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* [[1801]]: The [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] merge to form the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].
* [[1801]]: The [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] merge to form the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].
* [[1801]]-[[1805|15]]: [[Barbary War]] between the [[United States]] and the [[Barbary States]] of [[North Africa]]
* [[1801]]-[[1805|15]]: [[Barbary War]] between the [[United States]] and the [[Barbary States]] of [[North Africa]]
* [[1803]]: The [[United States]] buys out [[France]]'s territorial claims in [[North America]] via the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. This begins North America's westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its [[Manifest Destiny]] which involves [[United States territorial acquisitions|annexing and conquering land]] from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans.
* [[1803]]: The [[United States]] buys out [[France]]'s territorial claims in [[North America]] via the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. This begins America's westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its [[Manifest Destiny]] which involves [[United States territorial acquisitions|annexing and conquering land]] from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans.
* [[1804]]: [[History of Haiti#Haiti in the 19th century|Haiti]] gains independence from [[France]] and becomes the first black republic, culminating the only successful [[slave revolt]] ever.
* [[1804]]: [[History of Haiti#Haiti in the 19th century|Haiti]] gains independence from [[France]] and becomes the first black republic, culminating the only successful [[slave revolt]] ever.
* [[1804]]: [[Austrian Empire]] founded by [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]].
* [[1804]]: [[Austrian Empire]] founded by [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]].

Revision as of 04:32, 26 July 2007

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For the periodical, see Nineteenth Century (periodical).

The 19th century (also written XIX century) lasted from 1801 through 1900 in the Gregorian calendar.

Overview

Historians sometimes define a "Nineteenth Century" historical era stretching from 1815 (The Congress of Vienna) to 1914 (The outbreak of the First World War);[citation needed] alternatively, Eric Hobsbawm defined the "Long Nineteenth Century" as spanning the years 1789 (the French Revolution) to 1914.[citation needed] Some other scholars even include the preceding period, starting a Very long 19th century at the American Declaration of Independence.[citation needed]

During this century, the Spanish, Chinese, Portuguese, and Ottoman empires began to crumble and the Holy Roman and Mughal empires ceased.

Following the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire became the world's leading power, controlling one quarter of the world's population and one third of the land area. It enforced a Pax Britannica, encouraged trade, and battled rampant piracy.

Slavery was greatly reduced around the world. Following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain forced the Barbary pirates to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans, banned slavery throughout its domain, and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade. Slavery was then abolished in America and Brazil (see Abolitionism), and serfdom was abolished in Russia

Electricity, steel and petroleum fueled a Second Industrial Revolution which enabled Germany, Japan, and the United States to become great powers that raced to create empires of their own. However, Russia and Qing Dynasty China failed to keep pace with the other world powers which led to massive social unrest in both empires.

Events

Map of the world from 1897. The British Empire (marked in pink) was the superpower of the 19th century.

1800s

1810s

1816: Shaka rises to power over the Zulu kingdom

1820s

1830s

1840s

1850s

The Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean War

1860s

The first vessels sail through the Suez Canal

1870s

1880s

1890s

Significant people

Anthropology

Franz Boas one of the pioneers of modern anthropology

Painters

Liberty Leading the People (1830, Louvre)
Monet's Impression, Sunrise, which gave the name to Impressionism

The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. 19th century painters included:

Music

Ludwig van Beethoven

Sonata form matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the nineteenth century was referred to as being in the Romantic style. Many great composers lived through this era such as Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin, Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner. Others included:

Literature

Main article: 19th century in literature
Charles Dickens
Mark Twain in 1894
Jane Austen
Daguerreotype of Edgar Allan Poe

On the literary front the new century opens with Romanticism, a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism, and it develops more or less along the lines of the Industrial Revolution, with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the steam engine and the railway. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are considered the initiators of the new school in England, while in the continent the German Sturm und Drang spreads its influence as far as Italy and Spain.

French arts had been hampered by the Napoleonic Wars but subsequently developed rapidly. Modernism began.

The Goncourts and Emile Zola in France and Giovanni Verga in Italy produce some of the finest naturalist novels. Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. On February 21, 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto.

There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekov and Fyodor Dostoevsky; the English Charles Dickens, John Keats, and Jane Austen; the Scottish Sir Walter Scott; the Irish Oscar Wilde; the Americans Edgar Allan Poe and Mark Twain; and the French Victor Hugo, Honoré de Balzac, Jules Verne and Charles Baudelaire. Some others of note included:

Science

File:Charles Darwin 1881.jpg
Charles Darwin

The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell. Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles Darwin, who in 1859 published the book The Origin of Species, which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. Louis Pasteur made the first vaccine against rabies, and also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, including the asymmetry of crystals. Thomas Alva Edison gave the world light with his invention of the lightbulb. Karl Weierstrass and other mathematicians also carried out the arithmetization of analysis. Other important 19th century scientists included:

Philosophy and religion

Karl Marx
Friedrich Nietzsche
Otto Von Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor
File:Tokugawa Yoshinobu.JPG
The last shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu in French military uniform
One of the first photographs, produced in 1826 by Nicéphore Niépce

The 19th century was host to a variety of religious and philosophical thinkers, including:

Politics

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Main articles: Timeline of invention § 19th century, and Timeline of scientific discoveries § 1800s

Research became institutionalized at research universities such as the University of Berlin and at corporate laboratories such as Edison's Menlo Park which accelerated the rate at which discoveries and innovations were made.

See also

Decades and years

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