Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
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Ethnographers commonly classify indigenous peoples in the United States and Canada into ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits (called cultural areas).[1] The following list groups peoples by their region of origin, followed by the current location. See the individual article on each tribe or First Nation for a history of their movements. See the List of Native American Tribal Entities for the United States' official list of recognized Native American tribes. The regions are:
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[edit] Canada and United States
[edit] Arctic
[edit] Subarctic
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[edit] California
[edit] Northeast Woodlands
- Abenaki
- Eastern Abenaki: Quebec, Maine, and New Hampshire[2]
- Western Abenaki: Quebec, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont[2]
- Accohannock see Nanticoke
- Algonquian lower Saint Lawrence River
- Anishinaabe (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also Subarctic, Plains)
- Assateague, Maryland[3]
- Beothuk, Newfoundland[2]
- Choptank Indian Tribe, Maryland[3]
- Conoy, Virginia[3]
- Erie, Pennsylvania, New York[2]
- Etchemin Quebec (Maliseet)
- Fox, Michigan,[2] later Iowa, Oklahoma
- Hatteras
- Ho-Chunk, Wisconsin, later Nebraska
- Honniasont, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia
- Hopewell Ohio and Black River region
- Huron/Wyandot Ontario south of Georgian Bay, now Oklahoma and Wendake, Quebec
- Illinois, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri[2]
- Iroquois, Ontario, Quebec, and New York[2]
- Kickapoo, Michigan,[2] Illinois, Missouri, later Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Mexico
- Laurentian/St. Lawrence Iroquoians
- Lenni-Lenape Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, now Ontario and Oklahoma
- Maliseet, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Maine[2]
- Mascouten, Michigan[2]
- Massachusett, Massachusetts
- Mattaponi, Virginia[4]
- Menominee, Michigan and Wisconsin[2]
- Mingo, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia
- Mahican Confederacy, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont[2]
- Housatonic, Massachusetts, New York[5]
- Mahican, Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont[2][6]
- Wappani (Wappinger), New York[5]
- Wyachtonok, Connecticut, New York[5]
- Massachusett, Massachusetts[7]
- Mi'kmaq (Micmac), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec[2]
- Mohegan, Connecticut
- Montauk, New York
- Nanticoke, Delaware and Maryland[2]
- Narragansett, Rhode Island
- Neutral, Ontario[2]
- Niantic, coastal Connecticut[7]
- Nipmuck, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island[7]
- Ocaneechee, Virginia[8]
- Pamlico
- Pasquotank
- Passamaquoddy, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Maine[2]
- Patuxent, Maryland[3]
- Penobscot, Maine
- Pequot
- Petun, Ontario[2]
- Piscataway Indian Nation, Maryland[3]
- Pocumtuc, western Massachusetts[7]
- Pokanoket (Pokanoket Tribe of the Wampanoag Nation), Rhode Island and Massachusetts[7]
- Poospatuck, New York
- Potawatomi, Michigan
- Powhatan, Virginia[3]
- Quinnipiac Connecticut, eastern New York, northern New Jersey, Long Island
- Hammonasset
- Mattabesec
- Mattatuck
- Menunkatuck
- Meriden (tribe)
- Mioonkhtuck
- Naugatuck, New York[7]
- Nehantic
- Paugusset, New York[7]
- Podunk, New York[7]
- Potatuck, New York[7]
- Totoket
- Tunxis, New York[7]
- Wangunk, New York[7]
- Wepawaug, New York[7]
- Ramapough Mountain Indians, New Jersey
- Rappahannock, Virginia[4]
- Sauk, Michigan,[2] later Iowa, Oklahoma
- Schaghticoke, western Connecticut
- Secotan
- Shawnee Ohio,[2] West Virginia, Pennsylvania, later Oklahoma
- Shinnecock, Long Island, New York[7]
- Sissipahaw
- Souriquoian
- Susquehannock, Maryland and Pennsylvania[2]
- Tarrantine (Tarranteen), see Abenaki, Micmac
- Tauxenent, Virginia[4]
- Unquachog, Long Island, New York[7]
- Wampanoag, Massachusetts
- Wawenoc
- Wenro, New York[2]
- Wenrohronon, Pennsylvania and New York
- Wyandot, Huron, Ontario south of Georgian Bay, now Oklahoma and Wendake, Quebec
[edit] Great Basin
- Bannock
- Chemehuevi
- Gosiute Utah
- Kawaiisu
- Koso (Panamint)
- Mono
- Northern Paiute California, Nevada, Oregon [Burns-Paiute], Arizona
- Southern Paiute (Kaibab)
- Paviotso
- Pima
- Shoshone (Shoshoni) Nevada, Wyoming, California
- Timbisha
- Tohono O'odham
- Ute Utah, Colorado
- Washo Nevada, California
[edit] Plateau
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[edit] Northwest Coast
Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
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[edit] Plains
Main article: Plains Indians
Further information: Native American tribes in Nebraska
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[edit] Southeast
See also: List of Indian tribes in Florida
- Abihka, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[9]
- Acolapissa (Colapissa), Louisiana and Mississippi[10]
- Ais, eastern coastal Florida[11]
- Akokisa, Texas southeast coast[9]
- Alabama, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[9], southwestern Tennessee, northwestern Mississippi[10][12]
- Alafay (Alafia, Pojoy, Pohoy, Costas Alafeyes, Alafaya Costas), Florida[13]
- Amacano, Florida west coast[14]
- Apalachee, northwestern Florida[12]
- Apalachicola, Creek Confederacy, Alabama, Florida, Georgia and South Carolina[9]
- Atakapa (Attacapa), Louisiana west coast and Texas southwestern coast[12]
- Atayos - see Adai
- Attacapa - see Atakapa
- Avoyel ("little Natchez"), Louisiana[10][15]
- Backhooks Nation (possibly Chuaque, Holpaos, Huaq, Nuaq, Pahoc, Pahor, Paor, Uca),[16] South Carolina
- Bayogoula, southeastern Louisiana[10][15]
- Bidai, eastern Texas[9]
- Biloxi, Mississippi[10][12]
- Boca Ratones, Florida
- Caddo Confederacy, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas[12][17]
- Adai (Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos), Louisiana and Texas[10]
- Cahinnio, southern Arkansas[17]
- Doustioni, north central Lousiana[17]
- Eyeish (Hais), eastern Texas[17]
- Hainai, eastern Texas[17]
- Hasinai, eastern Texas[17]
- Kadohadacho, northeastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana[17]
- Nabedache, eastern Texas[17]
- Nabiti, eastern Texas[17]
- Nacogdoche, eastern Texas[17]
- Nacono, eastern Texas[17]
- Nadaco, eastern Texas[17]
- Nanatsoho, northeastern Texas[17]
- Nasoni, eastern Texas[17]
- Natchitoches, Lower: central Louisiana, Upper: northeastern Texas[17]
- Neche, eastern Texas[17]
- Nechaui, eastern Texas[17]
- Ouachita, northern Louisiana[17]
- Tula, western Arkansas[17]
- Yatasi, northwestern Louisiana[17]
- Calusa, southwestern Florida[12][13]
- Cape Fear Indians, North Carolina southern coast[10]
- Catawba (Esaw, Usheree, Ushery, Yssa),[16] North Carolina, South Carolina[12]
- Chacato, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama[10]
- Chakchiuma, Alabama and Mississippi[12]
- Chatot (tribe) (Chacato, Chactoo), west Florida
- Chawasha (Washa), Louisiana[10]
- Cheraw (Chara, Charàh), North Carolina
- Cherokee, Georgia, North Carolina, western tip of South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, later Arkansas, Texas, Mexico, and Oklahoma[18]
- Chiaha, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[9]
- Chickahominy, Virginia[19]
- Chickamauga, band of Cherokees in Tennessee and Georgia
- Chickanee (Chiquini), North Carolina
- Chickasaw, Alabama and Mississippi,[12] later Oklahoma[18]
- Chicora, coastal South Carolina[15]
- Chine, Florida
- Chisca (Cisca), southwestern Virginia, northern Florida[15]
- Chitimacha, Louisiana[12]
- Choctaw, Mississippi, Alabama,[12] and parts of Louisiana; later Oklahoma[18]
- Chowanoc, North Carolina
- Creek, Florida, Georgia, southern Tennessee, Mississippi,[12] later Alabama, Oklahoma[18]
- Congaree (Canggaree), South Carolina[10][20]
- Coree, North Carolina[15]
- Coushatta, Louisiana and Texas
- Coharie, North Carolina
- Cusabo coastal South Carolina[12]
- Eno (people), North Carolina[10]
- Garza, Texas, northern Mexico
- Grigra (Gris), Mississippi[21]
- Guacata (Santalûces), eastern coastal Florida[13]
- Guacozo, Florida
- Guale (Cusabo, Iguaja, Ybaja), coastal Georgia[10][12]
- Guazoco, southwestern Florida coast[13]
- Hitchiti, Creek Confederacy, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida[10]
- Hooks Nation (possibly Chuaque, Huaq, Nuaq),[16] see Backhooks Nation
- Houma, Louisiana and Mississippi[12]
- Jaega, eastern coastal Florida[11]
- Jaupin (Weapemoc), North Carolina
- Jobe (Hobe), part of Jaega, Florida[13]
- Jororo, Florida interior[13]
- Keyauwee, North Carolina[10]
- Koasati, Tennessee[12]
- Koroa, Mississippi[10]
- Luca (tribe), southwestern Florida coast[13]
- Lumbee, North Carolina
- Machapunga, North Carolina
- Manahoac, Virginia[22]
- Mattaponi, Virginia
- Matecumbe (Matacumbêses, Matacumbe, Matacombe), Florida Keys[13]
- Mayaca (tribe), Florida[13]
- Mayaimi (Mayami), interior Florida[11]
- Mayajuaca, Florida
- Meherrin, Virginia,[19] North Carolina
- Mikasuki (Miccosukee), Florida
- Mobila (Mobile, Movila), northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[12]
- Mocoso, western Florida[11][13]
- Monacan, Virginia[15]
- Monyton (Moneton, Monekot, Moheton) (Siouan), West Virginia and Virginia
- Mougoulacha, Mississippi[15]
- Muscogee_(Creek), Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, later Oklahoma
- Nahyssan, Virginia
- Naniaba, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[12]
- Nansemond, Virginia[19]
- Natchez, Louisiana and Mississippi[12] later Oklahoma
- Neusiok (Newasiwac, Neuse River Indians), North Carolina[10]
- Nottaway, Virginia,[19] North Carolina
- Occaneechi (Siouan), Virginia[19][23]
- Oconee, Georgia, Florida
- Ofo, Arkansas and Mississippi[12], eastern Tennessee[10]
- Okchai (Ogchay), central Alabama[10]
- Okelousa, Louisiana[10]
- Opelousa, Louisiana[10]
- Osochee (Oswichee, Usachi, Oosécha), Creek Confederacy, Alabama[9][10]
- Pacara, Florida
- Pakana (Pacâni, Pagna, Pasquenan, Pak-ká-na, Pacanas), central Alabama[10], later Texas[15]
- Pamlico, North Carolina
- Pamunkey, Virginia[19]
- Pascagoula, Mississippi coast[15]
- Patiri, southeastern Texas
- Pee Dee (Pedee), South Carolina[10][24] and North Carolina
- Pensacola, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama[12]
- Potoskeet, North Carolina
- Quinipissa, southeastern Louisiana and Mississippi[9]
- Rappahannock Tribe, Virginia
- Saluda (Saludee, Saruti), South Carolina[10]
- Santee (Seretee, Sarati, Sati, Sattees), South Carolina (no relation to Santee Sioux), South Carolina[10]
- Santa Luces, Florida
- Saponi, North Carolina[25], Virginia[19]
- Saura North Carolina
- Sawokli (Sawakola, Sabacola, Sabacôla, Savacola), southern Alabama and Florida panhandle[10]
- Saxapahaw (Sissipahua, Shacioes), North Carolina[10]
- Seminole, Florida and Oklahoma[18]
- Sewee (Suye, Joye, Xoye, Soya), South Carolina coast[10]
- Shakori, North Carolina
- Shoccoree, North Carolina,[10] possibly Virginia
- Stegarake, Virginia[22]
- Stuckanox (Stukanox), Virginia[19]
- Sugeree (Sagarees, Sugaws, Sugar, Succa), North Carolina and South Carolina[10]
- Surruque, east central Florida[26]
- Suteree (Sitteree, Sutarees, Sataree), North Carolina
- Taensa, Mississippi[27]
- Talapoosa, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[9]
- Tawasa, Alabama[28]
- Tequesta, southeastern coastal Florida[10][13]
- Terocodame, Texas and Mexico
- Timucua, Florida and Georgia[10][12][13]
- Acuera, central Florida[29]
- Agua Fresca (or Aqua Dulce or Freshwater), interior northeast Florida[30]
- Arapaha, north central Florida and south central Georgia?[31]
- Cascangue, coastal southeast Georgia[32]
- Icafui (or Icafi), coastal southeast Georgia[33]
- Mocama (or Tacatacuru), coastal northeast Florida and coastal southeast Georgia[34]
- Northern Utina north central Florida[35]
- Ocale, central Florida[36]
- Oconi, interior southeast Georgia[37]
- Potano, north central Florida[38]
- Saturiwa, northeast Florida[39]
- Tucururu (or Tucuru), central? Florida[40]
- Yufera, coastal southeast Georgia[41]
- Yui (or Ibi), coastal southeast Georgia[42]
- Yustaga, north central Florida[43]
- Tiou (Tioux), Mississippi[20]
- Tocaste, Florida[13]
- Tocobaga, Florida[10][13]
- Tohomé, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[12]
- Tomahitan, eastern Tennessee
- Topachula, Florida
- Tukabatchee (Tuk-ke-bat-che), Creek Confederacy, Alabama[9]
- Tuscarora, North Carolina, Virginia, later New York
- Tuskegee, see Creek
- Tutelo, Virginia[19][23]
- Tunica, Arkansas and Mississippi[12]
- Utiza, Florida[11]
- Uzita, Tampa Bay, Florida[44]
- Vicela, Florida[11]
- Viscaynos, Florida
- Waccamaw, South Carolina
- Wateree (Guatari, Watterees), North Carolina[10]
- Waxhaw (Waxsaws, Wisack, Wisacky, Weesock, Flathead), North Carolina and South Carolina[10][24]
- Westo, Virginia and South Carolina[15]
- Winyaw, South Carolina coast[10]
- Woccon, North Carolina[10][24]
- Yamasee, Florida, Georgia[15]
- Yazoo, southeastern tip of Arkansas, eastern Louisiana, Mississippi[10][45]
- Yuchi, central Tennessee,[10][12] later Oklahoma
[edit] Southwest
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[edit] Latin America and the Caribbean
The indigenous peoples of Central and South America are generally classified by language, environment, and cultural similarities.
[edit] Caribbean
[edit] Mesoamerica
[edit] Aridoamerica
[edit] South America
[edit] Andean
[edit] Sub-Andean
[edit] Western Amazon
[edit] Central Amazon
[edit] Eastern and Southern Amazon
[edit] Gran Chaco
- Abipon (verdwenen)
- Angaite (Angate)
- Ayore (Morotoco, Moro, Zamuco)
- Chamacoco (Ishiro)
- Chané
- Chiquitano (Chiquito, Tarapecosi)
- Chorote
- Manjuy (Iyo'wujwa Chorote)
- Iyojwa'ja Chorote
- Chulupí (Chulupe, Nivaclé, Ashluslay, Guentusé)
- Guana (Kaskihá)
- Guaraní
- Bolivian Guarani
- Chiriguano
- Guarayo (East Bolivian Guarani)
- Chiripá (Tsiripá, Ava)
- Pai Tavytera (Pai, Montese, Ava)
- Tapieté (Ñandeva)
- Yuqui (Bia)
- Bolivian Guarani
- Mbayá (Kadiweu, Caduveo, Guaycurú)
- Lengua (tribe) (Enxet)
- North Lengua (Eenthlit)
- South Lengua
- Lulé (Pelé, Tonocoté)
- Maca (Towolhi)
- Mocoví (Mocobí)
- Pilagá (Pilage Toba)
- Sanapana (Quiativis)
- Toba (Qom, Frentones)
- Vilela
- Wichí (Mataco)
[edit] Southern Cone
- Araucanian (Mapuche)
- Chaná (extinct)
- Chandule (Chandri)
- Charrúa
- Chono (extinct)
- Comechingon (Henia-Camiare)
- Haush (Manek'enk, Mánekenk, Aush)
- Het (Querandí) (extinct)
- Huarpe (Warpes) (extinct)
- Kaweshkar (Alacaluf, Halakwulup)
- Mbeguá (extinct)
- Minuane (extinct)
- Puelche (Guenaken, Pampa) (extinct)
- Tehuelche
- Künün-a-Güna (Gennakenk, Gennaken, Noordelijke Tehuelche)
- Küwach-a-Güna
- Mecharnúekenk
- Aónikenk (Zuidelijke Tehuelche)
- Selk'nam (Ona)
- Yamana or Yaghan
- Yaro (Jaro)
[edit] Languages
- For a general discussion, see Indigenous languages of the Americas
- For a grouping of languages by culture area, see Category:Indigenous languages of the Americas.
- (Spanish) Aridoamerican tribes by location
- (Spanish) Mesoamerican tribes by location
[edit] Notes
- ^ "Culture Areas Index". the Canadian Museum of Civilization. http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Sturtevant and Trigger, ix
- ^ a b c d e f Sturtevant and Trigger, 241
- ^ a b c Sturtevant and Trigger, 255
- ^ a b c Sturtevant and Trigger, 198
- ^ Sturtevant and Trigger, 198
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sturtevant and Trigger, 161
- ^ Sturtevant and Trigger, 96
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sturtevant and Fogelson, 374
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Sturtevant and Fogelson, 69
- ^ a b c d e f Sturtevant and Fogelson, 205
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Sturtevant and Fogelson, ix
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sturtevant and Fogelson, 214
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 673
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sturtevant and Fogelson, 81-82
- ^ a b c Sturtevant and Fogelson, 315
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Sturtevant, 617
- ^ a b c d e Frank, Andrew K. Indian Removal. Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. (retrieved 10 July 2009)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Fogelson, 293
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 188
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 598-9
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 290
- ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 291
- ^ a b c Sturtevant and Fogelson, 302
- ^ Haliwa-Saponi Tribe. (retrieved 10 July 2009)
- ^ Hahn 1993
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 598-9
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 78, 668
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hahn 1996, 5-13
- ^ Hann 2003:11
- ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 190
[edit] References
- Hann, John H. "The Mayaca and Jororo and Missions to Them", in McEwan, Bonnie G. ed. The Spanish Missions of "La Florida". Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1993. ISBN 0-8130-1232-5.
- Hahn, John H. A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1996. ISBN 0-8130-1424-7.
- Hann, John H. (2003). Indians of Central and South Florida: 1513-1763. University Press of Florida. ISBN0-8130-2645-8
- Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Bruce G. Trigger, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast. Volume 15. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. ASIN B000NOYRRA.
- Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. ISBN 0-16-072300-0.
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