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Central Tibetan

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Central Tibetan
Ü-Tsang
དབུས་སྐད་, Dbus skad / Ükä
དབུས་གཙང་སྐད་, Dbus-gtsang skad / Ü-tsang kä
Pronunciation[wýkɛʔ, wýʔtsáŋ kɛʔ]
Native toIndia, Nepal, China (Tibet Autonomous Region)
Native speakers
(1.2 million cited 1990 census)[1]
Standard forms
Tibetan script
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
bod – Lhasa Tibetan
dre – Dolpo
hut – Humla, Limi
lhm – Lhomi (Shing Saapa)
muk – Mugom (Mugu)
kte – Nubri
ola – Walungge (Gola)
loy – Lowa/Loke (Mustang)
tcn – Tichurong
Glottologtibe1272  Tibetan
sout3216  South-Western Tibetic (partial match)
basu1243  Basum

Central Tibetan, also known as Dbus, Ü or Ü-Tsang, is the most widely spoken Tibetic language and the basis of Standard Tibetan.

Dbus and Ü are forms of the same name. Dbus is a transliteration of the name in Tibetan script, དབུས་, whereas Ü is the pronunciation of the same in Lhasa dialect, [wy˧˥˧ʔ] (or [y˧˥˧ʔ]). That is, in Tibetan, the name is spelled Dbus and pronounced Ü. All of these names are frequently applied specifically to the prestige dialect of Lhasa.

There are many mutually intelligible Central Tibetan dialects besides that of Lhasa, with particular diversity along the border and in Nepal:[2]

Limi (Limirong), Mugum, Dolpo (Dolkha), Mustang (Lowa, Lokä), Humla, Nubri, Lhomi, Dhrogpai Gola, Walungchung Gola (Walungge/Halungge), Tseku, Basum

Ethnologue reports that Walungge is highly intelligible with Thudam, Glottolog that Thudam is not a distinct variety. Tournadre (2013) classifies Tseku with Khams.

Consonants

Tibetan Pinyin IPA Tibetan writing Wade-Gales
g [k] ཀ་ k
k [kʰ] ཁ་ ག་ kh, g
ng [ŋ] ང་ ng
j [tɕ] ཅ་ c
q [tɕʰ] ཆ་ ཇ་ ch, j
ny [ɲ] ཉ་ ny
d [t] ཏ་ t
t [tʰ] ཐ་ ད་ th, d
n [n] ན་ n
b [p] པ་ p
p [pʰ] ཕ་ བ་ ph, b
m [m] མ་ m
z [ts] ཙ་ ts
c [tsʰ] ཚ་ ཛ་ tsh, dz
w [w] ཝ་ w
Tibetan Pinyin IPA Tibetan writings Wade-Gales
x [ɕ] ཞ་ ཤ་ zh, sh
s [s] ཟ་ ས་ z, s
y [j] ཡ་ y
r [ɹ] ར་ r
l [l] ལ་ l
h [h] ཧ་ h
gy [c] ཀྱ་ gy
ky [cʰ] ཁྱ་ གྱ་ ky
zh [tʂ] ཀྲ་ kr
ch [tʂʰ] ཁྲ་ གྲ་ khr, gr
sh [ʂ] ཧྲ་ hr
lh [ɬ] ལྷ་ lh
  • isn't commonly transliterated to Roman, in Wade-Gales system ' is used.

Vowels

ཨ(◌)

ཨ། ཨའུ། ཨག།
ཨགས།
ཨང༌།
ཨངས།
ཨབ།
ཨབས།
ཨམ།
ཨམས།
ཨར། ཨལ།
ཨའི།
ཨད།
ཨས།
ཨན།
a au ag ang ab am ar ai/ä ai/ä ain/än
ཨི།
ཨིལ།
ཨའི།
ཨིའུ།
ཨེའུ།
ཨིག།
ཨིགས།
ཨིད།
ཨིས།
ཨིང༌།
ཨིངས།
ཨིབ།
ཨིབས།
ཨིམ།
ཨིམས།
ཨིར། ཨིན།
i iu ig i ing ib im ir in
ཨུ། ཨུག།
ཨུགས།
ཨུང༌།
ཨུངས།
ཨུབ།
ཨུབས།
ཨུམ།
ཨུམས།
ཨུར། ཨུལ།
ཨུའི།[VOW 1]
ཨུད།
ཨུས།
ཨུན།
u ug ung ub um ur ü ü ün
ཨེ།
ཨེལ།
ཨེའི།
ཨེག།
ཨེགས།
ཨེད།
ཨེས།
ཨེང༌།
ཨེངས།
ཨེབ།
ཨེབས།
ཨེམ།
ཨེམས།
ཨེར། ཨེན།
ê êg ê êng êb êm êr ên
ཨོ། ཨོག།
ཨོགས།
ཨོང༌།
ཨོངས།
ཨོབ།
ཨོབས།
ཨོམ།
ཨོམས།
ཨོར། ཨོལ།
ཨོའི།
ཨོད།
ཨོས།
ཨོན།
o og ong ob om or oi/ö oi/ö oin/ön
  1. ^ 特殊

Pronounciation

IPA Tibetan Pinyin Wade-Gales IPA Tibetan Pinyin Wade-Gales
[a] a a
[ɛ] ai/ä al, a'i [ɛ̃] ain/än an
[i] i i, il, i'i [ĩ] in in
[u] u u
[y] ü ul, u'i [ỹ] ün un
[e] ê e, el, e'i [ẽ] ên en
[o] o o
[ø] oi/ö ol, o'i [ø̃] oin/ön on

一"ai, ain, oi, oin" is also written to "ä, än, ö, ön".

Conjunct vowels

IPA Tibetan Pinyin Wade-Gales
[au] au a'u
[iu] iu i'u, e'u

Last consonant

IPA Tibetan Pinyin Wade-Gales
[ʔ] none d, s
[n] n
[k/ʔ] g g, gs
[ŋ] ng ng, ngs
[p] b b, bs
[m] m m, ms
[r] r r

See also

References

  1. ^ Lhasa Tibetan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Dolpo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Humla, Limi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Lhomi (Shing Saapa) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Mugom (Mugu) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Nubri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ N. Tournadre (2005) "L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes." Lalies, 2005, n°25, p. 7–56 [1]