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The event turned violent after protesters clashed with [[counterprotest]]ers. On the morning of August 12, Virginia governor [[Terry McAuliffe]] declared a [[state of emergency]] stating that public safety could not be safeguarded without additional powers. Within an hour, the [[Virginia State Police]] declared the [[unlawful assembly|assembly to be unlawful]]. Two hours later, a man with links to white-supremacist groups rammed his car into a crowd of counterprotesters, killing one person and injuring 19.<ref name="HeimWaPo"/><ref name="nyt-fields">{{cite news | work = New York Times | date = August 13, 2017 | first1 = Jonah | last1 = Bromwich | first2=Alan|last2=Blinder|title = What We Know About James Alex Fields, Driver Charged in Charlottesville Killing | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/13/us/james-alex-fields-charlottesville-driver-.html}}</ref> [[United States Attorney General]] [[Jeff Sessions]] denounced the act as [[domestic terrorism in the United States|domestic terrorism]] and started a [[civil rights]] investigation to determine if it will be tried in court as a [[hate crime]].<ref name="nyt-sessions">{{cite web|last1=Sullivan|first1=Eileen|title=Sessions Says 'Evil Attack' in Virginia Is Domestic Terrorism|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/us/politics/domestic-terrorism-sessions.html|website=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=August 14, 2017}}</ref> An additional nineteen people were injured in street brawls and other violent acts at the rally.<ref name="HeimWaPo"/> Two state troopers died in a helicopter crash while monitoring the event.
The event turned violent after protesters clashed with [[counterprotest]]ers. On the morning of August 12, Virginia governor [[Terry McAuliffe]] declared a [[state of emergency]] stating that public safety could not be safeguarded without additional powers. Within an hour, the [[Virginia State Police]] declared the [[unlawful assembly|assembly to be unlawful]]. Two hours later, a man with links to white-supremacist groups rammed his car into a crowd of counterprotesters, killing one person and injuring 19.<ref name="HeimWaPo"/><ref name="nyt-fields">{{cite news | work = New York Times | date = August 13, 2017 | first1 = Jonah | last1 = Bromwich | first2=Alan|last2=Blinder|title = What We Know About James Alex Fields, Driver Charged in Charlottesville Killing | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/13/us/james-alex-fields-charlottesville-driver-.html}}</ref> [[United States Attorney General]] [[Jeff Sessions]] denounced the act as [[domestic terrorism in the United States|domestic terrorism]] and started a [[civil rights]] investigation to determine if it will be tried in court as a [[hate crime]].<ref name="nyt-sessions">{{cite web|last1=Sullivan|first1=Eileen|title=Sessions Says 'Evil Attack' in Virginia Is Domestic Terrorism|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/us/politics/domestic-terrorism-sessions.html|website=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=August 14, 2017}}</ref> An additional nineteen people were injured in street brawls and other violent acts at the rally.<ref name="HeimWaPo"/> Two state troopers died in a helicopter crash while monitoring the event.


In his initial statement on the rally, U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] did not denounce white nationalists by name and said there was "hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides". His statement and subsequent defenses of the statement have been widely criticized.
In his initial statement on the rally, U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] did not denounce white nationalists by name, instead blaming "hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides". His statement, and subsequent defenses of his statement, were widely criticized as implying moral equivalence between the white-supremacist marchers and those who protested against neo-Nazism and white supremacy.<ref name="nyt-boost">{{cite news | work = New York Times | title = Trump Gives White Supremacists an Unequivocal Boost | first1=Glenn|last1=Thrush|first2=Maggie|last2=Haberman|url =https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/15/us/politics/trump-charlottesville-white-nationalists.html | date = August 15, 2017}}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==

Revision as of 23:57, 16 August 2017

Unite the Right rally
Demonstrators and counter-demonstrators at Emancipation Park in Charlottesville on August 12, 2017.
DateAugust 11–12, 2017 (2017-08-11 – 2017-08-12)
LocationCharlottesville, Virginia, U.S.
ThemeProtest the removal of Confederate monuments and memorials from public spaces
Organized byJason Kessler
Casualties
  • 3 deaths
    • 1 killed during vehicle-ramming
    • 2 state troopers killed in helicopter crash
  • 38+ non-fatal injuries
    • 19 injured during vehicle-ramming
    • at least 19 injured in other clashes
Arrests5[1]

The Unite the Right rally (also known as the Charlottesville rally) was a protest conducted by far-right groups in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States from August 11–12, 2017, to oppose the removal of the Robert Edward Lee Sculpture in the city.[2][3] The protesters included white supremacists, white nationalists, neo-Confederates, neo-Nazis, and militias.[3]

The event turned violent after protesters clashed with counterprotesters. On the morning of August 12, Virginia governor Terry McAuliffe declared a state of emergency stating that public safety could not be safeguarded without additional powers. Within an hour, the Virginia State Police declared the assembly to be unlawful. Two hours later, a man with links to white-supremacist groups rammed his car into a crowd of counterprotesters, killing one person and injuring 19.[3][4] United States Attorney General Jeff Sessions denounced the act as domestic terrorism and started a civil rights investigation to determine if it will be tried in court as a hate crime.[5] An additional nineteen people were injured in street brawls and other violent acts at the rally.[3] Two state troopers died in a helicopter crash while monitoring the event.

In his initial statement on the rally, U.S. President Donald Trump did not denounce white nationalists by name, instead blaming "hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides". His statement, and subsequent defenses of his statement, were widely criticized as implying moral equivalence between the white-supremacist marchers and those who protested against neo-Nazism and white supremacy.[6]

Background

The Robert Edward Lee statue in Emancipation Park

The August 11–12 rally was organized to protest the removal of[why?] the Robert E. Lee statue honoring the Confederate general Robert E. Lee in Emancipation Park in Charlottesville, Virginia, which had been renamed from Lee Park in June 2016.[7][8] One organizer, Jason Kessler, also cited the renaming as a reason for the rally,[2][9] as well as free speech and, "making it okay for white people to advocate for themselves because every other group is able to do that."[10] The event was organized by white nationalists, white supremacists, and the alt-right.[11][12][13] However, the Southern Poverty Law Center wrote of Jason Kessler, the event's lead organizer, "Rumors abound on white nationalist forums that Kessler’s ideological pedigree before 2016 was less than pure and seem to point to involvement in the Occupy movement and past support for President Obama... Regardless of Kessler’s past politics, the rightward shift in his views was first put on display in November, 2016 when his tirade against Wes Bellamy began."[14]

Summer rallies in Charlottesville

On May 13, 2017, white supremacist Richard Spencer led the Take Back Lee Park rally, a protest in Charlottesville against the city's plans to remove the statue of Lee. The event involved protesters holding torches near the statue. That same night, a candlelight counterprotest took place.[15]

The Ku Klux Klan held another rally in Charlottesville on July 8.[16] About 50 Klan members and 1,000 counterprotesters gathered at a loud but nonviolent rally; the Klan members left the park after about 45 minutes.[17] In opposition to the rally, the Charlottesville Clergy Collective created a safe space at First United Methodist Church, which was used by over 600 people.[16]

Protesters

The Southern Poverty Law Center wrote that the rally was "shaping up to be the largest hate-gathering of its kind in decades in the United States" and that it was "expected to draw a broad spectrum of far-right extremist groups – from immigration foes to anti-Semitic bigots, neo-Confederates, Proud Boys, Patriot and militia types, outlaw bikers, swastika-wearing neo-Nazis, white nationalists and Ku Klux Klan members."[18]

Among the far-right groups engaged in organizing the march were the clubs of the neo-Nazi website The Daily Stormer,[19] the neo-Confederate League of the South,[17] the National Policy Institute,[20] and the National Socialist Movement.[17] Other groups involved in the rally were the Ku Klux Klan,[3] the Fraternal Order of Alt-Knights,[21] the 3 Percenters,[22] the Traditionalist Workers Party,[21] Identity Evropa,[1] the Oath Keepers,[23] Vanguard America,[21] the American Guard,[24] the Pennsylvania Light Foot Militia,[25] the New York Light Foot Militia,[26] the Virginia Minutemen Militia,[27] the Nationalist Front,[17] the Rise Above Movement,[28] True Cascadia,[29] and Anti-Communist Action.[24]

Prominent far-right figures in attendance included Richard B. Spencer,[30] Baked Alaska,[30] Augustus Invictus,[18] David Duke,[31] Nathan Damigo,[18] Matthew Heimbach,[30] Faith Goldy,[32] Mike Enoch,[30] League of the South founder Michael Hill,[18] Right Side Broadcasting Network host Nicholas Fuentes,[33] AltRight.com editor Daniel Friberg,[34] former Business Insider CTO Pax Dickinson,[35] Daily Stormer writers Johnny Monoxide and Robert "Azzmador" Ray,[35] self-described "white activist" and organizer Jason Kessler,[36] and radio host Christopher Cantwell.[37][38] Gavin McInnes, the leader of the self-described "Western chauvinist" Proud Boys group, was invited to attend but declined because of an unwillingness "to be associated with explicit neo-Nazis."[39] In June, ahead of the rally, McInnes declared that "we need to distance ourselves from them," but "after backlash to the original disavowal flared-up from Alt-Right circles, the statement was withdrawn and replaced with another distancing the Proud Boys from the event yet also encouraging those who 'feel compelled' to attend."[40]

Airbnb cancelled a number of bookings and accounts when it learned that they were being used by attendees at the rally, citing a request that users endorse a commitment to "accept people regardless of their race, religion, national origin, ethnicity, disability, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, or age".[41]

Counterprotesters

Those who marched in opposition to the rally were unified in opposition to white supremacy, but "espoused a wide array of ideological beliefs, preferred tactics and political goals. A large number were ordinary residents of Charlottesville who wanted to show their disdain for white supremacist groups, particularly after the Ku Klux Klan held a rally in the city on July 8".[42] Ahead of the rally, an array of "faith-based groups, civil rights organizations, local businesses, and faculty and students at the University of Virginia" planned counterprotests.[11] In July 2017, the ecumenical and interfaith clergy group Congregate Charlottesville called for a thousand members of the clergy to counterprotest at the rally.[17][43] Groups counterprotesting included representatives from the National Council of Churches,[44] Black Lives Matter,[45] Anti-Racist Action,[46] Antifa,[2] the Democratic Socialists of America,[47] the Workers World Party,[48] the Revolutionary Communist Party,[49] Redneck Revolt,[50] the Industrial Workers of the World,[51][52] the Metropolitan Anarchist Coordinating Council,[53] and Showing Up for Racial Justice.[46][54][55]

University and city preparations

The rally occurred when the University of Virginia was between its summer and fall terms.[56] On August 4, University of Virginia (UVA) President Teresa Sullivan sent an e-mail to students and faculty, which said, "I urge students and all UVA community members to avoid the August 12 rally and avoid physical confrontation generally. There is a credible risk of violence at this event, and your safety is my foremost concern."[57] The University of Virginia Medical Center canceled all elective surgeries and preemptively activated its emergency response plan.[58][59]

Fearing possible violence, the Virginia Discovery Museum and many downtown businesses closed for the day of the rally.[17]

Event timeline

Permit and court cases

Video recorded by event organizer Jason Kessler on August 11 and posted to YouTube after obtaining permission from a federal judge to hold the event

Kessler, the organizer of the "Unite the Right" rally, applied for a permit from the City of Charlottesville to hold the event at Emancipation Park. The week before the event, the Charlottesville government—including Mayor Michael Signer, city council, City Manager Maurice Jones, and Police Chief Al Thomas—said they would approve the permit only if the event was moved to the larger McIntire Park.[17][60] The city's leaders cited safety concerns and logistical issues associated with holding the event at Emancipation Park, adjacent to the densely populated Downtown Mall.[60] Kessler refused to agree to relocate the rally, but the City relocated the rally anyway, a decision praised by the Downtown Business Association of Charlottesville.[60]

Kessler, supported by the Rutherford Institute and the ACLU, sued the City of Charlottesville and Jones on First Amendment grounds in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Virginia. On the evening of August 11, the night before the rally, Judge Glen E. Conrad granted an emergency injunction declaring that the Unite the Right rally could go forward.[61] Conrad granted the injunction for the rally citing several factors: that Emancipation Park was the location for the statue of Robert E. Lee that was planned to be taken down and that the rally was partially for, that resources would be needed at both parks for both the rally and the counterprotestors, and that the move to McIntire Park was due to the viewpoints of the organizer and not the safety of the public.[62][63] The court's decision was praised by the ACLU.[64] Mayor Signer issued a statement saying: "While the City is disappointed by tonight's ruling, we will abide by the judge's decision. ... Chief Thomas, his team and the hundreds of law enforcement officials in our City will now turn their full attention to protecting the Downtown area during tomorrow's events."[61]

Prior to the rally, counterprotesters obtained permit(s) to gather at McGuffey Park and Justice Park.[17][65][66]

August 11

Video recorded by white nationalist marchers on August 11

Tensions increased on the evening of Friday, August 11 when a group of white nationalists—variously numbered at dozens[67] or around 100[68]—marched through the University of Virginia's campus while chanting Nazi and white supremacist slogans, including[56] "White lives matter"; "you will not replace us"; and "Jews will not replace us".[2] The phrase "you will not replace us" has been reported by the Anti-Defamation League to "reflect the white supremacist world view that... the white race is doomed to extinction by an alleged 'rising tide of color' purportedly controlled and manipulated by Jews".[35] The Nazi slogan "Blood and Soil" was also used.[3][67][56][68] The group was primarily composed of white men,[68] many wielding tiki torches.[56][68][69] The white nationalists marched from Nameless Field to The Lawn.[69]

At the Rotunda,[69] the group encountered counterprotesters next to a statue of university founder Thomas Jefferson.[3][56][69] The white nationalists encircled the smaller group of counterprotesters at the base of the statue, and a brawl ensued.[69][68] Several people on both sides were reportedly hit with pepper spray, and several people were treated for minor injuries.[67] The white nationalists "began swinging and throwing their lit tiki torches" amid the chaos.[69]

Meanwhile, clergy led a pre-planned ecumenical Christian and interfaith prayer service at St. Paul's Memorial Church on University Avenue in opposition to the Unite the Right rally.[70][71][72]

Following the outbreak of violence, police declared the assembly to be unlawful and ordered those in attendance to leave the area.[73] The Cavalier Daily reported, "While waiting for rides at Nameless Field after the march, several of the 'alt-right' protesters hurled anti-Semitic, homophobic and misogynistic slurs at several reporters and community members asking them questions. One man asking questions was thrown to the ground and surrounded by marchers after a brief physical altercation."[69] Mayor Michael Signer condemned the gathering, writing the following: "When I think of candlelight, I want to think of prayer vigils. Today, in 2017, we are instead seeing a cowardly parade of hatred, bigotry, racism, and intolerance march."[56]

August 12

Voice of America coverage of an altercation between white nationalists and counterprotestors at the rally

Protesters and counterprotesters gathered at Emancipation Park in anticipation of the rally. White nationalist protesters chanted Nazi-era slogans,[2] including "Blood and Soil".[74] They shouted "You will not replace us" and "Jews will not replace us."[2] Some waved Confederate flags, and others held posters targeting Jews that read "the Goyim know", using the Yiddish word for non-Jews, as well as "the Jewish media is going down".[3] Protesters also shouted racial slurs and "Jew" when Charlottesville mayor Michael Signer was mentioned, and they waved Nazi flags and signs claiming, among other things, that "Jews are Satan's children".[75] Dozens wore Donald Trump's red "Make America Great Again" campaign hats.[3]

Counterprotests in opposition to the white nationalists began with an interfaith, interracial group of clergy who linked arms, prayed, and sang songs of peace. Later in the day, militant groups chanted such slogans as "Kill All Nazis."[76] Anti-racist, anti-capitalist group Redneck Revolt carried rifles. On their website, they issued a "call to arms" and said to rally participants: “To the fascists and all who stand with them, we’ll be seeing you in Virginia.”[77]

Rolling Stone and Moyers & Company reported that Antifa protestors at the Rally "carried sticks and clubs."[78][79] Antifa participants chanted "punch a Nazi in the mouth."[80]

Eyewitness footage of scuffles during event

Beginning in the morning, ahead of the rally's official noon start time,[81] "protesters and counterprotesters faced off, kicking, punching, hurling water bottles at and deploying chemical sprays against one another."[82][83] An estimated 500 protesters and more than a thousand counterprotesters were on the site.[82] At least 19 people were injured in "street brawls" and other violence at the rally.[3]

One attendee making a Nazi salute gesture and another giving the finger.
White supremacists clash with police

At 11:00 a.m., the City of Charlottesville declared a state of emergency, citing an "imminent threat of civil disturbance, unrest, potential injury to persons, and destruction of public and personal property". One hour later, Virginia governor Terry McAuliffe declared a state of emergency, stating: "It is now clear that public safety cannot be safeguarded without additional powers, and that the mostly-out-of-state protesters have come to Virginia to endanger our citizens and property. I am disgusted by the hatred, bigotry and violence these protesters have brought to our state."[2]

At about 11:40 a.m., shortly before the rally was scheduled to begin, Virginia State Police declared the gathering an unlawful assembly via megaphones,[81] and riot police cleared the scene.[84] Following this, "a hard core of about 100 far-right protesters" moved to McIntire Park about 2 miles (3 km) away, where they gathered to hear speakers who had been scheduled for the "Unite the Right" event.[84][85]

Vehicular ramming

Video of the vehicular ramming that killed one person and injured 19

During the rally, at around 1:45 p.m.[86] on August 12, a man drove his car into a crowd of people who were protesting against the rally, injuring 20 people, in what police have called a deliberate attack.[87][88][89] The ramming occurred at a pedestrian mall at Water and Fourth streets (38°01′46.17″N 78°28′46.29″W / 38.0294917°N 78.4795250°W / 38.0294917; -78.4795250).[90] Among the injured, 32-year-old Heather D. Heyer was pronounced dead at the University of Virginia's University Hospital.[91] A paralegal from Charlottesville, she was described as outspoken against all forms of discrimination.[92]

Video footage recorded at the scene showed a gray 2010 Dodge Challenger accelerating into crowds on a pedestrian mall, hitting people and sending them airborne, then reversing at high speed, hitting more people.[3] The moment when the car was driven into the crowd was captured on video by bystanders and in aerial video footage taken by a drone.[93] A photographer present at the scene said the car "plowed into a sedan and then into a minivan. Bodies flew. People were terrified and screaming." Bystanders said it was "definitely a violent attack," according to The Guardian.[84] Of the 19 injured survivors, the University of Virginia Medical Center reported that five were initially in critical condition.[3] By the afternoon of August 14, ten patients had been discharged from the hospital, and the nine remaining patients were in good condition.[94]

Police block the site of the vehicular crash

Shortly after the collision, James Fields, a 20-year-old male resident of Ohio who reportedly had sympathy for Nazi Germany during his time as a student at Cooper High School in Union, Kentucky,[95] was arrested.[87][96] He was charged with second-degree murder, three counts of malicious wounding, and failure to stop following an accident resulting in death, and he is being held without bail at the Albermarle-Charlottesville County Regional Jail.[96][84] Fields was photographed taking part in the rally, holding a shield emblazoned with the logo of Vanguard America, a white supremacist organization. Vanguard America's leaders later stated he was not a member and that "The shields seen do not denote membership" as they were "freely handed out to anyone in attendance".[97] On August 14, Fields was denied bail.[98]

National Security Adviser H. R. McMaster and several U.S. senators have described the ramming as an act of domestic terrorism, as did various commentators.[99][100][101] Late on the night of August 12, U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions said the U.S. Department of Justice would open a civil rights investigation into the incident; federal investigators are investigating whether the suspect "crossed state lines with the intent to commit violence".[102][103] Later, Sessions said the ramming meets the definition of 'domestic terrorism' and that it was "an unacceptable, evil attack."[104]

Heyer's mother said she wanted her daughter's name to become "a rallying cry for justice and equality and fairness and compassion."[105]

Separate GoFundMe pages were set up for the Heyer family and for those injured in the crash; the latter was organized by the Anchorage co-chairman of the Democratic Socialists of America.[106] The UVA Health Foundation created a fund for medical expenses of "patients at UVA Medical Center and Sentara Martha Jefferson Hospital who were injured and impacted by this unwanted violence in our community."[107][108]

Two motorists injured in the vehicle incident have sued the organizers of the event and the driver for money damages.[109]

Helicopter crash

At around 4:40 p.m.[110] on August 12, a Bell 407 helicopter owned by the Virginia State Police crashed 7 miles (11 km) southwest of Charlottesville-Albemarle Airport, killing two Virginia state troopers who were on board. Lieutenant H. Jay Cullen, 48, of Midlothian, Virginia, and Trooper-Pilot Berke M.M. Bates, 40, of Quinton, Virginia, were on the way to assist with security and public safety in the city. The crash is being investigated by the Federal Aviation Administration, National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), and Virginia State Police.[111][112][113][114]

A preliminary report detailing the facts and circumstances of the crash will be available on the NTSB website by September 6, 2017.[115]

Aftermath and reactions

Police handling of rally

In the aftermath of the rally and the car attack, some criticized the police handling of the rally. Claire Gastañaga, executive director of the Virginia ACLU, wrote that "The situation that occurred was preventable" and the ACLU's lawsuit, which resulted in a federal court granting an injunction allowing the rally to go forward at Emancipation Park, "did not cause it."[116] Gastañaga wrote that: "The lack of any physical separation of the protesters and counterprotesters on the street was contributing to the potential of violence. [Police] did not respond. In fact, law enforcement was standing passively by, waiting for violence to take place, so that they would have grounds to declare an emergency, declare an 'unlawful assembly' and clear the area."[116]

Virginia officials defended the police approach to the rally. Governor Terry McAuliffe said that the police did a "magnificent job" and that "We were unfortunately sued by the ACLU, and the judge ruled against us. That rally should not have been in the middle of downtown: to disperse all those people from the park where they dispersed all over the city streets and it became a powder keg. We have to do a better job working with the judiciary. They need to listen to local city officials . ... I am angry that this was not moved to McIntire Park where the city of Charlottesville requested."[116] Charlottesville Police Chief Al Thomas said that while he had "regrets" about planning, police officers had attempted to separate protesters and counterprotesters but were unable to effectively do so, in part because "Unite the Right" participants had failed to follow a previously agreed-upon plan for entering Emancipation Park:[116][117] "We had a plan to bring them in at the rear of the park. They had agreed to cooperate with the plan; unfortunately they did not follow the plan. They began entering at different locations in and around the park."[118]

Vigils and protests

Candlelight vigils and counterprotests took place in many locations including those photographed above: Washington D.C., Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Berlin (top-to-bottom).
'Charlottesville Reflects After Deadly White Supremacist Rally' video from Voice of America published August 16, 2017

On August 13, the day following the rally, anti-hate advocates organized vigils and demonstrations in a number of cities across the country with a variety of goals, including showing support for the people that white supremacists condemn, pushing for the removal of Confederate monuments, and denouncing fascism and actions and statements by the president of the United States.[119] In Brooklyn, demonstrators at the "Peace and Sanity" rally heard addresses by Public Advocate Letitia James and City Comptroller Scott Stringer.[119] In Los Angeles, hundreds gathered on the steps of City Hall to condemn white-nationalist violence and honor those killed.[120]

Richard B. Spencer, who was scheduled to speak at the Unite the Right event, said he was not responsible for the violence, and he blamed counterprotesters and police.[119]

Thousands of anti-Trump protesters marched around Trump Tower, with many shouting "Shame, shame, shame!" and "Lock Him Up!". In response, pro-Trump counterprotesters waved American flags and yelled "Make America White Again" at protesters. [121][122]

Confrontations at the park continued on Tuesday, August 15, with counterprotestors demanding that a North Carolina man in Confederate uniform holding a Confederate flag and semi-automatic rifle leave the park. When police asked him if he would like to leave, he said he would and was escorted to his vehicle.[123]

Kessler's response

On the afternoon of August 13, Unite the Right organizer Jason Kessler attempted to hold a press conference in front of Charlottesville City Hall, but was forced to abandon the conference after being attacked by an angry crowd.[124] Hundreds of people shouted "shame" at Kessler and "say her name" (referring to the woman killed the day before).[125] One man was charged with misdemeanor assault and battery for allegedly spitting on Kessler.[125]

Online responses

Domain registrar GoDaddy demanded that The Daily Stormer move its website's domain to another provider after editor Andrew Anglin described the car-ramming victim in derogatory terms.[126][127] The Daily Stormer then moved to Google Domains on August 14. Google canceled the site's registration for violation of its terms of service just over 3 hours after The Daily Stormer registered for the service.[128][129]

Hacktivist collective Anonymous shut down numerous websites associated with the Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazi groups following the protests.[130] Alt-right website Red Ice TV was also hacked.[131] In a video statement, they claimed that their coverage and support of the rally was the cause of the cyberattack.[131][132] A Discord server frequented by alt-right elements was also taken down.[133]

On Twitter, a group of users identified white nationalist or supremacist marchers from photographs, publicizing at least nine names and identities.[134][135] There was at least one case of mistaken identity; a University of Arkansas engineering professor received threatening messages from Twitter users who mistook him for a similar-looking man at the rally who wore an "Arkansas Engineering" T-shirt.[136][137]

A short film produced by the United States War Department in 1943 entitled Don't Be a Sucker!, which contains anti-racist and anti-fascist themes, "found a new audience" and became a viral online video.[138][139][140]

Political responses

Before the rally, Senator Tim Kaine expressed support for free speech, but he condemned the rally.[141]

Governor of Virginia Terry McAuliffe responds to the events surrounding the Unite the Right rally.

In an address later in the day following the rally, Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffe, flanked by Charlottesville mayor Michael Signer, and Charlottesville's police chief, directly addressed the rally participants: "I have a message to all the white supremacists and the Nazis who came into Charlottesville today. Our message is plain and simple. Go home ... You are not wanted in this great commonwealth."[142] Signer said he was disgusted that white supremacists came to his town and he faulted President Donald Trump for inflaming racial tensions during his 2016 campaign, stating: "I'm not going to make any bones about it. I place the blame for a lot of what you're seeing in America today right at the doorstep of the White House and the people around the president."[143][144]

University of Virginia Center for Politics director Larry J. Sabato, who lives on the university grounds and saw the August 11 march, said that the weekend was among the university's darkest days, stating: "I hope people will put it into context and understand that we had no control over the individuals organizing it, nor the people who showed up. What we can control is our personal and institutional reaction to it. What I saw was pure evil."[145]

German Chancellor Angela Merkel strongly condemned the violence in Charlottesville and said she stood with the counter-protesters who demonstrated peacefully.[146]

President Trump's statements

Main article: Trump Speeches on Unite The Right
First statement
Speaking in New Jersey, President Trump condemns the violence which occurred at the white supremacist rally in Virginia. (Video from Voice of America)

On August 12, Trump spoke on camera from his vacation home in New Jersey, saying "We all must be united and condemn all that hate stands for. There is no place for this kind of violence in America. Let's come together as one!" He said, "we condem in the strongest possible terms this egregious display of hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides, on many sides."[147][148][149] He added, "What is vital now is a swift restoration of law and order."[149]

A spokesperson for Trump later released an addendum to his remarks, stating, "The President said very strongly in his statement yesterday that he condemns all forms of violence, bigotry, and hatred. Of course that includes white supremacists, KKK Neo-Nazi and all extremist groups. He called for national unity and bringing all Americans together."[150] (The statement was re-released after an initial draft released to media outlets such as CNN [on which the typo was noted by Brian Stelter, media columnist and host of Reliable Sources] misspelled "neo-nazi" as "nephew-nazi".)[151]

Because Trump did not specifically denounce white nationalists, white supremacists or neo-Nazis, and the counterprotester side was the only one with any casualties, his "many sides" comment was criticized as insufficient by some members of Congress, from both the Democratic and Republican parties.[148][149][152][153][154] Whereas members of both political parties condemned the hatred and violence of white nationalists, neo-Nazis and alt-right activists, The New York Times noted that Trump "was the only national political figure to spread blame for the 'hatred, bigotry and violence' that resulted in the death of one person to 'many sides'".[155] The decision was reported to have come from White House Chief Strategist Steve Bannon, in fear of repelling alt-right support for the Trump presidency.[156]

The Congressional Black Caucus decried what it saw as Trump's false equivalency and dog-whistle politics, saying "White supremacy is to blame."[152] Republican U.S. Representative Justin Amash and Senators Cory Gardner, Jeff Flake, Orrin Hatch, and Marco Rubio all called upon Trump to specifically condemn white supremacists and neo-Nazis; in a tweet that was retweeted by Flake, Gardner said: "Mr. President – we must call evil by its name. These were white supremacists and this was domestic terrorism."[152][157][158] Virginia Attorney General Mark Herring said: "The violence, chaos, and apparent loss of life in Charlottesville is not the fault of 'many sides.' It is racists and white supremacists."[159] Utah Republican Senator Orrin Hatch, whose brother was killed in action in Europe during World War II, tweeted, "We should call evil by its name. My brother didn't give his life fighting Hitler for Nazi ideas to go unchallenged here at home."[160] Republican senator Cory Gardner called it domestic terrorism in a tweet,[161] and a few hours later Republican senator Ted Cruz wrote on Facebook, "The Nazis, the KKK, and white supremacists are repulsive and evil, and all of us have a moral obligation to speak out against the lies, bigotry, anti-Semitism, and hatred that they propagate." He continued, "Having watched the horrifying video of the car deliberately crashing into a crowd of protesters, I urge the Department of Justice to immediately investigate and prosecute this grotesque act of domestic terrorism."[162]

Former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke responded by saying that Trump should "take a good look in the mirror & remember it was White Americans who put you in the presidency, not radical leftists".[163][164][165] Other white supremacists and neo-Nazis did not object to Trump's remarks. Daily Stormer editor Andrew Anglin said "Trump did the opposite of cuck. He refused to even mention anything to do with us. When reporters were screaming at him about White Nationalism he just walked out of the room."[166]

The NAACP released a statement saying that while they "acknowledge and appreciate President Trump's disavowment of the hatred which has resulted in a loss of life today", they call on Trump "to take the tangible step to remove Steve Bannon – a well-known white supremacist leader – from his team of advisers". The statement further describes Bannon as a "symbol of white nationalism" who "energizes that sentiment" through his current position within the White House.[167][168] Political scientist Larry Sabato,[169] playwright Beau Willimon,[170] conservative journalist David A. French,[171] actor Mark Ruffalo,[170] Democratic U.S. Representative Ted Lieu[170] and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi[172] also called for Bannon's firing. Political commentator Symone Sanders[173] and two former federal government lawyers, Vanita Gupta and Richard Painter, who worked in the administrations of Barack Obama and George W. Bush respectively, called for both Bannon and Deputy Assistant to the President Sebastian Gorka to be fired.[170][174] The Congressional Progressive Caucus and U.S. Representative Bill Pascrell called on Trump to fire Senior Advisor to the President Stephen Miller in addition to Bannon and Gorka.[175][176]

Second statement
Trump makes second statement. (Video from Voice of America)

On August 14, from the White House, President Trump said:

To anyone who acted criminally in this weekend's racist violence, you will be held fully accountable. Justice will be delivered. [...] Racism is evil. And those who cause violence in its name are criminals and thugs, including the K.K.K., neo-Nazis, white supremacists and other hate groups that are repugnant to everything we hold dear as Americans.[177][178]

Trump had reportedly been reluctant to issue this statement, believing that his initial statement was adequate, but he was persuaded to speak again by White House Chief of Staff John F. Kelly.[179]

Richard B. Spencer dismissed Trump's second statement as "hollow" and he also said that he believed that Trump had not denounced either the alt-right movement or white nationalism.[180][181] South Carolina Senator Tim Scott (one of three African Americans serving in the U.S. Senate, and the only Republican among the three), also said that the firmer second statement came too late;[182][183] the Los Angeles Times editorial board wrote that "Trump's first response to Charlottesville was tepid and mealy mouthed. His second was too late."[184] NAACP president Cornell William Brooks said Trump's second statement stuck to a "rhetorical minimum" of a condemnation, and "gave the impression that the President was trying to have his hate cake and eat it too".[185]

Trump later tweeted "Made additional remarks on Charlottesville and realize once again that the #Fake News Media will never be satisfied...truly bad people!"[186]

Third statement
Trump makes third statement (begins at 07:20 into the video) published by the White House.

On August 15, Trump appeared before the media from his home at Trump Tower in New York City, to give prepared remarks about the state of the U.S. infrastructure and other economic issues; the conclusive Q&A part of the press conference was mainly about the Charlottesville events.[187] He defended his August 12 statement and again said that there was "blame on both sides." He also defended his advisor Steve Bannon, and accused the media of unfair treatment of the rally′s participants. Trump said: "Not all of those people were neo-Nazis, believe me. Not all of those people were white supremacists by any stretch."[188] Trump also said that there were "very fine people on both sides".[189] Trump criticized what he called the "very, very violent″ alt-left, a group that, he said, ″came charging in without a permit″.[190][188][191] He also said that the push to remove Confederate statues was an attempt to ″change history″.[192]

Bannon reportedly viewed the press conference as a "defining moment", where Trump chose to jettison the "globalists" and align himself with "his people", and was "proud of how [Trump] stood up to the braying mob of reporters."[193]

According to Princeton University historian Kevin M. Kruse, there is a historical "false equivalency" precedent to blaming "both sides" in disputes over race relations. Kruse notes that segregationist politicians often equated white supremacists with the civil rights movement, condemning both the KKK and the NAACP.[194] Various historians also questioned Trump's suggestion that the individuals calling for the removal of confederate monuments would next demand the removal of figures like George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.[195] Harvard historian Annette Gordon-Reed noted that Washington and Jefferson were imperfect men who are notable for creating the United States, whereas the sole historical significance of figures such as Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis is that they went to war with the United States.[195] Other historians noted that some wanted the confederate monuments moved to museums where the monuments could be appropriately contextualized.[195]

More than 60 Republican and Democratic members of Congress condemned Trump's remarks in the press conference. Among those criticizing Trump were Senators Bernie Sanders, John McCain, Tim Scott, Susan Collins, Chuck Schumer, Cory Booker, Elizabeth Warren, Jeff Flake, Orrin Hatch, Heidi Heitkamp, Claire McCaskill, Dean Heller and Tammy Duckworth, and House members Robert C. "Bobby" Scott, Don Beyer, Barbara Comstock, Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, Will Hurd and Gerry Connolly, as well as Ohio Governor John Kasich and former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney). House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi said, "The president's continued talk of blame 'on many sides' ignores the abhorrent evil of white supremacism..." Speaker of the House Paul Ryan stated, "We must be clear. White supremacy is repulsive. This bigotry is counter to all this country stands for. There can be no moral ambiguity."[196]

On August 16, Representatives Jerrold Nadler of New York, Pramila Jayapal of Washington State and Bonnie Watson Coleman of New Jersey unveiled a resolution that the three House Democrats co-authored, which would censure Trump for his "inadequate response to the violence," his "failure to immediately and specifically name and condemn the white supremacist groups responsible for actions of domestic terrorism," and for employing chief strategist Steve Bannon and national security aide Sebastian Gorka despite their “ties to white supremacist movements.”[197]

Resignations from and dissolution of presidential advisory councils

Kenneth Frazier, the CEO of Merck, resigned from the President's American Manufacturing Council on August 14, in reaction to the President's response to the rally.[198] Trump quickly responded by attacking Frazier on Twitter.[199] Frazier received widespread support from major figures in politics, media and business, and several commentators noted that it took Trump only minutes to condemn Frazier, but it took him several days to denounce the neo-Nazis and white supremacists who marched in Charlottesville.[200] Under Armour founder and CEO Kevin Plank and Intel chief executive Brian Krzanich also resigned from the council that same day, followed by the resignations of AFL–CIO president Richard Trumka, economist and former AFL–CIO deputy chief of staff Thea Lee, and Alliance for American Manufacturing president Scott Paul on August 15.[201][202][203] The following morning, two more CEOs—Denise Morrison of Campbell Soup and Inge Thulin of 3M—announced that they would resign from American Manufacturing Council.[204] Wal-Mart CEO Doug McMillon also directly criticized Trump's leadership,[204] saying Trump "missed a critical opportunity to help bring our country together."[205]

On August 16, after the members of the advisory councils moved to disband, Trump dissolved both councils.[204] Stanford Graduate School of Business professor Anat R. Admati said that Trump's equivocations on white nationalist hate groups had "put them in a very difficult position" and caused critical damage to the president's relationship with corporate leaders.[204]

Religious responses

The General Secretary of the World Council of Churches, Olav Fykse Tveit, stated that "Terror and violence against peaceful people seeking justice in Charlottesville must be condemned by all...We are proud of moral leadership by clergy and lay people standing against this promotion of racism and white supremacy."[206]

Bruce Ough, the President of the Council of Bishops of the United Methodist Church, stated:[207]

Let there be no excuses or political justification for the evil that was on full display in Charlottesville last Saturday. Nor, let us forget that many such displays of white supremacy, racism and hatred go un-reported or under-reported in many places. White supremacist and neo-Nazi ideologies are abhorrent and entirely inconsistent with the Christian faith.[207]

Statue removals

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials

Following the violence in Charlottesville, Confederate statues were removed from several locations across the United States. In Baltimore, the city's four Confederate statutes were removed on the night of August 15-16; Mayor Catherine Pugh said that she had ordered the overnight removals to preserve public safety.[208][209] In Durham, North Carolina, several protesters toppled a statue outside the Old Durham County Courthouse; four activists were arrested in connection with the toppling.[210] In Lexington, Kentucky, Mayor Jim Gray asked the city council to approve the relocation of two statues from a courthouse.[211][212] A plaque in Montreal that was installed a HBC store commemorating Jefferson Davis' brief stay in the city by the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1957 was removed following the rally,[213] but the retailer did not state the reason for the removal.

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See also

External links

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