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GMA IS THE #1 NETWORK, NOT A2Z. NO TO JONJON GUEVARRA
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==Debuts==
==Debuts==
===Major networks===
===Major networks===
====A2Z====
{{main|List of programs broadcast by A2Z (Philippine TV channel)}}
The following are programs that debuted on [[A2Z (Philippine TV channel)|A2Z]]:
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|}}
* January 1: ''Shuffle''
* January 23: ''[[Dirty Linen (TV series)|Dirty Linen]]''
* February 13: ''[[Batang Quiapo (TV series)|FPJ's Batang Quiapo]]''
* February 14: ''[[The Great Show]]''
* February 25: ''The Goodbye Girl'' and ''[[The Voice Kids (Philippine TV series)|The Voice Kids]]'' [[The Voice Kids (Philippine season 5)|(season 5)]]<ref>{{cite news|title='The Voice Kids' returning in 2023, still with ABS-CBN|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/11/14/22/the-voice-kids-returning-in-2023-still-with-abs-cbn|website=ABS-CBN News|date=November 14, 2022}}</ref>
* March 4: ''[[I Can See Your Voice (Philippine game show)|I Can See Your Voice]]'' (season 5)

=====Upcoming=====
* March 18: ''[[Beach Bros]]''

=====No define date=====
* ''[[Almost Paradise (TV series)|Almost Paradise]]'' (season 2)
* ''Can't Buy Me Love''
* ''Linlang''

=====Re-runs=====
* January 2: ''[[A Soldier's Heart]]''{{ref|2b|2}}
* January 7: ''[[Robocar Poli]]''{{ref|3c|3}} (Kidz Weekend), ''Masha and the Bear''{{ref|3c|3}} (Kidz Weekend) and ''[[Almost Paradise (TV series)|Almost Paradise]]'' (season 1)
* January 8: ''[[Remi, Nobody's Girl]]''{{ref|1a|1}} (Kidz Weekend)

'''Notes'''<br>
'''^''' {{note label|1||a}} Originally aired on ABS-CBN<br>'''^''' {{note label|2||b}} Originally aired on Kapamilya Channel<br>'''^''' {{note label|3||c}} Originally aired on Yey!

====GMA====
====GMA====
{{main|List of programs broadcast by GMA Network}}
{{main|List of programs broadcast by GMA Network}}
Line 165: Line 138:
'''^''' {{note label|3||c}} Originally aired on BuKo Channel<br>
'''^''' {{note label|3||c}} Originally aired on BuKo Channel<br>
'''^''' {{note label|4||d}} Originally aired on GMA
'''^''' {{note label|4||d}} Originally aired on GMA

====A2Z====
{{main|List of programs broadcast by A2Z (Philippine TV channel)}}
The following are programs that debuted on [[A2Z (Philippine TV channel)|A2Z]]:
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|}}
* January 1: ''Shuffle''
* January 23: ''[[Dirty Linen (TV series)|Dirty Linen]]''
* February 13: ''[[Batang Quiapo (TV series)|FPJ's Batang Quiapo]]''
* February 14: ''[[The Great Show]]''
* February 25: ''The Goodbye Girl'' and ''[[The Voice Kids (Philippine TV series)|The Voice Kids]]'' [[The Voice Kids (Philippine season 5)|(season 5)]]<ref>{{cite news|title='The Voice Kids' returning in 2023, still with ABS-CBN|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/11/14/22/the-voice-kids-returning-in-2023-still-with-abs-cbn|website=ABS-CBN News|date=November 14, 2022}}</ref>
* March 4: ''[[I Can See Your Voice (Philippine game show)|I Can See Your Voice]]'' (season 5)

=====Upcoming=====
* March 18: ''[[Beach Bros]]''

=====No define date=====
* ''[[Almost Paradise (TV series)|Almost Paradise]]'' (season 2)
* ''Can't Buy Me Love''
* ''Linlang''

=====Re-runs=====
* January 2: ''[[A Soldier's Heart]]''{{ref|2b|2}}
* January 7: ''[[Robocar Poli]]''{{ref|3c|3}} (Kidz Weekend), ''Masha and the Bear''{{ref|3c|3}} (Kidz Weekend) and ''[[Almost Paradise (TV series)|Almost Paradise]]'' (season 1)
* January 8: ''[[Remi, Nobody's Girl]]''{{ref|1a|1}} (Kidz Weekend)

'''Notes'''<br>
'''^''' {{note label|1||a}} Originally aired on ABS-CBN<br>'''^''' {{note label|2||b}} Originally aired on Kapamilya Channel<br>'''^''' {{note label|3||c}} Originally aired on Yey!



===State-owned networks===
===State-owned networks===

Revision as of 14:42, 3 March 2023

List of years in Philippine television
+...

The following is a list of events affecting Philippine television in 2023. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.

Events

January

  • January 1
    • After nine years and three months of broadcasting in the Philippines, BabyFirst has ceased its broadcast operations across South East Asia by First Media (under the Philippine channel distribution by Cable Boss) due to permanent discontinuation of its telecast by the content provider.[1]
    • After five years and eight months of e-sports and gaming broadcast coverage, Cignal TV and Solar Entertainment Corporation (for its pay TV channel distribution since 2020) ceased its broadcast operations of eGG Network in the Philippines as the contract with MEASAT Satellite Systems (under the joint venture of Rocketfuel Entertainment Sdn Bhd.) has terminated on that date. Due to the closure of the said network in the region that follows the review of the management's decision through changes in business direction.
    • Sky Cable terminated Fight Sports on its line-up for the second time due to the expiration of Sky's contract with the network since April 1, 2021. Meanwhile, the network continued to air via Cignal.[1]
    • Cignal terminated two channels: beIN Sports 1 and beIN Sports 3 on its line-up due to the expiration of Cignal's contract with the said networks. Meanwhile, beIN Sports 1 and beIN Sports 3 continued to air via Sky Cable and G Sat.
  • January 5 - Sonshine Media Network International migrated its broadcast signal reception to digital terrestrial transmission from switching off its analog frequency in nationwide areas after 17 years.
  • January 12 - GMA Network and Viu sealed a five-year deal to air of selected GMA's primetime programs on the latter's streaming service.[2]
  • January 16 - GMA Network launched its Pinoy throwback subchannel on digital terrestrial television, Pinoy Hits.
  • January 23 - ABS-CBN Corporation and GMA Network signed a historic deal for the co-production of the upcoming teleserye.[3][4][5]
  • January 29 - Viva Entertainment launched a secondary over-the-top content platform, Viva Prime, and began its soft operations which include movies and TV series content from the Viva library. It rebranded as Viva One on February 25.
  • January 30 - After its soft launch on May 9, 2022, Aliw Broadcasting Corporation's IZTV rebranded as Aliw 23.

February

  • February 1
    • Biyahe ni Drew celebrated its 10th anniversary on Philippine television.
    • G Sat terminated IBC, Outdoor Channel and SMNI on its line-up due to the revamping of the provider's channel space assignments. Meanwhile, Outdoor Channel continued to air via Cignal, SatLite, Sky Cable and Cablelink, IBC 13 continued to air via Free TV Channel 13 on Analog and Channel 17 on Digital in Metro Manila, Cignal, SatLite, Sky Cable and Cablelink and SMNI continued to air via Free TV Channel 39 on Digital in Metro Manila, Cignal and Sky Cable. In addition, G Sat launched All TV, Cinema One and Solar Flix on their line-up.
  • February 12 - Jeromy Melendez Batac, Marcus Rayden Cabais, Kenji "Kyler" Chua, Gabriel "Vinci" Malizon, Reyster Yton, Kim Just Ng, and Winston Pineda were hailed of the top seven aspirants will make their debut in South Korea as members of the boy group HORI7ON, following the finale of the survival show Dream Maker.[6]
  • February 13 - Ang Iglesia ni Cristo celebrated its 40th anniversary on Philippine television.
  • February 14 - A day after its debut, the production unit team of ABS-CBN's primetime series, FPJ's Batang Quiapo has apologized to the Muslim community due to a scene where Coco Martin's character Tanggol sought the help of his Muslim friend Abdul–portrayed by Rez Cortez as he was being pursued by the police. Tanggol took refuge in the company of armed Muslim men whom the police were hesitant to take action due to fear of retribution. A number of Muslim Filipinos took offense and criticised the portrayal as reinforcing negative stereotypes against them,[7] with some calling for a boycott of the series.[8] MTRCB chairperson, Lala Sotto-Antonio later released a statement on the said controversy.[9] Senator Robin Padilla, a Muslim, gave a statement regarding the controversial episode.[10]
  • February 18 - Mary Delle Cascabel was hailed as first grand champion of “Girl On Fire” on It's Showtime.
  • February 19 - Swara Sug Media Corporation (a broadcast arm of the Kingdom of Jesus Christ that operates Sonshine Media Network International led by their church leader and televangelist Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy) has officially signed on via digital terrestrial television frequency on Channel 43 during the first Global Thanksgiving and Worship presentation at the Ynares Center in Antipolo City, Rizal. The network covered in Metro Manila and nearby provinces. Channel 43 will be used as the main channel of SMNI News Channel on DTT, while retaining the use of SMNI on Channel 39 as a secondary channel after transitioning from analog to digital signal.[11] The frequency was formerly used by AMCARA Broadcasting Network under blocktime agreement with ABS-CBN Corporation to air its digital channels on ABS-CBN TV Plus.[12]
  • February 21 - Social media influencer and blogger, Toni Fowler and Freshbreed’s “M.P.L.” did not receive a Strong Parental Guidance (SPG) rating from the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board contradictory to one of its cast’s claim that the agency granted the said rating to the controversial music video.[13] In after the MTRCB received a number of complaints regarding the clip’s explicit content over the weekend and it has released a statement on the said controversy.[14]
  • February 27 - Most of the GMA Network's main channel alongside with their sister channel, GTV (owned by Citynet Network Marketing and Productions Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of GMA Network Inc.), as well as four free-to-air GMA Affordabox digital subchannels (Heart of Asia, Hallypop, I Heart Movies and Pinoy Hits) and three pay TV international channels (GMA Pinoy TV and GMA Life TV and GMA News TV International) have switched its airing of aspect ratio format quality on the channel feed and its programming to widescreen ratio format in high definition (16:9) as being converted its mitigation of reception through analog (until end of the year) and digital signal reception through free TV and other cable and satellite providers after more than 61 years on the usage of broadcast video picture resolution that migrated from standard-definition format (4:3).[15][16]

Upcoming

March

Unknown (dates)

Debuts

Major networks

GMA

The following are programs that debuted on GMA Network:

Upcoming
No define date
Re-runs

TV5

The following are programs that debuted on TV5:

Upcoming
  • March 18: Team A
No define date
  • Adarna Gang
  • The Biggest Search
  • Can't Buy Me Love
  • The Comeback
  • For Your Eyes Only
  • IMO: In My Opinion
  • Kurdapya
  • Love on da Move
  • Linlang
  • Nakagapos na Puso (television remake)
  • Nurse Lovely
  • Republika Origins
Re-runs

Notes
^ a Originally aired on RPN (now CNN Philippines)
^ b Originally aired on Studio 23 (now defunct)
^ c Originally aired on BuKo Channel
^ d Originally aired on GMA

A2Z

The following are programs that debuted on A2Z:

Upcoming
No define date
Re-runs

Notes
^ a Originally aired on ABS-CBN
^ b Originally aired on Kapamilya Channel
^ c Originally aired on Yey!


State-owned networks

PTV

The following are programs that debuted on People's Television Network:

  • January 21: Saka-Inan
  • February 13: Oras ng Himala
Upcoming

IBC

The following are programs that debuted on IBC:

  • January 7: NCCT Originals
  • January 30: Bitag Live and IpaBITAG Mo
Upcoming
  • March 18: Genius Teens

Minor networks

The following are programs that debuted on minor networks:

Upcoming

  • March 4: Reality Check on Net 25
  • March 6: Hot Mom on All TV
  • March 6: Kizim on Net 25

No definite date

Re-runs

  • Notes
  1. ^ a Originally aired on ABS-CBN
  2. ^ b Originally aired on TV5

Other channels

The following are programs that debuted on other channels:

Upcoming

No definite date

Re-runs

Upcoming
  • Notes
  1. ^ a Originally aired on ABS-CBN
  2. ^ b Originally aired on GMA
  3. ^ c Originally aired on TV5
  4. ^ d Originally aired on Cine Mo!
  5. ^ e Originally aired on Yey!
  6. ^ f Originally aired on S+A (now defunct)
  7. ^ g Originally aired on GMA News TV (now GTV)
  8. ^ h Originally aired on Jeepney TV
  9. ^ i Originally aired on Sari-Sari Channel
  10. ^ j Originally aired on Hero (now defunct)
  11. ^ k Originally aired on ETC (now Solar Flix)
  12. ^ l Originally aired on Jack TV (now defunct)
  13. ^ m Originally aired on 2nd Avenue (now defunct)
  14. ^ n Originally aired on CT (now defunct)
  15. ^ o Originally aired on Studio 23 (now defunct)
  16. ^ p Originally aired on Q (now GTV)
  17. ^ q Originally aired on RPN (now CNN Philippines)
  18. ^ r Originally aired on Fox Filipino (now defunct)
  19. ^ s Originally aired on Kapamilya Channel
  20. ^ t Originally aired on Metro Channel
  21. ^ u Originally aired on Asianovela Channel (now defunct)
  22. ^ v Originally aired on NBN (now PTV)
  23. ^ w Originally aired on Knowledge Channel
  24. ^ x Originally aired on CNN Philippines
  25. ^ y Originally aired on A2Z
  26. ^ z Originally aired on GTV
  27. ^ aa Originally aired on IBC
  28. ^ ab Originally aired on ABC (now TV5)

Video streaming services

The following are programs that debuted on video streaming services:

Upcoming

No definite date

Returning or renamed programs

Major networks

Show Last aired Retitled as/Season/Notes Channel Return date
Happy ToGetHer 2022 Same (season 3) GMA January 8
Oras ng Himala 2021 Same TV5 January 17
The Clash 2021 Same (season 5 / "2023") GMA January 22
Philippine Basketball Association 2022 Same (season 47: "Governor's Cup") TV5/One Sports/PBA Rush
Reporter's Notebook 2023 (GTV) Same GMA February 4
Detective Conan 2020 Same (season 9) February 13
The Voice Kids 2019 (ABS-CBN) Same (season 5) Kapamilya Channel/A2Z/TV5 February 25
I Can See Your Voice 2022 Same (season 5) Kapamilya Channel/A2Z March 4
Agimat ng Agila 2022 Same (season 2) GMA TBA
I Can See You 2022 Same (season 4) TBA
Lolong 2022 Same (season 2: "Ang Luha ng Unang Atubaw") TBA
Running Man Philippines 2022 Same (season 2) TBA
Pilipinas Got Talent 2018 (ABS-CBN) Same (season 7) Kapamilya Channel/A2Z/TV5 TBA

State-owned networks

Show Last aired Retitled as/Season/Notes Channel Return date
Oras ng Himala 2021 Same PTV February 13

Minor networks

Show Last aired Retitled as/Season/Notes Channel Return date

Other channels

Show Last aired Retitled as/Season/Notes Channel Return date
Spikers' Turf 2022 Same (season 5: "Open Conference") One Sports/One Sports+ January 22
Premier Volleyball League Same (season 6: "All-Filipino Conference"; season 19 as Shakey's V-League) February 4
UAAP Men's Football 2019 (S+A/Liga; now defunct) Same (season 85) UAAP Varsity Channel February 19
UAAP Men's & Women's Volleyball 2020 (S+A/Liga; now defunct) One Sports/UAAP Varsity Channel February 25

Video streaming services

Show Last aired Retitled as/Season/Notes Service Return date

Programs transferring networks

Major networks

Date Show No. of seasons Moved from Moved to
January 15 Healing Galing sa TV UNTV TV5
February 4 Reporter's Notebook GTV GMA

State-owned networks

Date Show No. of seasons Moved from Moved to
January 30 Bitag Live PTV IBC

Minor networks

Date Show No. of seasons Moved from Moved to
January 30 Gikan sa Masa, Para sa Masa ABS-CBN Davao SMNI

Other channels

Date Show No. of seasons Moved from Moved to
February 4 Sabong TV IBC One Sports
Agri TV Atbp.: Kasama sa Hanapbuhay

Video streaming services

Date Show No. of seasons Moved from Moved to

Milestone episodes

The following shows that made their milestone episodes in 2023:

Show Network Episode # Episode title Episode air date
The Boobay and Tekla Show GMA 200th "The Cash Celebration" January 8
Farm to Table GTV 100th "100th Episode" January 15
Maria Clara at Ibarra GMA/GTV/Pinoy Hits 100th "Sanib-Puwersa" February 17
Toni All TV 100th "R&B King and Queen: Jay-R and Mica Javier" February 17

Finales

Major networks

A2Z

The following are programs that will end on A2Z:

Scheduled
  • March 12: The Goodbye Girl
Stopped airing
Program Stopped airing Resumed airing Reason

GMA

The following are programs that will end on GMA Network:

Scheduled
Stopped airing
Program Stopped airing Resumed airing Reason

TV5

The following are programs that will end on TV5:

Scheduled
  • March 9: Encounter (Philippine adaptation; rerun)
Stopped airing
Program Stopped airing Resumed airing Reason

State-owned networks

PTV

The following are programs that ended on People's Television Network:

Scheduled
Stopped airing
Program Stopped airing Resumed airing Reason

IBC

The following are programs that ended on IBC:

  • January 29: Agri TV ATBP.: Kasama sa Hanapbuhay and Sabong TV
Scheduled
Stopped airing
Program Stopped airing Resumed airing Reason

Minor networks

The following are programs that ended on minor networks:

Scheduled

Other channels

The following are programs that ended on other channels:

Scheduled

Stopped airing

Program Channel Last airing Resumed airing Reason
Afternoon Movie Break GTV January 31 TBA Pre-empted by the 98th season of National Collegiate Athletic Association.
All-Out Sundays February 12
Miscellaneous
Program Channel Stopped airing Resumed airing Reason

Video streaming services

Scheduled

Stopped streaming

Program Service Last streaming Resumed streaming Reason

Networks

The following are a list of free-to-air and cable channels or networks launches and closures in 2023.

Launches

The following are a list of free-to-air and cable channels or networks launches and closures in 2023.

Date Station Type Channel Source
January 16 Pinoy Hits Free-to-air Channel 15 (digital feed)
GMA Affordabox Channel 6
February 19 SMNI News Channel Channel 43 (digital feed) [24]
TBA K-Lite TV TBA Channel 16 (digital feed)
Planet Cable Channel 3 (Provincial)
[25]
Unnamed PCMC network TBA [19]

Rebranded

The following is a list of television stations or cable channels that have made or will make noteworthy network rebrands in 2023.

Date Rebranded from Rebranded to Type Channel Source
January 30 IZTV Aliw 23 Broadcasting network Channel 23 (digital feed)
Sky Cable Channel 72 (Metro Manila)

Closures

Date Station Type Channel Sign-on debut Source
January 1 BabyFirst Cable and Satellite Sky Cable Channel 121 (Metro Manila) October 1, 2014 [1]
eGG Network Cignal Channel 99 (Nationwide)
Cablelink Channel 40 (Metro Manila)
April 12, 2017

Services

The following are a list of television operators or providers and streaming media platforms or services launches and closures in 2023.

Launches

Date Provider Type Stream Source
January 29 Viva Prime VOD OTT streaming media platform N/A

Rebranded

The following is a list of streaming providers that have made or will make noteworthy service rebrands in 2023.

Date Rebranded from Rebranded to Type Stream Source
February 25 Viva Prime Viva One VOD OTT streaming media N/A

Deaths

February

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "SKY Advisory: Some Changes are Happening to your SkyCable Plans". Sky Cable. November 18, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
  2. ^ "GMA Network partners with Viu Philippines to reach more audiences worldwide". GMA News. January 12, 2023. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
  3. ^ Gabinete, Jojo (November 12, 2022). "Jodi Sta. Maria at Richard Yap, balik-tambalan sa collab project ng ABS-CBN at GMA-7". Philippine Entertainment Portal (in Tagalog). Retrieved November 13, 2022.
  4. ^ "GMA Network partners with Viu Philippines to reach more audiences worldwide". ABS-CBN Entertainment. January 23, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
  5. ^ a b "GMA and ABS-CBN announce TV collab to co-produce 'Unbreak My Heart,' To air on TV this year; Viu to stream groundbreaking teleserye". GMA Entertainment. January 23, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
  6. ^ Antonio, Josiah (February 12, 2023). "Dream Maker': Top 7 aspirants to debut in South Korea". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  7. ^ "'Islam doesn't condone theft': Adiong slams depiction of Muslims in 'Batang Quiapo'". Manila Bulletin. February 17, 2023. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  8. ^ "FPJ's Batang Quiapo issued a public apology to the Muslim community over insensitive content". Philippine Entertainment Portal. February 16, 2023. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  9. ^ Bernardino, Stephanie (February 17, 2023). "MTRCB releases statement over controversial 'Batang Quiapo' scene, film production apologizes". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  10. ^ "Robin Padilla personal na pinuntahan ni Coco Martin para mag-sorry, inaming kulang ang kaalaman sa Islam". Bandera Inquirer (in Tagalog). February 17, 2023. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  11. ^ "Signing-on ng SMNI Digital Channel 43 Mega Manila, pinangunahan ni Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy". smninewschannel.com. February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  12. ^ Aika, Rey (January 26, 2022). "Channel 43, used by ABS-CBN, goes to Quiboloy's SMNI". Rappler. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  13. ^ Cabato, Luisa (February 21, 2023). "MTRCB clarifies: Toni Fowler, Freshbreed's 'MPL' didn't receive SPG rating from the Board". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  14. ^ "MTRCB issues statement on Toni Fowler's 'MPL' music video". ABS-CBN News. February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  15. ^ "Kapuso shows now available for widescreen viewing beginning Feb. 27". Manila Bulletin. February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  16. ^ Tsao, Kimberly (February 26, 2023). "GMA elevates TV viewing experience with the 16:9 widescreen format starting February 27". GMA News. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  17. ^ Tomada, Nathalie (September 22, 2022). "Stars, shows to expect on ALLTV before full launch early 2023". The Philippine Star. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
  18. ^ Iglesias, Iza (September 17, 2022). "ALLTV will go full blast by early 2023". The Manila Times. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
  19. ^ a b Rivas, Ralf (August 9, 2021). "Tacloban-based broadcast company pitching to air ABS-CBN shows". Rappler. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  20. ^ Mercurio, Richmond (October 4, 2018). "Digital TV shift by 2023 pushing through — DICT". The Philippine Star. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  21. ^ Esmael, Lisbet (October 7, 2018). "Govt on course to hit 2023 full digital TV transition". The Manila Times. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
  22. ^ "GMA Network unveils teaser for live action series 'Voltes V Legacy'". GMA News. January 1, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  23. ^ "'The Voice Kids' returning in 2023, still with ABS-CBN". ABS-CBN News. November 14, 2022.
  24. ^ "Lopez frequencies pinagpartehan na! Cabangon Chua heirs snag ABS-CBN's Channel 23, Quiboloy bags Channel 43". Bilyonaryo. January 26, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
  25. ^ "From real estate magnate to media mogul, Manny Villar secures ABS-CBN frequencies; NTC allows test broadcast". Politiko. January 25, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
  26. ^ Dumawal, Mario (February 17, 2023). "Lifestyle columnist Maurice Arcache passes away at 89". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved February 17, 2023.