Help:IPA/Galician

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Galician on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Galician in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Galician language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters

See Galician phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Galician.

Consonants
IPA	Examples	English approximation
b	baixo, vivir, weber	best
β	abaixo, vivir^[1]	between baby and bevy
d	dedo	dice
ð	dedo^[1] (dial. fazer)	other
f	faro, nafta, Philip	face
ɡ	galego	ago
ɣ	galego^[1]	between ago and ahold
ɟ	lle, brillo	argue
k	cor, quen, quad, kelvin	scan
l	lúa, ballet	luck
m	ama, lamber	mate
ɱ	ninfa	nymph
n	ano, pensa	not
ŋ	unha, longo, un, yang, ítem	singer
ɲ	uña	onion
p	pés	spouse
θ	zoo, dez, facer,^[2] theta	thing
r	ría, parra	trilled r
ɾ	fría, para, ar	US atom
s	seu, casa, este	between sip and ship (retracted)^[3]
ʃ	xente, flash, beige (dial. as, dez)	ship
t	tempo	stand
tʃ	chave	catch
v	afgano^[4]	of
z	mesmo^[4] (dial. fazer, casa)	between zone and genre (retracted)^[3]
Dialectal consonants
IPA	Examples	English approximation
ħ	ghato, trigho^[5]	hat
ʒ	gente, queijo^[6]	genre

Non-native consonants
dʒ	joule, gin, adagio	joke
h	hippy	hook
ts	tsar, pizza, hertz	between cats and catch (retracted)
x	kharxa, Bach^[7]	loch

Vowels
IPA	Examples	English approximation
a	cadro, má	art
aː	ra, á^[8]	father
ɛ	feltro, café	set
e	selo, télex	they
i	lima, dial, río, oïades	ski
ɔ	ovo, abiótico, ao fin	off
o	avoa, avó	story
u	mula, dual, rúa, argüír	ruler
Unstressed word-final vowels^[9]
ɐ	hora, na	unrest
ɪ	onte, se	toolkit
ʊ	niño, termonuclear, do	output

Semivowels
IPA	Examples	English approximation
j	saia, cilio, pai, spray	yet / boy
w	tenue, bilingüe, pau, watt	switch / cow

Suprasegmentals
IPA	Examples	Explanation
ˈ	Arousa [aˈɾowsɐ]	primary stress
ˌ	Vilamarín [ˌbilɐmaˈɾiŋ]	secondary stress
.	rías [ˈri.ɐs]	syllable break

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are approximants [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] (frequently represented without the undertacks) except after a pause, a nasal, or, for /d/, [l], where they are stops [b, d, ɡ].
^ /θ/ merges with /s/ in western dialects.
^ ^a ^b The alveolar sibilants [s, z] are realized as laminal in some dialects, much like the ordinary alveolar sibilants found in French, German, Mandarin Chinese as well as the Slavic languages (Regueira (1996:82)).
^ ^a ^b [v], [z] and [ʒ] are allophones of /f/, /s/ and /ʃ/, respectively, before voiced consonants.
^ In some dialects, /ɡ/ is spirantized to [ħ ~ ʕ] or [h ~ ɦ] in a phonological process known as gheada. For simplicity, this process is resepresented here with [ħ] only.
^ Voiced sibilants like /z/ and /ʒ/ are typically present in the Lower Limia area (Fernández Rei 1991:193).
^ /x/ may be used in loanwords, foreign names and hispanicized names like kharxa, Bach, Araújo (instead of Araúxo, pron. with [ʃ]) and Fagilde or Fajilde (instead of Faxilde, pron. with [ʃ]).
^ Freixeiro Mato (2006).
^ There are only three unstressed word-final vowels in Galician: [ɐ, ɪ, ʊ]. The first one is phonemically /a/, whereas the other two vowels are a result of the neutralizations of, respectively, the non-open front vowels /ɛ–e–i/ and the non-open back vowels /ɔ–o–u/. This neutralization also applies to unstressed monosyllabic words; for instance, the article o is pronounced [ʊ]. In some cases, vowels from the final unstressed set appear in other positions, as e.g. in the word termonuclear [ˌtɛɾmʊnukleˈaɾ], because the prefix termo- is pronounced [ˈtɛɾmʊ] (Freixeiro Mato (2006:112), Regueira (2010:13–14, 21)).

References

Freixeiro Mato, Xosé Ramón (2006), Gramática da lingua galega (in Galician) (2 ed.), Vigo: Edicións A Nosa Terra, ISBN 9788483410608
Regueira, Xosé Luís (2010), Dicionario de pronuncia da lingua galega (PDF) (in Galician), A Coruña: Real Academia Galega, ISBN 978-84-87987-77-9
Fernández Rei, Francisco (1991), Las consonantes fricativas de la lengua gallega, Figura 1. Mapa de los sistemas del seseo en la lengua gallega. (PDF) (in Spanish)

External links

"Dicionario de pronuncia da lingua galega". Ilg.usc.es.

[lenition-1] /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are approximants [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] (frequently represented without the undertacks) except after a pause, a nasal, or, for /d/, [l], where they are stops [b, d, ɡ].

[seseo-2] /θ/ merges with /s/ in western dialects.

[laminalsibilants-3] The alveolar sibilants [s, z] are realized as laminal in some dialects, much like the ordinary alveolar sibilants found in French, German, Mandarin Chinese as well as the Slavic languages (Regueira (1996:82)).

[v/z/ʒ-4] [v], [z] and [ʒ] are allophones of /f/, /s/ and /ʃ/, respectively, before voiced consonants.

[5] In some dialects, /ɡ/ is spirantized to [ħ ~ ʕ] or [h ~ ɦ] in a phonological process known as gheada. For simplicity, this process is resepresented here with [ħ] only.

[6] Voiced sibilants like /z/ and /ʒ/ are typically present in the Lower Limia area (Fernández Rei 1991:193).

[7] /x/ may be used in loanwords, foreign names and hispanicized names like kharxa, Bach, Araújo (instead of Araúxo, pron. with [ʃ]) and Fagilde or Fajilde (instead of Faxilde, pron. with [ʃ]).

[8] Freixeiro Mato (2006).

[9] There are only three unstressed word-final vowels in Galician: [ɐ, ɪ, ʊ]. The first one is phonemically /a/, whereas the other two vowels are a result of the neutralizations of, respectively, the non-open front vowels /ɛ–e–i/ and the non-open back vowels /ɔ–o–u/. This neutralization also applies to unstressed monosyllabic words; for instance, the article o is pronounced [ʊ]. In some cases, vowels from the final unstressed set appear in other positions, as e.g. in the word termonuclear [ˌtɛɾmʊnukleˈaɾ], because the prefix termo- is pronounced [ˈtɛɾmʊ] (Freixeiro Mato (2006:112), Regueira (2010:13–14, 21)).

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[3]

[4]

[5]

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Notes

References

See also

External links