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Undid revision 915316286 by Debi Prasad Misra (talk) not this again
Updated the chart to reflect the cited reference.
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| {{lang|sa|घ}} || gh || style="text-align: left;" | do'''gh'''ouse
| {{lang|sa|घ}} || gh || style="text-align: left;" | do'''gh'''ouse
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|h}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|x}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ः}} <ref>''[[visarga]]'' - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant</ref> || ḥ || style="text-align: left;" | '''h'''ead
| {{lang|sa|ः}} <ref>''[[visarga]]'' - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant</ref> || ḥ || style="text-align: left;" | '''h'''ead
|-
|-
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| {{lang|sa|झ}} || jh || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like he'''dgeh'''og
| {{lang|sa|झ}} || jh || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like he'''dgeh'''og
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɟ}}{{IPA link|ɲ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|dʑ}}{{IPA link|ɲ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ज्ञ}}<ref> a compound consonant of ज and ञ</ref> || jñ || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like ar'''g'''ue
| {{lang|sa|ज्ञ}}<ref> a compound consonant of ज and ञ</ref> || jñ || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like ar'''g'''ue
|-
|-
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| {{lang|sa|फ}} || ph || style="text-align: left;" | '''p'''an
| {{lang|sa|फ}} || ph || style="text-align: left;" | '''p'''an
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽ}}, {{IPA link|ɹ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|र}} || r || style="text-align: left;" | Indian '''r'''oti
| {{lang|sa|र}} || r || style="text-align: left;" | Indian '''r'''oti
|-
|-
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| {{lang|sa|छ}} || ch || style="text-align: left;" | '''ch'''ew
| {{lang|sa|छ}} || ch || style="text-align: left;" | '''ch'''ew
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʋ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|v}}, {{IPA link|ʋ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|व}} || v || style="text-align: left;" | between '''w'''ine and '''v'''ine
| {{lang|sa|व}} || v || style="text-align: left;" | between '''w'''ine and '''v'''ine
|}
|}
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! [[Sanskrit_grammar#Phonology|IPA]] !! [[Devanagari|Nagari]] !! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<ref name="comp"/> !! English approximation
! [[Sanskrit_grammar#Phonology|IPA]] !! [[Devanagari|Nagari]] !! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<ref name="comp"/> !! English approximation
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPAlink|ɐ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɐ}}, {{IPA link|ə}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|अ}}, {{lang|sa|प}} || a || style="text-align: left;" | comm'''a'''
| {{lang|sa|अ}}, {{lang|sa|प}} || a || style="text-align: left;" | comm'''a'''
|-
|-
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| {{lang|sa|आ}}, {{lang|sa|पा}} || ā || style="text-align: left;" | br'''a'''
| {{lang|sa|आ}}, {{lang|sa|पा}} || ā || style="text-align: left;" | br'''a'''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|i}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|इ}}, {{lang|sa|पि}} || i || style="text-align: left;" | s'''i'''t
| {{lang|sa|इ}}, {{lang|sa|पि}} || i || style="text-align: left;" | s'''i'''t
|-
|-
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| {{lang|sa|ई}}, {{lang|sa|पी}} || ī || style="text-align: left;" | f'''ee'''t
| {{lang|sa|ई}}, {{lang|sa|पी}} || ī || style="text-align: left;" | f'''ee'''t
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|उ}}, {{lang|sa|पु}} || u || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''k
| {{lang|sa|उ}}, {{lang|sa|पु}} || u || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''k
|-
|-
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| {{lang|sa|ऊ}}, {{lang|sa|पू}} || ū || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''t
| {{lang|sa|ऊ}}, {{lang|sa|पू}} || ū || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''t
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽ|ɽɪ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA|ˌ}}{{IPA link|ɽ|ɽi}}, {{IPA|ˌ}}{{IPA link|ɹ|ɹi}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ऋ}}, {{lang|sa|पृ}} || ṛ || style="text-align: left;" | as ''rri''
| {{lang|sa|ऋ}}, {{lang|sa|पृ}} || ṛ || style="text-align: left;" | as ''rri''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽ|ɽiː}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA|ˌ}}{{IPA link|ɽ|ɽiː}}, {{IPA|ˌ}}{{IPA link|ɹ|ɹiː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ॠ}}, {{lang|sa|पॄ}} || ṝ || style="text-align: left;" | as ''rrī''
| {{lang|sa|ॠ}}, {{lang|sa|पॄ}} || ṝ || style="text-align: left;" | as ''rrī''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|l|lɪ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA|ˌ}}{{IPA link|l|li}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ऌ}}, {{lang|sa|पॢ}} || ḷ || style="text-align: left;" | as ''lli''
| {{lang|sa|ऌ}}, {{lang|sa|पॢ}} || ḷ || style="text-align: left;" | as ''lli''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|l|liː}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA|ˌ}}{{IPA link|l|liː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ॡ}}, {{lang|sa|पॣ}} || ḹ || style="text-align: left;" | as ''llī''
| {{lang|sa|ॡ}}, {{lang|sa|पॣ}} || ḹ || style="text-align: left;" | as ''llī''
|-
|-
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| {{lang|sa|ए}}, {{lang|sa|पे}} || e || style="text-align: left;" | w'''ai'''t
| {{lang|sa|ए}}, {{lang|sa|पे}} || e || style="text-align: left;" | w'''ai'''t
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA|ai}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA|aːi}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ऐ}}, {{lang|sa|पै}} || ai || style="text-align: left;" | h'''i'''
| {{lang|sa|ऐ}}, {{lang|sa|पै}} || ai || style="text-align: left;" | h'''i'''
|-
|-
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| {{lang|sa|ओ}}, {{lang|sa|पो}} || o || style="text-align: left;" | '''o'''ld
| {{lang|sa|ओ}}, {{lang|sa|पो}} || o || style="text-align: left;" | '''o'''ld
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA|au}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA|aːu}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|औ}}, {{lang|sa|पौ}} || au || style="text-align: left;" | h'''ow''
| {{lang|sa|औ}}, {{lang|sa|पौ}} || au || style="text-align: left;" | h'''ow''
|-
|-

Revision as of 20:03, 4 November 2019

Template:Contains Indic text

This page contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Classical Sanskrit pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-sa}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.

Key

Consonants
IPA[1] Nagari[1] IAST[1] [2] English approximation
b ब b about
bʱ भ bh abhor
ɕ श ś sheep
d द d do
dʱ ध dh roughly like old house
ɖ ड ḍ roughly like North American board
ɖʱ ढ ḍh roughly like North American birdhouse
ɡ ग g again
ɡʱ घ gh doghouse
x ः [3] ḥ head
ɦ ह h ahead
j य y yak
dʑ ज j roughly like juice
dʑʱ झ jh roughly like hedgehog
dʑɲ ज्ञ[4] jñ roughly like argue
k क k skin
kʰ ख kh kin
l ल l leaf
m म m much
n न n tenth
ɲ ञ ñ canyon[5]
ɳ ण ṇ roughly like burnt[5]
ŋ ङ ṅ bank[5]
p प p span
pʰ फ ph pan
ɽ, ɹ र r Indian roti
s स s soup
ʂ ष ṣ Somewhat like North American worship
t त t Somewhat like stable
tʰ थ th Somewhat like table
ʈ ट ṭ stable
ʈʰ ठ ṭh table
tɕ च c Somewhat like chew
tɕʰ छ ch chew
v, ʋ व v between wine and vine
Vowels[5][6]
IPA Nagari IAST[2] English approximation
ɐ, ə अ, प a comma
aː आ, पा ā bra
i इ, पि i sit
iː ई, पी ī feet
u उ, पु u look
uː ऊ, पू ū loot
ˌɽi, ˌɹi ऋ, पृ ṛ as rri
ˌɽiː, ˌɹiː ॠ, पॄ ṝ as rrī
ˌli ऌ, पॢ ḷ as lli
ˌliː ॡ, पॣ ḹ as llī
eː ए, पे e wait
aːi ऐ, पै ai hi
oː ओ, पो o old
aːu औ, पौ au h'ow
◌̃ ँ ◌̃/m̐ nasal vowel [ɐ̃], [ãː], [õː], etc.)[5]


Suprasegmentals
IPA Nagari IAST[2] English equivalent
ˈ◌ stress[7]
(placed before stressed syllable)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Devanagari consonant letters such as क have the inherent vowel अ a. Thus, क is pronounced ka, even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant k only and do not include the vowel 'a'.
  2. ^ a b c Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919 transliteration.
  3. ^ visarga - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant
  4. ^ a compound consonant of ज and ञ
  5. ^ a b c d e Vowels may occur nasalised as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions: see anusvara and chandrabindu.
  6. ^ Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /əi, aːi, əu, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: [e, ei, o, ou]. Rarely, vowels may be extra-long.
  7. ^ In Classical Sanskrit, stress was predictable by syllable weight: counting from the end of a word, the second-last was stressed if heavy (having a long vowel or a coda consonant); if it was light, the third-last was stressed if heavy; otherwise, stress fell on the fourth-last syllable. Vedic Sanskrit, in contrast, possessed an unpredictable pitch accent.

References

  • Zieba, Maciej; Stiehl, Ulrich (June 9, 2002). "The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit" (PDF). Ulrich Stiehl. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
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