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The common ancestor of all of the languages in this family is called [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]]—also known as Common Aryan—which was spoken in approximately the late 3rd millennium BC. The three branches of the modern Indo-Iranian languages are [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], [[Iranian languages|Iranian]], and [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]]. A fourth independent branch, [[Dardic languages|Dardic]], was previously posited, but recent scholarship in general places Dardic languages as archaic members of the Indo-Aryan branch.<ref name="jain-cardona-2007">{{Cite encyclopaedia| year = 2007 | title = The Indo-Aryan languages | editor1-first = Danesh | editor1-last = Jain | editor2-first = George | editor2-last = Cardona | page = 905 | quote ='Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which ''[..]'' developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian. | isbn = 978-0415772945 | author-first = Elena | author-last = Bashir |author-link=Elena Bashir}}</ref>
The common ancestor of all of the languages in this family is called [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]]—also known as Common Aryan—which was spoken in approximately the late 3rd millennium BC. The three branches of the modern Indo-Iranian languages are [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], [[Iranian languages|Iranian]], and [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]]. A fourth independent branch, [[Dardic languages|Dardic]], was previously posited, but recent scholarship in general places Dardic languages as archaic members of the Indo-Aryan branch.<ref name="jain-cardona-2007">{{Cite encyclopaedia| year = 2007 | title = The Indo-Aryan languages | editor1-first = Danesh | editor1-last = Jain | editor2-first = George | editor2-last = Cardona | page = 905 | quote ='Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which ''[..]'' developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian. | isbn = 978-0415772945 | author-first = Elena | author-last = Bashir |author-link=Elena Bashir}}</ref>


The areas with Indo-Iranian languages stretch from [[Europe]] ([[Romani language|Romani]]) and the [[Caucasus]] ([[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] and [[Talysh language|Talysh]]), down to [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Kurdish languages]], [[Zaza–Gorani languages|Zaza–Gorani]] and [[Kurmanji#Dialect continuum|Kurmanji Dialect continuum]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chatoev |first1=Vladimir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uA5pAAAAMAAJ&q=ezdiki+language |title=Nationalities of Armenia |last2=Kʻosyan |first2=Aram |date=1999 |publisher=YEGEA Publishing House |isbn=978-99930-808-0-0 |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref>) and [[Iran|Persia]] ([[Persian language|Persian]]), eastward to [[Xinjiang]] ([[Sarikoli language|Sarikoli]]) and [[Assam]] ([[Assamese language|Assamese]]), and south to [[Sri Lanka]] ([[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]) and the [[Maldives]] ([[Maldivian language|Maldivian]]), with branches stretching as far out as Oceania and the Caribbean for [[Fiji Hindi]] and [[Caribbean Hindustani]] respectively. Furthermore, there are large diaspora communities of Indo-Iranian speakers in northwestern Europe (the [[United Kingdom]]), North America ([[United States]], [[Canada]]), [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], and the Persian Gulf Region ([[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]]).
The areas with Indo-Iranian languages stretch from the [[Caucasus]] ([[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] and [[Talysh language|Talysh]]) through to Asia, into [[Mesopotamia]] ([[Kurdish languages]], [[Zaza–Gorani languages|Zaza–Gorani]] and [[Kurmanji#Dialect continuum|Kurmanji Dialect continuum]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chatoev |first1=Vladimir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uA5pAAAAMAAJ&q=ezdiki+language |title=Nationalities of Armenia |last2=Kʻosyan |first2=Aram |date=1999 |publisher=YEGEA Publishing House |isbn=978-99930-808-0-0 |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref>) and [[Iran|Persia]] ([[Persian language|Persian]]), eastward to [[Xinjiang]] ([[Sarikoli language|Sarikoli]]) and [[Assam]] ([[Assamese language|Assamese]]), and south to [[Sri Lanka]] ([[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]) and the [[Maldives]] ([[Maldivian language|Maldivian]]), with branches stretching as far out as the Caribbean ([[Caribbean Hindustani]]), Europe ([[Romani language|Romani]]) and Oceania ([[Fiji Hindi]]).
Furthermore, there are large diaspora communities of Indo-Iranian speakers in northwestern Europe (the [[United Kingdom]]), North America ([[United States]], [[Canada]]), [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], and the Persian Gulf Region ([[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]]).


The main languages of these branches are:
The main languages of these branches are:

Revision as of 07:02, 15 March 2023

Indo-Iranian
Indo-Iranic (Aryan)
Geographic
distribution		South, Central, Western Asia and the Caucasus
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
  • Indo-Iranian
Proto-languageProto-Indo-Iranian
Subdivisions
ISO 639-5iir
Glottologindo1320
Distribution of the Indo-Iranian languages
Chart classifying Indo-Iranian languages within the Indo-European language family

The Indo-Iranian languages (also Indo-Iranic languages[1][2] or Aryan languages[3]) constitute the largest and southeasternmost extant branch of the Indo-European language family. They include over 300 languages, spoken by around 1.5 billion speakers, predominantly in South Asia and Greater Iran.

The common ancestor of all of the languages in this family is called Proto-Indo-Iranian—also known as Common Aryan—which was spoken in approximately the late 3rd millennium BC. The three branches of the modern Indo-Iranian languages are Indo-Aryan, Iranian, and Nuristani. A fourth independent branch, Dardic, was previously posited, but recent scholarship in general places Dardic languages as archaic members of the Indo-Aryan branch.[4]

The areas with Indo-Iranian languages stretch from the Caucasus (Ossetian, Tat and Talysh) through to Asia, into Mesopotamia (Kurdish languages, Zaza–Gorani and Kurmanji Dialect continuum[5]) and Persia (Persian), eastward to Xinjiang (Sarikoli) and Assam (Assamese), and south to Sri Lanka (Sinhala) and the Maldives (Maldivian), with branches stretching as far out as the Caribbean (Caribbean Hindustani), Europe (Romani) and Oceania (Fiji Hindi).

Furthermore, there are large diaspora communities of Indo-Iranian speakers in northwestern Europe (the United Kingdom), North America (United States, Canada), Australia, South Africa, and the Persian Gulf Region (United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia).

The main languages of these branches are:

Indo-Aryan (Indic) Branch

  1. Hindi–Urdu (~340 million),
  2. Bengali (300 million),[6]
  3. Punjabi (250 million),[7][8][9]
  4. Bhojpuri (150 million),
  5. Marathi (90 million),
  6. Gujarati (50 million),
  7. Awadhi (40 million),
  8. Maithili (35 million),
  9. Odia (35 million),
  10. Marwari (30 million),
  11. Sindhi (25 million),
  12. Assamese (24 million),
  13. Rajasthani (20 million),
  14. Sinhalese (19 million),
  15. Chhattisgarhi (18 million),
  16. Nepali (17 million),
  17. Bishnupuriya (12 million).[10]
  18. Garhwali (2.5 million),
  19. Kumaoni (2.1 million) as dialects,[11]

Iranian (Iranic) Branch

  1. Persian (110 million),
  2. Pashto (40 million),
  3. Kurdish (35 million),
  4. Balochi (8 million).

There are also many smaller languages.

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The number of distinct languages listed in Ethnologue are 312,[12] while those recognised in Glottolog are 320.[13]

References

  1. ^ D. D. Mahulkar (1990). Pre-Pāṇinian Linguistic Studies. Northern Book Centre. ISBN 978-81-85119-88-5.
  2. ^ Annarita Puglielli; Mara Frascarelli (2011). Linguistic Analysis: From Data to Theory. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-022250-0.
  3. ^ Jadranka Gvozdanović (1999). Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide. Walter de Gruyter. p. 221. ISBN 978-3-11-016113-7.: "The usage of 'Aryan languages' is not to be equated with Indo-Aryan languages, rather Indo-Iranic languages of which Indo-Aryan is a subgrouping."
  4. ^ Bashir, Elena (2007). Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (eds.). The Indo-Aryan languages. p. 905. ISBN 978-0415772945. 'Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which [..] developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian.
  5. ^ Chatoev, Vladimir; Kʻosyan, Aram (1999). Nationalities of Armenia. YEGEA Publishing House. p. 61. ISBN 978-99930-808-0-0.
  6. ^ Thompson, Irene. "Bengali". AboutWorldLanguages. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  7. ^ Sarrazin, Natalie (28 November 2019). Focus: Popular Music in Contemporary India. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-99931-4.
  8. ^ Simpson, David (22 October 2009). "At the Opium Factory". London Review of Books. Vol. 31, no. 20. ISSN 0260-9592. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  9. ^ Magni, Raul. "The Indo Iranian Languages".
  10. ^ "Census of India: Family-wise grouping of the 122 Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Languages -2001". www.censusindia.gov.in.
  11. ^ Edwards, Viv. "Urdu Today". BBC.
  12. ^ "Indo-Iranian". Ethnologue. 2023.
  13. ^ "Glottolog 4.7 - Indo-Iranian". Glottolog. Retrieved 1 February 2023.

Further reading

Look up Indo-Iranian Swadesh lists in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indo-Iranian languages.


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