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For other uses, see Ubuntu (disambiguation).
Ubuntu
Ubuntu logo
Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
DeveloperCanonical Ltd. / Ubuntu Foundation
OS familyUnix-like (based on Debian)
Working stateCurrent
Source modelFree Software / Open source
Initial releaseOctober 20, 2004 (2004-10-20)
Latest release8.10 / October 30, 2008 (2008-10-30)[1]
Repository
Available inMultilingual (more than 55)
Update methodAPT (front-ends available)
Package managerdpkg
Kernel typeMonolithic (Linux)
Default
user interface		GNOME
LicenseGNU GPL, and other licenses
Official websitewww.ubuntu.com

Ubuntu (IPA: [uːˈbuːntuː] in English,[2] [ùɓúntú] in Zulu) is a computer operating system based on Debian GNU/Linux. Its name comes from the Zulu word "ubuntu", translated as "humanity to others", describing the ubuntu philosophy: "I am what I am because of who we all are", a positive aspect of community. Ubuntu's goals include providing an up-to-date, stable operating system for the average user, with a strong focus on usability and ease of installation. Ubuntu has been rated as the most popular Linux distribution for the desktop, claiming approximately 30% of desktop Linux installations in 2007.[3]

Ubuntu is composed of free and open source software distributed under various licenses, especially the GNU General Public License (GPL) which means that users are free to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. Ubuntu is sponsored by the UK based company Canonical Ltd., owned by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. Instead of selling Ubuntu for profit, Canonical creates revenue by selling technical support. By keeping Ubuntu free and open source, Canonical is able to take advantage of the talents of outside developers in Ubuntu's constituent components without developing the entire operating system itself.

Canonical endorses and provides support for four additional Ubuntu-based distributions: Kubuntu and Xubuntu, which use KDE and Xfce, respectively, as a desktop environment, replacing the default GNOME system used by Ubuntu; Edubuntu, a subproject and add-on for Ubuntu, designed for school environments and home use;[4] and Ubuntu JeOS (pronounced "Juice"), a stripped-down version of Ubuntu, optimized for virtual appliances.[5]

Canonical releases new versions of Ubuntu every six months and supports Ubuntu for eighteen months by submitting security fixes, patches to critical bugs and including minor updates to programs. LTS (Long Term Support) releases, which occur every two years,[6] are supported for three years on the desktop and five years for servers.[7] The current version of Ubuntu, Intrepid Ibex, was released on October 30, 2008, and the upcoming version, Jaunty Jackalope, will be released in April, 2009. The version after Jaunty will be Karmic Koala, which will possess several advanced features like Amazon EC2.

History and development process

Ubuntu was initially forked from the Debian project's code base.[8] The aim was to release a new version of Ubuntu every six months, resulting in a more frequently updated system. Ubuntu's first release was on October 20, 2004.[9]

New releases of Ubuntu coincide a month after GNOME releases.[10] In contrast to previous general-purpose forks of Debian — such as MEPIS, Xandros, Linspire, Progeny and Libranet, many of which relied on proprietary and closed source add-ons as part of their business model — Ubuntu has stayed closer to Debian's philosophy and uses free (libre) software, making an exception only for some proprietary hardware drivers.[11]

Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debian's unstable branch: both distributions use Debian's deb package format and package management tools, APT and Synaptic, although Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other, and may need to be rebuilt from source.[12] Ubuntu cooperates with Debian — to some extent pushing changes back to Debian,[13] although there has been criticism that this doesn't happen often enough.[14] Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. However, Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, expressed concern about Ubuntu packages diverging too far from Debian Sarge to remain compatible.[14]

Before release, packages are imported from Debian Unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific modifications. A month before release, imports are frozen, and soon after a feature freeze is instated, which allows for packages to work on ensuring that the current software works well, rather than supporting the moving target that is Unstable.

Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On July 8, 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical Ltd announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided an initial funding of US$10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation as an emergency fund in case Canonical's involvement ends.[15]

The Ubuntu logo and typography has remained the same since that first release. The hand-drawn,[16] lowercase OpenType font used is called Ubuntu-Title and was created by Andy Fitzsimon.[17] The font is distributed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) and use with logos derived from the Ubuntu logo is encouraged.[17] The font is available as a package for Ubuntu.[17]

Ubuntu 8.04, released on April 24, 2008, is the current Long Term Support (LTS) release. Canonical has released previous LTS versions every two years, and has committed to releasing the next LTS version in 2010, two years after 8.04.[18][19][20] Meanwhile, the current standard-support period release, Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex), was released on October 30, 2008.

Vendor support

A number of vendors offer computers with Ubuntu pre-installed. Dell, Tesco,[21] and Gliese IT have provided this option since 2007, while System76 has done so since November 2005.[22] Dell and System76 customers are able to choose between 30-day, three-month, and yearly Ubuntu support plans through Canonical.[23] Dell offers Ubuntu-driven computers for sale in the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada, Spain, and Latin America.[24] In addition to the standard Ubuntu installation, select Dell machines running Ubuntu 7.10 and 8.04 come with proprietary, legal DVD playback capabilities using LinDVD.[25] Dell computers running Ubuntu 8.04 include extra support for ATI Video Graphics, Dell Wireless, Fingerprint Readers, HDMI, Bluetooth and MP3/WMA/WMV.[26]

Features

Installing and removing software in Ubuntu

Ubuntu focuses on usability,[27] including the widespread use of the sudo tool for administrative tasks.[28] The Ubiquity installer allows installing Ubuntu to the hard disk from within the Live CD environment without the need for restarting the computer prior to installation. Ubuntu also emphasizes accessibility and internationalization, to reach as many people as possible. Beginning with 5.04, UTF-8 became the default character encoding,[29] which allows for support of a variety of non-Roman scripts. The default appearance of the user interface in the current version is called Human and is characterized by shades of brown and orange.

The most recent version of Ubuntu comes installed with a wide range of software including an older version of the OpenOffice.org productivity suite, the internet browser Firefox, the instant messenger Pidgin (formerly known as Gaim), the BitTorrent client Transmission, and the raster graphics editor GIMP. Several lightweight card, puzzle, and board games are pre-installed, such as Sudoku and chess. Ubuntu has all networking ports closed by default for added security; its firewall offers fine-grained control of incoming and outgoing connections. GNOME 2.22—the default desktop environment of Ubuntu 8.04—offers support for 46 languages.[30] There are numerous ways to install Ubuntu, outlined below.[31]

Live CD

Installation of Ubuntu is generally performed with the Live CD, which presents the system to the user as it would run off the hard drive (albeit with a performance hit from loading applications off the CD). This is particularly useful in testing for hardware compatibility and driver support. The CD also contains the Ubiquity installer,[32] which guides the user through the permanent installation process. CD images of all current and past versions are available for download at the Ubuntu web site. Installing from the CD requires a minimum of 256 MB RAM. Users can download a disk image of the CD which can then be written to a physical medium, or run from a hard drive via UNetbootin.

Canonical offers Ubuntu, Kubuntu and Edubuntu installation CDs at no cost, including paid postage for destinations in most countries around the world, via a service called ShipIt.[33] Xubuntu is not offered due to lack of demand.[34] After a request for CDs is made and approved, disks are sent via post. Delivery is estimated at six to ten weeks.[35]

A Microsoft Windows migration tool was introduced in April 2007, when Ubuntu 7.04 was released.[36] The new migration tool, called Migration Assistant, imports Windows users' bookmarks, desktop background (wallpaper), and various settings for immediate use in the Ubuntu installation.[37]

Ubuntu and Kubuntu (from release 8.10 onwards) can be booted and run from a USB Flash drive (as long as the BIOS supports booting from USB), with the option of saving settings to the flashdrive or running without saving settings. This allows a portable installation that can be run on any PC which is capable of booting from a USB drive.[38]

Wubi, which is included on the Live CD, allows the distribution to be installed on a virtual loop device. This requires no partitioning of a user's hard drive, allowing them to install Ubuntu to a file on their Windows drive. Wubi also makes use of the Migration Assistant to import users' settings. Wubi was initially developed as an independent project, and as such versions 7.04 and 7.10 were released separately from Ubuntu. Wubi was later merged with Ubuntu, and can be found in the Ubuntu Live CD as of the 8.04 release.[39] A related program, USB creator, makes it possible to install Ubuntu on a USB drive without the need of burning a disc.

Remastering
See also: List of remastering software

Various programs exist to produce customised remasters of the Ubuntu Live CD, which some refer to as a "Custom Spin"[40], such as remastersys and Reconstructor.

Alternate installation

Default login screen for Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron)'s server edition.

Canonical also supports an alternate, non-live installation method, the Alternate CD. The alternate install CD is an installation disk designed for specialist Ubuntu configurations by providing a text-based (rather than graphical) installation. It allows for the creation of pre-configured OEM systems, the upgrading of older installations without network access, and installation on systems with less than 320 MB of RAM. The CD also allows the setup of LVM and/or RAID partitions, as well as the encryption of partitions using dm-crypt. The alternate install CD is not a Live CD.

Ubuntu can also be installed over a network via the network install CD. The network install CD installs Ubuntu directly from an Ubuntu mirror. Installation from the network ensures that installed packages are up-to-date at the time of installation, as opposed to having to be updated afterwards. The network install CD contains only the kernel to start the text-based installation.[41]

The final alternate installation method is used to install Ubuntu Server. The server install CD contains all packages needed for installation without a network connection. The server installation does not install a graphical user interface for the OS.

Package classification and support

Ubuntu divides all software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support available.[42] They are as follows:

free software non-free software
supported Main Restricted
unsupported Universe Multiverse

Free software here includes only software that meets the Ubuntu licensing requirements,[43] which roughly correspond to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. There is one exception for the Main category, however — it contains firmware and fonts which are not allowed to be modified, but are included because their distribution is otherwise unencumbered.[44]

Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for very important non-free software. Supported non-free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some current hardware, such as binary-only graphics card drivers. The level of support in the Restricted category is more limited than that of Main, since the developers may not have access to the source code. It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a general-use Linux system. Alternative programs for the same tasks and programs for specialized applications are placed in the Universe and Multiverse categories.

In addition to the above, in which the software does not receive new features after an initial release, Ubuntu Backports is an officially recognized project to backport newer software from later versions of Ubuntu.[45] The repository is not comprehensive; it consists primarily of user-requested packages, which are approved if they meet quality guidelines. Backports receives no support at all from Canonical, and is entirely community-maintained.

Availability of third-party software

See also: Linux distribution § Proprietary software, Medibuntu, Getdeb, and Ubuntu extras remix

Ubuntu has a certification system for third party software.[46] Some third-party software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. The package ubuntu-restricted-extras additionally contains software that may be legally restricted, including support for MP3 and DVD playback, Microsoft TrueType core fonts, Sun's Java runtime environment, Adobe's Flash Player plugin, many common audio/video codecs, and unrar, an unarchiver for files compressed in the RAR file format.

Additionally, several third party application suites are available for purchase through the Canonical web-based store, including software for DVD playback and media codecs.

Releases

Main article: List of Ubuntu releases

The Ubuntu project makes two releases per year, using the year and month of the release as a version number. The first Ubuntu release, for example, was Ubuntu 4.10 and was released on October 20, 2004.[47] Consequently, version numbers for future versions are provisional; if the release is delayed until a different month to that planned, the version number changes accordingly.

Ubuntu releases are also given code names, using an adjective and an animal with the same first letter e.g: "Dapper Drake" and "Intrepid Ibex". With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer. Commonly, Ubuntu releases are referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name.[48]

Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases, which are in turn about one month after releases of X.org. Consequently, every Ubuntu release comes with a newer version of both GNOME and X. Release 6.06 (Dapper Drake)—and recently 8.04 (Hardy Heron)—have been labeled as a Long Term Support (LTS), to indicate support with updates for three years on the desktop and five years on the server, with paid technical support available from Canonical Ltd.[49] Ubuntu 8.10 Desktop was released in 2008. It includes the latest enhancements and is maintained until 2010.

Variants

Kubuntu is an official fork of the Ubuntu distribution which uses KDE rather than Gnome.
See also: List of Ubuntu-based distributions

Several official and unofficial Ubuntu variants exist. These Ubuntu variants simply install a set of packages different from the original Ubuntu, but, since they draw additional packages and updates from the same repositories as Ubuntu, all of the same software is available for each of them. Unofficial variants and derivatives are not controlled or guided by Canonical and are generally forks with different goals in mind. These different versions correspond to development efforts run by largely separate groups of people who try to bring different functionalities to the distribution, such as increased stability and/or usability for differing end-user needs implemented through various default program configurations and user interface customizations. The "fully supported" Ubuntu derivatives include:[50]

  • Kubuntu, a desktop distribution using KDE rather than GNOME
  • Edubuntu, a distribution designed for classrooms using GNOME
  • Ubuntu Server Edition
  • Xubuntu, a "lightweight" distribution based on the Xfce desktop environment instead of GNOME, designed to run better on low-specification computers

Other Ubuntu distributions developed or otherwise recognized by Canonical include:[50]

Other related derivative distributions include:

  • Easy Peasy (formerly Ubuntu Eee) - an operating system for netbooks based on Ubuntu
  • Super Ubuntu - a remaster of Ubuntu with usability as the main focus
  • Linux Mint - a distribution that includes desktop improvements and proprietary software/drivers, with a focus on making things work out of the box.
  • Wubi Ubuntu - Ubuntu with an installer (Wubi), making it possible to install Ubuntu "within" Windows
  • Portable Ubuntu for Windows - makes it possible to run Ubuntu within Windows (as an application), uses CoLinux

System requirements

The desktop version of Ubuntu currently supports the Intel x86 and the AMD64 architectures. Some server releases also support the SPARC architecture[55].[56] Unofficial support is available for the PowerPC,[57] IA-64 (Itanium) and PlayStation 3 architectures.

The minimum system requirements for a desktop installation are a 300 MHz x86 processor, 256 MB of RAM, 4 GB of hard drive space,[58] and a video card which supports VGA at 640x480 resolution. The recommended system requirements for the desktop installation are a 700 MHz x86 processor, 384 MB of RAM, 8 GB of hard drive space,[58] and a video card which supports VGA at 1024×768 resolution. The server installation requires a 300 MHz x86 processor, 64 MB of RAM,[59] and a video card which supports VGA at 640×480. Computers that do not meet the minimum recommended system requirements are suggested to try Xubuntu, based on Xfce.[60]

Desktop & Laptop[61] Server[61]
Required Recommended
Processor 300 MHz (x86) 700 MHz (x86) 300 MHz (x86)
Memory 256 MB 384 MB* 64 MB[59]
Hard drive capacity 4 GB[58] 8 GB[58] 500 MB[59]
Video card VGA @ 640x480 VGA @ 1024x768 VGA @ 640x480

* - With compositing effects enabled

Response

In an August 2007 survey of 38,500 visitors on DesktopLinux.com, Ubuntu was the most popular distribution with 30.3% of respondents claiming to use it.[3]

In January 2009 the New York Times reported that Ubuntu now has over ten million users.[62]

Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005 LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in London,[63] has been favorably reviewed in online and print publications,[64][65][66] and has won InfoWorld's 2007 Bossie Award for Best Open Source Client OS.[67]

Jamie Hyneman, co-host of the television series Mythbusters has advocated Linux (specifically giving the example of Ubuntu) as an alternative to proprietary software, citing software bloat as a major hurdle in proprietary operating systems.[68][69]

Ubuntu has also received negative assessments. Ars Technica reviewed the initial release of Ubuntu 8.04 and concluded that while it was a clear improvement over Ubuntu 7.10, some flaws significantly detracted from the quality of the user experience.[70] Specifically, Ars Technica felt that Transmission (a BitTorrent client) was too simple for BitTorrent power users, that the default search system Tracker was inferior to Beagle and that the PulseAudio configuration that shipped was buggy[70] (a view shared by PulseAudio creator Lennart Poettering, who states, "Ubuntu didn't exactly do a stellar job [adopting PulseAudio]. They didn't do their homework"[71]). PC World criticized the lack of an integrated desktop effects manager, although this did not prevent them from naming Ubuntu the "best all-around Linux distribution available today".[72] ChannelWeb criticized the Wubi installer in 8.04, noting that it hung after the installation was complete.[73] ChannelWeb also noted that while they were able to connect to Microsoft Active Directories, the process was not seamless.[73] In their preview of Ubuntu 8.04 InfoWorld stated that they felt Brasero's CD/DVD burning was lacklustre as compared to similar pay-to-use programs available for Windows or Mac OS X.[74]

See also

Template:Fossportal Template:Linuxportal

References

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  70. ^ a b Paul, Ryan (2008-05-07). "The heron has landed: a review of Ubuntu 8.04". Ars Technica. Condé Nast Publications. Retrieved 2008-06-08. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  71. ^ Lennart Poettering. "PulseAudio FUD".
  72. ^ Strohmeyer, Robert (2008-06-02). "Desktop Linux Face-Off: Ubuntu 8.04 vs. Fedora 9". PC World. International Data Group. Retrieved 2008-08-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  73. ^ a b Rashid, Fahmida Y. (2008-04-24). "Review: Why Ubuntu 'Hardy Heron' Wins Laurels". ChannelWeb. United Business Media LLC. Retrieved 2008-06-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  74. ^ McAllister, Neil (2008-03-24). "Ubuntu 8.04 beta: an agile upgrade: The latest build of everyone's favorite open source desktop OS features better performance, Active Directory integration, and seamless installation from Windows". InfoWorld. International Data Group. Retrieved 2008-06-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)

Further reading

  • Grant, Rickford. Ubuntu Linux for Non-Geeks. p. 464. ISBN 1593271182.
  • Hill, Benjamin Mako. The Official Ubuntu Book. p. 320. ISBN 0132435942. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Hudson, Andrew. Ubuntu Unleashed. p. 800. ISBN 0672329093. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Keir, Thomas. Beginning Ubuntu Linux: From Novice to Professional. p. 608. ISBN 1590596277.
  • Oxer, Jonathan. Ubuntu Hacks : Tips & Tools for Exploring, Using, and Tuning Linux. p. 447. ISBN 0596527209. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • von Hagen, William. Ubuntu Linux Bible. p. 744. ISBN 0470038993.
  • Moving to Ubuntu Linux. p. 464. ISBN 032142722X.
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