedding, and Dirty Deeds. As of 2006, over 229 films have been set in, or featured Sydney.[53]
Sydney's most popular nightspots include Kings Cross, Oxford Street, Darling Harbour, Circular Quay and The Rocks which all contain various bars, nightclubs and restaurants. Star City Casino, is Sydney's only casino and is situated around Darling Harbour. There are also many traditional pubs, cafes and restaurants in inner city areas such as Newtown, Balmain and Leichhardt. Sydney's main live music hubs include areas such as Newtown and Annandale. It once had a thriving live music scene in the 1970s and 1980s, nurturing acts such as AC/DC, Midnight Oil and INXS. Other popular nightspots tend to be spread throughout the city in areas such as Bondi, Manly and Parramatta.
Tourism
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coogee_Beach_Sydney.jpg/220px-Coogee_Beach_Sydney.jpg)
Sydney has several popular museums. The biggest are the Australian Museum (natural history and anthropology), the Powerhouse Museum (science, technology and design), the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Museum of Contemporary Art and the Australian National Maritime Museum.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bondi_pano.jpg/725px-Bondi_pano.jpg)
Sport and outdoor activities
Sport in Sydney is an important part of the culture. The area is well endowed with open spaces and access to waterways, and has many natural areas even within the city centre. Within the Sydney central business district are the Chinese Garden of Friendship, Hyde Park, The Domain and the Royal Botanical Gardens. The metropolitan area contains several national parks, including the Royal National Park, the second oldest national park in the world and several parks in Sydney's far west which are part of the World Heritage listed Greater Blue Mountains Area.[54]
One of the most popular sports in Sydney is Rugby League. The sport was brought from England to Sydney before expanding to the rest of Australia. The city is home to nine of the sixteen teams in the National Rugby League domestic competition. These are Canterbury Bulldogs, Cronulla Sharks, Manly Sea Eagles, Penrith Panthers, Parramatta Eels, South Sydney Rabbitohs, St George Illawarra Dragons, Sydney Roosters and Wests Tigers. Despite the final of the 2008 Rugby League World Cup being held in Brisbane, Sydney will host eight World Cup games including one of the Semi-Finals.
Sydney is home to the Australian Football League's Sydney Swans and the A-League's Sydney FC. The city is represented by two teams in the National Basketball League, netball's Sydney Swifts and is the base for New South Wales teams in the Super 14 (NSW Waratahs) and Pura Cup (Blues) competitions. Large sporting events, such as the NRL Grand Final, are regularly held at the ANZ Stadium, the main stadium for the 2000 Summer Olympics. Other events in Sydney include the start of the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race and the City to Surf foot race.
Media
Sydney has two main daily newspapers. The Sydney Morning Herald is a broadsheet, and is Sydney's newspaper of record with extensive coverage of domestic and international news, culture and business. It is also the oldest extant newspaper in Australia, having been published regularly since 1831. The Herald's competitor, The Daily Telegraph, is a News Corporation-owned tabloid. Both papers have tabloid counterparts published on Sunday, The Sun-Herald and the Sunday Telegraph, respectively.
The three commercial television networks (Seven, Nine and Ten), as well as the government national broadcast services (ABC and SBS) each have a presence in Sydney. Historically, the networks have been based in the northern suburbs, but the last decade has seen several move to the inner city. Nine has kept its headquarters north of the harbour, in Willoughby. Ten has its studios in a redeveloped section of the inner-city suburb of Pyrmont, and Seven also has headquarters in Pyrmont, production studios at Epping as well as a purpose-built news studio in Martin Place in the CBD. The ABC has a large headquarters and production facility in the inner-city suburb of Ultimo and SBS has its studios at Artarmon. Foxtel and Optus both supply pay-TV over their cable services to most parts of the urban area. The five free-to-air networks have provided digital television transmissions in Sydney since January 2000. Additional services recently introduced include the ABC's second channel ABC2 (Channel 22), SBS's world news service SBS2 (Channel 33), an on-air program guide (Channel 4), a news, sport, and weather items channel (Channel 41), ChannelNSW: Government and Public Information (Channel 45)[55], Australian Christian Channel (Channel 46), MacquarieBank TV (Channel 47), SportsTAB (Channel 48), Expo Home Shopping (Channel 49), and Federal parliamentary broadcasts (Channel 401 to 408)
Many AM and FM government, commercial and community radio services broadcast in the Sydney area. The local ABC radio station is 702 ABC Sydney (formerly 2BL). The talkback radio genre is dominated by the perennial rivals 2GB and 2UE. Popular music stations include Triple M, 2Day FM and Nova 96.9, which generally targets people under 40. In the older end of the music radio market, Vega and MIX 106.5 target the 25 to 54 age group, while WS-FM targets the 40 to 54 age group with their Classic Hits format mostly focusing on the 70's & 80's. Triple J (national), 2SER and FBi Radio provide a more independent, local and alternative sound. There are also a number of community stations broadcasting to a particular language group or local area.
Certain areas in Sydney are also being used for tests of digital radio broadcasting[56], which the government plans to roll out in the future to replace the existing analogue AM and FM networks in much the same way as they are doing with analogue and digital television at present.
Governance
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sydney_councils.png/220px-Sydney_councils.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SydneyTownHall_gobeirne.jpg/170px-SydneyTownHall_gobeirne.jpg)
Apart from the limited role of the Cumberland County Council from 1945–1964, there has never been an overall governing body for the Sydney metropolitan area; instead, the metropolitan area is divided into local government areas (LGAs). These areas have elected councils which are responsible for functions delegated to them by the New South Wales State Government, such as planning and garbage collection.
The City of Sydney includes the central business area and some adjoining inner suburbs, and has in recent years been expanded through amalgamation with adjoining local government areas, such as South Sydney. It is led by the elected Lord Mayor of Sydney and a council. The Lord Mayor, however, is sometimes treated as a representative of the whole city, for example during the Olympics.
Most citywide government activities are controlled by the state government. These include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, and planning of major infrastructure projects. Because a large proportion of New South Wales' population lives in Sydney, state governments have traditionally been reluctant to allow the development of citywide governmental bodies, which would tend to rival the state government. For this reason, Sydney has always been a focus for the politics of both State and Federal Parliaments. For example, the boundaries of the City of Sydney LGA have been significantly altered by state governments on at least four occasions since 1945, with expected advantageous effect to the governing party in the New South Wales Parliament at the time.[57]
The 38 LGAs commonly described as making up Sydney are:
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Different organisations have varying definitions of which councils make up Sydney. The Local Government Association of New South Wales considers all LGAs lying entirely in Cumberland County as part of its 'Metro' group, which excludes Camden (classed in its 'Country' group).[58] The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines a Sydney Statistical Division (the population figures of which are used in this article) that includes all of the above councils as well as Wollondilly, the Blue Mountains, Hawkesbury, Gosford and Wyong.[59]
Education
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/University_of_Sydney_Main_Quadrangle.jpg/220px-University_of_Sydney_Main_Quadrangle.jpg)
Sydney is home to some of Australia's most prominent universities, and is the site of Australia's first university, the University of Sydney, established in 1850.[60] There are five other public universities operating primarily in Sydney: the University of New South Wales, Macquarie University, the University of Technology, Sydney, the University of Western Sydney, and the Australian Catholic University (two out of six campuses). Other universities which operate secondary campuses in Sydney include the University of Notre Dame Australia and the University of Wollongong.
There are four multi-campus government-funded Technical and Further Education (TAFE) institutes in Sydney, which provide vocational training at a tertiary level: the Sydney Institute of Technology, Northern Sydney Institute of TAFE, Western Sydney Institute of TAFE and South Western Sydney Institute of TAFE.
Sydney has public, denominational and independent schools. Public schools, including pre-schools, primary and secondary schools, and special schools are administered by the New South Wales Department of Education and Training. There are four state-administered education areas in Sydney, that together co-ordinate 919 schools.[citation needed] Of the 30 selective high schools in the state, 25 are in Sydney.[61]
Infrastructure
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/CircularQuaySydney.jpg/220px-CircularQuaySydney.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/SydneyMonorail1_gobeirne.jpg/220px-SydneyMonorail1_gobeirne.jpg)
Health systems
The Government of New South Wales operates the public hospitals in the Sydney metropolitan region. Management of these hospitals and other specialist health facilities is coordinated by 4 Area Health Services: Sydney South West (SSWAHS), Sydney West (SWAHS), Northern Sydney and Central Coast (NSCCAHS) and the South Eastern Sydney and Illawarra (SESIAHS) Area Health Services. There are also a number of private hospitals in the city, many of which are aligned with religious organisations.
Transport
Most Sydney residents travel by car through the system of roads, and motorways. The most important trunk routes in the urban area form the nine Metroad systems, which includes the 110 km (68 mi) Sydney Orbital Network. Sydney is also served by extensive train, taxi, bus and ferry networks.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cityrail-millennium-M32-ext.jpg/220px-Cityrail-millennium-M32-ext.jpg)
Sydney trains are run by CityRail, a corporation of the New South Wales State Government. Trains run as suburban commuter rail services in the outer suburbs, then converge in an underground city loop service in the central business district. In the years following the 2000 Olympics, CityRail's performance declined significantly.[62] In 2005, CityRail introduced a revised timetable and employed more drivers.[63] A large infrastructure project, the Clearways project, is scheduled to be completed by 2010.[64][65][66] In 2007 a report found Cityrail performed poorly compared to many metro services from other world cities. [67] Sydney has one privately operated light rail line, the Metro Light Rail, running from Central Station to Lilyfield along a former goods train line. There is also a small monorail which runs in a loop around the main shopping district and Darling Harbour. Sydney was once served by an extensive tram network, which was progressively closed in the 1950s and 1960s. Most parts of the metropolitan area are served by buses, many of which follow the pre-1961 tram routes. In the city and inner suburbs the state-owned Sydney Buses has a monopoly. In the outer suburbs, service is contracted to many private bus companies. Construction of a network of rapid bus transitways in areas not previously well served by public transport began in 1999, and the first of these, the Liverpool-Parramatta Rapid Bus Transitway opened in February 2003. Sydney Ferries, another State government-owned organisation, runs numerous commuter and tourist ferry services on Sydney Harbour and the Parramatta River.
Sydney Airport, located in the suburb of Mascot, is Sydney's main airport, and is one of the oldest continually operated airports in the world [68]. The smaller Bankstown Airport mainly serves private and general aviation. There are light aviation airfields at Hoxton Park and Camden. RAAF Base Richmond lies to the north-west of the city. The question of whether Sydney needs a second airport has raised much controversy. A 2003 study found that Kingsford Smith can manage as Sydney's sole international airport for 20 years with a significant increase in airport traffic predicted.[69] The resulting expansion of the airport would have a substantial impact on the community, including additional aircraft noise affecting residents. Land has been acquired at Badgerys Creek for a second airport, the site acting as a focal point of political argument.[70]
Utilities
Water storage and supply for Sydney is managed by the Sydney Catchment Authority, which is an agency of the NSW Government that sells bulk water to Sydney Water and other agencies. Water in the Sydney catchment is chiefly stored in dams in the Upper Nepean Scheme, the Blue Mountains, Woronora Dam, Warragamba Dam and the Shoalhaven Scheme.[71] Historically low water levels in the catchment have led to water use restrictions and the NSW government is investigating alternative water supply options, including grey water recycling and the construction of a seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant at Kurnell.[72] Sydney Water also collects the wastewater and sewage produced by the city.
Three companies supply natural gas and electricity to Sydney: Energy Australia, AGL and Integral Energy. Numerous telecommunications companies operate in Sydney providing terrestrial and mobile telecommunications services.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sydney_Harbour_Bridge_night.jpg/725px-Sydney_Harbour_Bridge_night.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sydney_harbour_from_botanical_gardens.jpg/725px-Sydney_harbour_from_botanical_gardens.jpg)
See also
References
- ^ a b "Year Book Australia, 2008". Australian Bureau of Statistics. pp. p.194. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
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has extra text (help) - ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (17 March 2008). "Explore Your City Through the 2006 Census Social Atlas Series". Retrieved 2008-05-19.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "History of Australia". Oz Experience.
- ^ Beaverstock, J.V. "Research Bulletin 5: A Roster of World Cities". Globalization and World Cities.
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- ^ "Cost of living - The world's most expensive cities". City Mayors.
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(help) - ^ a b c Kohen, J. L. 2000. First and last peoples: Aboriginal Sydney. In J. Connell (Ed.). Sydney the emergence of a global city. pp 76-95. Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-550748-7, pp 76-78, 81-82, 83
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(help) - ^ Dickens, Jim (2007-08-19). "Airport row to lift off again". The Sunday Telegraph. News Corporation.
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(help) - ^ Sydney Catchment Authority. History of Sydney's Water Supply System
- ^ Sydney Water. Sydney's desalination project
External links
- Max Dupain's photographic collection Sydney Nostalgia 1937-1980, National Library of Australian, Canberra
- Australian Museum: Aboriginal people of coastal Sydney
- Sydney Metropolitan Strategy
- Sydney Weather: Current temperatures and Forecast (NSW Government)
- Sydney Weather Forecast (Bureau of Met)
- Template:Wikitravel
- Historic photographs of Sydney buildings
- Sydney Exposed - Photographic collection from the State Library of NSW
- Online Street Directory
- Map of the Environs of Sydney, 1833