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His Eminence

Pietro Parolin

OMRI
Cardinal Secretary of State
Cardinal Parolin in July 2021
Appointed15 October 2013
PredecessorTarcisio Bertone SDB
Other post(s)Cardinal-Bishop of Santi Simone e Giuda Taddeo a Torre Angela
Member of the Council of Cardinal Advisers
Previous post(s)Apostolic Nuncio to Venezuela (2009–2013)
Titular Archbishop of Aquipendium (2009–2014)
Orders
Ordination27 April 1980
by Arnoldo Onisto
Consecration12 September 2009
by Benedict XVI
Created cardinal22 February 2014
by Francis
RankCardinal-Bishop
Personal details
Born (1955-01-17) 17 January 1955 (age 69)
Schiavon, Veneto, Italy
DenominationRoman Catholicism
Alma materPontifical Gregorian University
Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy
MottoQuis nos separabit a caritate Christi?
(Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?)
Coat of armsPietro Parolin's coat of arms
Ordination history of
Pietro Parolin
History
Priestly ordination
Ordained byBishop Arnoldo Onisto
Date27 April 1980
Episcopal consecration
Principal consecratorPope Benedict XVI
Co-consecratorsTarcisio Bertone, SDB
William Joseph Levada
Date12 September 2009
Cardinalate
Elevated byPope Francis
Date22 February 2014
Episcopal succession
Bishops consecrated by Pietro Parolin as principal consecrator
Aldo Giordano14 December 2013
Hubertus van Megen17 May 2014
Marek Zalewski31 May 2014
Wojciech Załuski9 August 2014
Joël Mercier19 March 2015
Paolo Rocco Gualtieri30 May 2015
Piergiorgio Bertoldi2 June 2015
Alberto Ortega Martín10 October 2015
Pierantonio Pavanello20 February 2016
Paul Tighe27 February 2016
Gábor Pintér15 July 2016
Andrzej Józwowicz27 May 2017
Angelo Accattino25 November 2017
Dagoberto Campos Salas29 September 2018
Marco Mellino15 December 2018
Christophe Zakhia El-Kassis19 January 2019
Gianfranco Gallone19 March 2019
Tymon Tytus Chmielecki13 May 2019
Luís Miguel Muñoz Cárdaba25 July 2020
Ante Jozić16 September 2020
Giovanni Gaspari17 October 2020
Mark Miles25 April 2021
Fermín Emilio Sosa Rodríguez25 June 2021
Gilles Reithinger4 July 2021
Visvaldas Kulbokas14 August 2021
Dieudonné Datonou20 November 2021
Andrea Ripa26 February 2022
Javier Herrera Corona23 April 2022
Jean-Sylvain Emien Mambé7 May 2022
Luigi Roberto Cona2 December 2022
Alejandro Arellano Cedillo25 March 2023
Rolandas Makrickas15 April 2023
Diego Giovanni Ravelli3 June 2023
Gian Luca Perici15 July 2023
Germano Penemote12 August 2023
Styles of
Pietro Parolin
Reference styleHis Eminence
Spoken styleYour Eminence
Informal styleCardinal

Pietro Parolin OMRI (Italian: [ˈpjɛːtro paroˈlin], Venetian: [paɾoˈliŋ]; born 17 January 1955) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church. A cardinal since February 2014, he has served as the Vatican's Secretary of State since October 2013 and a member of the Council of Cardinal Advisers since July 2014. Before that, he worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See for thirty years, where his assignments included terms in Nigeria, Mexico and Venezuela, as well as more than six years as Undersecretary of State for Relations with States.

He speaks native Italian, fluent English and French, and near-native Spanish.[1]

Early life

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Parolin was born in Schiavon, Province of Vicenza, the son of a hardware store manager and an elementary school teacher. He has one sister and a brother. When he was ten years old, his father died in a car accident.[2] After he was ordained on 27 April 1980, he took up graduate studies in canon law at the Pontifical Gregorian University and in diplomacy at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. He entered the Holy See's diplomatic service in 1986 at the age of 31.

He served for three years in the Nunciature of Nigeria where he became familiar with the problems in Christian-Muslim relations.

At the Nunciature of Mexico from 1989 to 1992, he contributed to the final phase of the work begun by Archbishop Girolamo Prigione which led to the legal recognition of the Catholic Church in 1992 and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Holy See and Mexico after 130 years. These negotiations led to Mexico officially shedding the country's secular and anti-clerical imprint, which extended to its Constitution.[2][3]

Working in Rome, he was country director[clarification needed] for Spain, Andorra, Italy, and San Marino.

Undersecretary of State for Relations with States

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Parolin was Undersecretary of State for Relations with States from 30 November 2002 to 17 August 2009.

Parolin has also been at the forefront of Vatican efforts to approve and implement the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). Addressing the International Atomic Energy Agency on 18 September 2006, at its headquarters in Vienna, Parolin referred to this treaty as "the basis to pursue nuclear disarmament and an important element for further development of nuclear energy applications for peaceful purposes." He said: "Since this treaty is the only multilateral legal instrument currently available, intended to bring about a nuclear weapons-free world, it must not be allowed to be weakened. Humanity deserves no less than the full cooperation of all states in this important matter." Concerning international negotiations with respect to Iran's nuclear program, he said "that the present difficulties can and must be overcome through diplomatic channels, making use of all the means that diplomacy has at its disposal and considers necessary to eliminate all the elements which objectively impede mutual trust."[4]

In September 2007 at the opening of the UN he argued that, "We often hear in the halls of the United Nations of 'the responsibility to protect'. The Holy See believes that applies also in the context of climate change. States have a shared 'responsibility to protect' the world's climate through mitigation/adaptation, and above all a shared 'responsibility to protect' our planet and ensure that present and future generations be able to live in a healthy and safe environment."[5]

Parolin represented the Vatican in a variety of sensitive assignments, including trips to North Korea and Vietnam[6] as well as the 2007 Annapolis Conference on the Middle East convened by the Bush administration to revive Israeli-Palestinian peace talks.[7]

As the Vatican's "deputy foreign minister" he dealt with all the sensitive dossiers on the Holy See's relations with Vietnam (he was partly responsible for paving the way to full diplomatic relations between the two) and the legal issues between the Vatican and Israel which remain unresolved. At the beginning of Pope Benedict's pontificate, direct contact was re-established with China.[2]

During his time as undersecretary Parolin scored some significant breakthroughs, such as cementing ties between the Holy See and Vietnam,[8] re-establishing direct contact with Beijing in 2005 and helping secure the liberation of 15 British navy personnel captured by Iranian forces in the Persian Gulf in April 2007.[9]

Nuncio

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Monsignor Parolin during a mass in Caracas, July 2012

On 17 August 2009 Pope Benedict XVI appointed Parolin Titular Archbishop of Aquipendium and Apostolic Nuncio to Venezuela.[10] He was consecrated a bishop on 12 September 2009 by Benedict XVI, with Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone and William Cardinal Levada as co-consecrators. The Venezuela assignment was expected to be difficult, since conflicts between the State and the Church in Venezuela were on the rise as President Hugo Chávez attempted to advance his socialist revolution.[11]

Secretary of State

[edit]
Parolin with US President Barack Obama, 27 March 2014

On 31 August 2013, Pope Francis appointed Parolin Secretary of State, replacing Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone. Parolin took office on 15 October.[12][1]

Parolin became, at 58, the youngest Secretary of State since 1929, when Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII) was appointed to the position at the age of 53. He said: "The pope's initiatives have given the secretary of state an impetus and have also created a new diplomatic momentum." When asked if he would be spearheading a new diplomatic offensive for peace, he noted that it was a complicated question but said, "Yes, I hope that we can recoup" that drive. "We have this great advantage in respect to other churches, to other religions: We can count on an international institutional presence through diplomacy," he said.[13]

On 16 December, Parolin was named to a five-year renewable term as a member of the Congregation for Bishops.[14] On 19 February 2014 he was appointed a member of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches.[15]

Parolin became Francis’ first cardinal when he was made Cardinal-Priest of Santi Simone e Giuda Taddeo a Torre Angela at a papal general consistory on 22 February 2014.[16] He attended meetings of the Council of Cardinal Advisers on a regular basis and in July 2014 became the council's ninth member.[17]

In 2014 Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro invited Cardinal Parolin to mediate talks between his government and opposition in hopes of stemming violence that has killed dozens in the nation's worst unrest in a decade. He asked that Parolin, a former nuncio to Venezuela, be named a "good faith witness" to a dialogue the parties had agreed upon after two months of protests. Venezuela's opposition coalition had indicated that current nuncio, Archbishop Aldo Giordano, would be attending the first formal talks. Henrique Capriles, the opposition's two-time presidential candidate who narrowly lost an election to Maduro the year before, confirmed he would take part in the discussions.[18]

In December 2014 Cardinal Parolin asked the U.S. to find an "adequate humanitarian solution" for prisoners held at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, a reflection of Pope Francis' concern that prisoners be treated with dignity and not be subject to inhumane treatment. Parolin made the request during a Vatican meeting with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry. The Vatican said they discussed the U.S. commitment to closing the facility and that Parolin expressed the Holy See's desire that "favourable attention be paid to finding adequate humanitarian solutions for current inmates".[19]

The Holy See was credited with playing a major role in the reestablishment of U.S.-Cuba relations.[20][21] Parolin moderated the October 2014 meeting between Cuban and U.S. officials as their negotiations neared an agreement.[22] In 2015, Cardinal Parolin was asked whether the normalisation of Cuba – U.S. relations pointed toward a new "golden age" of Vatican diplomacy. He said that "the president of the United States has already thanked the Pope for the support he has given to this important step" and said: "Holy See diplomacy is always there, to help to build bridges". Parolin also said the Holy See's diplomacy "is now more active…(not only) waiting, but also proposing (solutions for peace), since there are so many conflicts."[23]

Parolin called for an intervention in Libya to stop a possible alliance between the country's Islamic government and the Islamic State. Parolin spoke about the chaos there after ISIS beheaded 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians, describing the incident as "terrifying" and the situation "grave". He stressed the need for "a quick response". Parolin added that "any armed intervention must be carried forward under the framework of international law" and "under the umbrella of the United Nations".[24][25]

In May 2015, after the passage of the Marriage Equality Referendum in Ireland, which extended marriage rights to same-sex couples, Parolin said: "I was very saddened by this result. I don't think we can speak only about a defeat for Christian principles, but a defeat for humanity."[26][27] In June 2015, he visited Abu Dhabi to inaugurate Saint Paul's Church in Musaffah, the city's second Catholic parish.[28]

Cardinal Parolin has stressed the importance of continuity. He believes Pope Francis simply tries to guide the church to be the church of Christ and that he is not starting a revolution. He defends the importance of unchangeable dogmas and asserts the relevance of sacred tradition. He said celibacy is a discipline that could be changed but that it cannot simply be dismissed as outdated.[29] In a keynote speech at the Pontifical Gregorian University in February 2016, Cardinal Parolin defended celibacy as a "gift" that must be received and nurtured with "joyful perseverance" and criticized the suggestion that the shortage of vocations be addressed by modifying the requirement of priestly celibacy.[30]

Parolin with Prime Minister of Spain Mariano Rajoy, 14 October 2016

In May 2016 Parolin visited Estonia to mark the 25th anniversary of the reintroduction of diplomatic relations between Estonia and the Holy See. He spoke at the University of Tartu on the precise meaning of their international relations.[31]

Parolin was appointed a member of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments in October 2016.

Following the resignation of Marie Collins from the Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors, Parolin said she quit because she wanted to "shake the tree" in the Vatican. Collins said some members of the Church's administration, the Roman Curia, have hindered and blocked the commission's efforts, naming the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Parolin called the lack of cooperation from some Vatican offices "shameful".[32]

Parolin told Italy's La Stampa the flow of migrants and refugees into Europe is testing "the spirit of solidarity and subsidiarity" of the European Union, and acknowledged the large number of people fleeing to the continent poses a security problem. "Terrorism certainly finds fertile ground in poverty, lack of jobs, and social marginalization", he said, adding that since World War II, Europe has tried to "free itself" from its cultural heritage and values, and this has created a vacuum in which young people cannot find the answers to their existential questions.[33]

In 2017, Parolin became the Vatican's first Secretary of State in 19 years to visit Moscow.[34]

Parolin shakes hands with Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki, 4 June 2018
Parolin shakes hands with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, 2 October 2019

In a 2018 interview, Cardinal Joseph Zen said "Pope Francis does not know the real Communist Party in China, but Parolin should know. He was there [in the Secretariat of State] so many years, so he must know. He may be happy to encourage the pope to be optimistic about the negotiations ... but that's dangerous. Pope Francis needs someone to calm him down from his enthusiasm." He added that "It seems the Secretary of State wants to have a solution anyway. He is so optimistic. That's dangerous. I told the pope that he [Parolin] has a poisoned mind. He is very sweet, but I have no trust in this person. He believes in diplomacy, not in our faith."[35][36] Parolin countered that "no personal point of view can be considered as an exclusive interpreter of what is good for Chinese Catholics" and said: "If someone is asked to make a sacrifice, small or great, it must be clear to everyone that this is not the price of a political exchange, but falls within the evangelical perspective of a greater good, the good of the Church of Christ."[37]

Parolin has been called papabile, a candidate to succeed Francis as pope.[38][39][40]

Pope Francis raised him to the rank of Cardinal Bishop effective 28 June 2018.[41]

In October 2018, Parolin said that Paul VI rejected a version of Humane Vitae that "was limited to a rigorous reaffirmation of doctrine to which Christians and all people were asked to adhere docilely and without reservation". Post-publication debates, Cardinal Parolin said, made it impossible for many people to see its accent on mercy.[42]

In 2019, Parolin defended the Holy See-China agreement on the appointment of bishops. "We signed this agreement to help advance religious freedom, to find normalization for the Catholic community there, and then for all other religions to have space and a role to play in society which is recognized," Parolin told journalists on 3 April. Steve Bannon said that he might lead a lawsuit to compel the Holy See to release the text of the deal under the terms of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.[43]

In 2015 Parolin was ex officio a member of the Commission of Cardinals of the Institute for the Works of Religion. On 21 September 2020, at the end of its five-year mandate a new board makeup was announced, omitting the Secretary of State, thus Pope Francis did not confirm Parolin in the role.[44] On 15 October 2020, he confirmed Parolin's membership of the Council of Cardinals.[45]

Following the Taliban victory in Afghanistan in August 2021, Pope Francis appointed him to engage in talks with the Taliban in order to discourage them from taking reprisal measures on civilians who worked with the coalition.[46]

A communiqué from Cardinal Parolin on the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, without naming Vladimir Putin, said that while the worst-case scenario was unfolding, "there is still time for goodwill, there is still room for negotiation, there is still room to exercise a wisdom that prevents partisan interests from prevailing, that protects the legitimate aspirations of all and spares the world the folly and horrors of war".[47] The previous day Pope Francis had urged politicians to make an exercise of conscience before God for their actions over Ukraine, and declared 2 March, Ash Wednesday, as an international day of fasting and prayer for peace.[48]

In May 2022, Cardinal Parolin stated that supplying weapons to Ukraine to help it defend itself is morally legitimate, "There is a right to armed defence in the case of aggression."[49]

In 2023, Cardinal Parolin said there was a need for dialogue with the German bishops after a recent vote in favour of blessing same-sex unions, insisting that the move does not align with official Catholic doctrine, "A local, particular church cannot make a decision like that which involves the discipline of the Universal Church. There must certainly be a discussion with Rome and the rest of the Churches in the world ... to clarify what are the decisions to make," Parolin said.[50]

In July 2023, he visited Armenia and Azerbaijan to promote peace talks between the two states.[51] He participated in the Global Faith Leaders COP28 Summit in Abu Dhabi on 6–7 November 2023,[52] and read the Pope's climate change statement at COP28 on his behalf, the Pope being unable to attend due to ill-health.[53]

On the 2024 Israel–Hamas war, Cardinal Parolin stated Israel had a right to self-defence but this "must be proportional, and with 30,000 dead it certainly isn’t,”. The Israeli Embassy to the Holy See called his remarks, “a deplorable declaration.”[54]

Parolin has said both parties to a deal with Chinese authorities on episcopal appointments hope that it will be renewed for a third time when it expires in late 2024.[55]

Cardinal Parolin visited Ukraine to close a popular Marian pilgrimage, and met with civil and ecclesial authorities amid the Holy See’s continued push for peace. Parolin’s 19–24 July trip marks his first official visit since the Russia invasion of Ukraine.[56][57]

Distinctions

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Povoledo, Elisabetta (31 August 2013). "Pope Appoints Diplomat as Vatican Secretary of State". New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  2. ^ a b c "The talents of the priest and diplomat Fr. Pietro Parolin". Vatican Insider. 30 August 2013. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  3. ^ "Kard. Parolin otrzymał najwyższe odznaczenie Meksyku – Artykuł". Niedziela.pl. 11 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  4. ^ "Holy See Insists on Need for Nuclear Disarmament". Zenit. 5 October 2006. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  5. ^ Parolin, Pietro (24 September 2007). Intervention by the Holy See at the High-Level Event on Climate Change Entitled 'The Future is in Our Hands: Addressing the Leadership Challenge of Climate Change' (Speech). New York: Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 25 August 2016.
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  15. ^ "Pope Confirms Cardinal Sandri as Prefect of the Congregation for Oriental Churches". Zenit. 19 February 2015. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
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  21. ^ "Cardinal Parolin: on Holy See's role in US/Cuba agreement". Vatican Radio. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  22. ^ Yardley, Jim; Piangiani, Gaia (17 December 2014). "Pope Francis Is Credited With a Crucial Role in U.S.-Cuba Agreement". New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
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  24. ^ "Vatican Secretary of State urges 'quick response' to crisis in Libya". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  25. ^ "Cardinal Parolin: Action needed in Libya, but through the United Nations". Vatican Radio. 18 February 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  26. ^ "Vatican says Ireland gay marriage vote is 'defeat for humanity'". The Guardian. 27 May 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  27. ^ "Vatican cardinal calls Irish gay vote 'defeat for humanity'". Financial Times. 27 May 2015. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
  28. ^ "Second catholic church in Abu Dhabi inaugurated". Khaleej Times. 12 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2 December 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
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  30. ^ "Cardinal Parolin: scrapping celibacy is no solution to vocations crisis". The Tablet. 9 February 2016. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
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  32. ^ McElwee, Joshua J. (6 March 2017). "Cardinal Muller responds to Collins and defends not answering survivors' letters". National Catholic Reporter. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  33. ^ "Top Vatican official says Europe in a 'deep malaise'". CRUX. 22 March 2017. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
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  38. ^ "Un Cardenal "papabile" visita México". AFN Tijuana (in Spanish). Agencia Fronteriza de Noticias. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
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  40. ^ Magister, Sandro (4 October 2017). "E dopo Francesco? ecco tre candidati". L'Espresso (in Italian). Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  41. ^ "Rescriptum ex Audientia Ss.mi" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. 26 June 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  42. ^ Wooden, Cindy (19 October 2018). "'Battlefield' of polemics in writing 'Humanae' clouded stress on mercy". Catholic Philly. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  43. ^ "Facing criticism of China deal, Vatican's top diplomat says 'be patient'". Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  44. ^ "IOR: Secretariat of State out of the Cardinals commission - CNA Columns: A Vatican Observer". Catholic News Agency - By Andrea Gagliarducci. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  45. ^ "Resignations and Appointments, 15.10.2020" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. 15 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  46. ^ Glatz, Carol (31 August 2021). "Pope Francis: Afghanistan withdrawal was not completely thought through". America Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  47. ^ "Vatican hopes there's time for Ukraine". The Canberra Times. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  48. ^ "Pope Francis tells politicians to examine their consciences before God over Ukraine crisis". NBC News. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  49. ^ Pullella, Philip (13 May 2022). "Vatican number two says giving Ukraine weapons legitimate, with conditions". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  50. ^ Pope’s top aide says Germany can’t go it alone on blessing same-sex unions
  51. ^ "Pope's top diplomat undertakes quiet peace mission in Armenia, Azerbaijan". 15 July 2023.
  52. ^ Wells, C., Cardinal Parolin underlines Holy See's commitment to climate action, Vatican News, published 7 November 2023, accessed 1 December 2023
  53. ^ McGrath, M., Pope Francis calls for end to fossil fuels at COP28 in Dubai, BBC News, published 2 December 2023, accessed 3 December 2023
  54. ^ "Israel chastises top papal aide for 'deplorable' Gaza remarks". 15 February 2024.
  55. ^ Vatican wants China deal to be renewed
  56. ^ Top Vatican diplomat makes first visit to Ukraine since war
  57. ^ Cardinal Parolin visits war-torn Ukraine
  58. ^ "Dettaglio decorato – Parolin Rev.mo Mons. Pietro" (in Italian). Presidenza della Repubblica. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
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  60. ^ "Apbalvotie un statistika" (in Latvian). president.lv. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
Additional sources
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pietro Parolin.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Pietro Parolin.
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Undersecretary for Relations with States
2002–2009 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Apostolic Nuncio to Venezuela
17 August 2009 – 15 October 2013 		Succeeded by
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Archbishop of Aquipendium
17 August 2009 – 22 February 2014 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the Interdicasterial Commission on Particular Churches
15 October 2013 – present 		Incumbent
President of the Interdicasterial Commission for the Church in Eastern Europe
15 October 2013 – present
Protector of the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy
15 October 2013 – present
Preceded by
titular church established
 Cardinal Priest of Santi Simone e Giuda Taddeo a Torre Angela
22 February 2014 – 28 June 2018
Preceded by
Himself as Cardinal Priest
 Cardinal Bishop of Santi Simone e Giuda Taddeo e Torre Angela
28 June 2018 – present
Political offices
Preceded by Cardinal Secretary of State
15 October 2013 – present 		Incumbent
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