Help:IPA/Basque
< Help:IPA
 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Basque on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Basque in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Basque language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See Basque dialects for a more thorough discussion of regional variation.
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Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c Lenition of /b d g/ occurs in regular speech in most Southern Basque dialects. Hualde (1991:99-100).
- ^ Silent in Southern Basque dialects.
- ^ The realisation of the grapheme j varies depending on dialect and can be [j, ʝ, ɟ, dʒ, ʒ, ʃ, χ]. The last, resembling Scottish English loch, is typical of Gipuzkoan, and it has also become common in eastern varieties of Biscayan and the Sakana variety of the Upper Navarrese. However, the standard pronunciation ruled by Euskaltzaindia is [j], and is the one followed in this help.
- ^ Euskaltzaindia. "Ñ Letra". Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ^ The double rr is pronounced as a trill [r] in Southern Basque dialects but is often a guttural [ʁ] in Northern Basque dialects, especially among younger speakers. Trask (1978:77) Egurtzegi & Carignan (2020:2794, 2800).
- ^ a b c d e f g Basque contrasts two consonants that sound similar to the /s/ of Englishː /s̻/, which is laminal, and /s̺/, which is apical. /ts̻/ and /ts̺/ are contrasted the same way. The contrast between /s̻, ts̻/, /s̺, ts̺/ and /ʃ, tʃ/ is similar to the contrast between /s, ts/, /ʂ, tʂ/ and /ɕ, tɕ/ in Polish.
- ^ Only occurring in Souletin.
- ^ These dialects include Southern England (including Received Pronunciation), English Midlands, Australian, New Zealand, the Southern American, Midland American, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Western Pennsylvania and younger Californian English. Other dialects of English, such as most other forms of American English, Northern England English, Welsh English, Scottish English and Irish English, have no close equiavalent vowel.
- ^ Stress in Basque is complex and varies between regions, the Euskaltzaindia broadly recommends high-pitched weak stress on the second syllable of a syntagma.
- ^ Secondary stress is low-pitched and weaker than primary stress, with the recommendation being for it to be the last syllable broadly speaking.
References
[edit]- Egurtzegi, Ander; Carignan, Christopher (April 2020). "An acoustic description of Mixean Basque". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 147 (4): 2791–2802. doi:10.1121/10.0000996.
- Hualde, José Ignacio (1991), Basque Phonology, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-05655-1
- Saltarelli, Mario (1988), Basque, Croom Helm, ISBN 0-415-03681-X
- Trask, Larry (June 1978). "Basque (Western Low Navarrese dialect)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 8 (1–2): 75–79. doi:10.1017/S0025100300001754. JSTOR 44541406.
- Trask, Larry (1997), The History of Basque, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-13116-2