Jump to content

Romanians

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Gyalu22 (talk | contribs) at 14:12, 24 October 2022 (→Language: Haven't found that on page 235). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Not to be confused with Romani people.
For information on the population of Romania, see Demographics of Romania.

Romanians
Români
Ethnic distribution of Romanians around the world
Total population
c. 22.8–24.8 million[1] (including Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups living abroad)
Regions with significant populations
 Romania 16,792,868 (2011 Romanian census)[2]
 Moldova 192,800 (2014 Moldovan census)[3][4]
Other countries
Europe
 Italy1,206,938 migrants from Romania, of all ethnic groups[5]
 Germany748,225–1,500,000 migrants from Romania of all ethnic groups, including a wide range of Romanian Germans as well[6][7][8]
 Spain671,985–1,079,726 (2021) Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups. The second number includes all Romanians in Spain, thus taking into account second and third generation Romanians or nationalized ones that count as Spanish in the census.[9][10]
 United Kingdom345,000 Romanian-born residents (2020)[11]
 France200,000 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[12]
 Ukraine150,989[13]
 Austria131,788 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups, including many Transylvanian Saxons as well[14]
 Belgium92,746 migrants from Romania, of all ethnic groups[15]
 Greece46,523 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[16]
 Netherlands39,654 migrants from Romania, of all ethnic groups[17]
 Hungary36,506[18]
 Denmark34,960 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[19]
 Sweden32,294 born in Romania, of all ethnic groups[20]
 Portugal31,065 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[21]
 Serbia29,332[22]
 Ireland29,186 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[23]
Cyprus Cyprus24,376 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[24]
  Switzerland21,593 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[25]
 Norway18,625 migrants of Romania, of all ethnic groups[26]
 Czech Republic14,684 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[27][28]
 Turkey14,411 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[29]
 Luxembourg5,209 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[30]
 Polandc. 5,000[31]
 Slovakia4,941 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[32]
 Finland4,902 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[33]
 Russia3,201[34]
 Malta2,000[citation needed]
 Iceland1,463 Romanian citizens of all ethnic groups[35]
 Bulgaria891[36]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina100[37]
North America
 United States518,653–1,400,000 (incl. mixed origin, Romanian Germans and Romanian Jews)[38][39][40][41][42]
 Canada204,625–400,000 (incl. mixed origin)[43][44]
 Mexico500
South America
 Brazil200,000 migrants from Romania and Romanian citizens, of all ethnic groups[45]
 Venezuela10,000 migrants from Romania, of all ethnic groups[46]
 Argentina10,000 of Romanian origin, including Romanian Jews and Romanian Romani[47]
 Colombia350[citation needed]
 Uruguay200[citation needed]
 Peru174[citation needed]
Oceania
 Australia20,998 first and second generation migrants from Romania, of all ethnic groups[48]
 New Zealand3,100[49]
Asia
 Kazakhstan421[50][51]
 Israel100,823[52]
Africa
 South Africa2,828[53]
Languages
Romanian
Religion
Predominantly Orthodox Christianity
(Romanian Orthodox Church),
also Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic, and Protestant
Related ethnic groups
Other Romance-speaking peoples
(most notably Moldovans, Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians)
Part of a series of articles on
Romanians
Native communities
Diaspora
Europe

North America

South America

Oceania

Culture
History
Language

The Romanians (Romanian: români, pronounced [roˈmɨnʲ]; dated exonym Vlachs) are a Romance-speaking[54][55][56][57] ethnic group. Sharing a common Romanian culture and ancestry, and speaking the Romanian language, they live primarily in Romania and Moldova. The 2011 Romanian census found that just under 89% of Romania's citizens identified themselves as ethnic Romanians.

In one interpretation of the 1989 census results in Moldova, the majority of Moldovans were counted as ethnic Romanians.[58][59] Romanians also form an ethnic minority in several nearby countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

Estimates of the number of Romanian people worldwide vary from 24 to 30 million, in part depending on whether the definition of the term "Romanian" includes natives of both Romania and Moldova, their respective diasporas, and native speakers of both Romanian and other Balkan Romance languages. Other speakers of the latter languages are the Aromanians, the Megleno-Romanians, and the Istro-Romanians, which may be considered Romanian subgroups or separated yet related ethnicities.

History

Main article: History of Romania

Antiquity

Main article: Origin of the Romanians
Map showing the area where Dacian was spoken. The blue area shows the Dacian lands conquered by the Roman Empire. The orange area was inhabited by Free Dacian tribes and others.

Inhabited by the ancient Dacians, part of today's territory of Romania was conquered by the Roman Empire in 106,[60] when Trajan's army defeated the army of Dacia's ruler Decebalus (see Dacian Wars). The Roman administration withdrew two centuries later, under the pressure of the Goths and Carpi.

Two theories account for the origin of the Romanian people. One, known as the Daco-Roman continuity theory, posits that they are descendants of Romans and Romanized indigenous peoples living in the Roman Province of Dacia, while the other posits that the Romanians are descendants of Romans and Romanized indigenous populations of the former Roman provinces of Illyricum, Moesia, Thracia, and Macedonia, and the ancestors of Romanians later migrated from these Roman provinces south of the Danube into the area which they inhabit today.

According to the first theory, the Romanians are descended from indigenous populations that inhabited what is now Romania and its immediate environs: Thracians (more specifically the Dacians and Getae) and Roman legionaries and colonists. In the course of the two wars with the Roman legions, in 101 through 102 AD and 105 through 106 AD respectively, the emperor Trajan succeeded in defeating the Dacians and the greatest part of Dacia became a Roman province.

Map showing the area where Latin language was spoken in pink during the Roman Empire between the 4th and 7th century.

The colonisation with Roman or Romanized elements, the use of the Latin language and the assimilation of Roman civilisation as well as the intense development of urban centres led to the Romanization of part of the autochthonous population in Dacia. This process was probably concluded by the 10th century when the assimilation of the Slavs by the Daco-Romanians was completed.[61]

According to the south-of-the-Danube origin theory, the Romanians' ancestors, a combination of Romans and Romanized peoples of Illyria, Moesia and Thrace, moved northward across the Danube river into modern-day Romania. Small population groups speaking several versions of Romanian (Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian) still exist south of the Danube in Greece, Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria and Serbia, but it is not known whether they themselves migrated from more northern parts of the Balkans, including Dacia. The south-of-the Danube theory usually favours northern Albania and/or Moesia (modern day Serbia and Northern Bulgaria) as the more specific places of Romanian ethnogenesis.

Small genetic differences were reportedly[62] found among Southeast European (Greece, Albania) populations and especially those of the Dniester–Carpathian (Romania, Moldova, Ukraine) region. Despite this low level of differentiation between them, tree reconstruction and principal component analyses allowed a distinction between Balkan–Carpathian (Romanians, Moldovans, Ukrainians, Macedonians, and Gagauzes) and Balkan Mediterranean (Greeks, Albanians, Turks) population groups. The genetic affinities among Dniester–Carpathian and southeastern European populations do not reflect their linguistic relationships. According to the report, the results indicate that the ethnic and genetic differentiations occurred in these regions to a considerable extent independently of each other.

Middle Ages to Early Modern Age

See also: Romania in the Early Middle Ages and Romania in the Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages Romanians were mostly known as Vlachs, a blanket term ultimately of Germanic origin, from the word Walha, used by ancient Germanic peoples to refer to Romance-speaking and Celtic neighbours. Besides the separation of some groups (Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians) during the Age of Migration, many Vlachs could be found all over the Balkans, in Transylvania,[63] across Carpathian Mountains[64] as far north as Poland and as far west as the regions of Moravia (part of the modern Czech Republic), some went as far east as Volhynia of western Ukraine, and the present-day Croatia where the Morlachs gradually disappeared, while the Catholic and Orthodox Vlachs took Croat and Serb national identity.[65]

Because of the migrations that followed – such as those of Slavs, Bulgars, Hungarians, and Tatars – the Romanians were organised in agricultural communes (obști), developing large centralised states only in the 14th century, when the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia emerged to fight the Ottoman Empire.

The overall territorial extent of the First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018).
The overall territorial extent of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396).

During the Middle Ages the Bulgarian Empire controlled vast areas to the north of the river Danube (with interruptions) from its establishment in 681 to its fragmentation in 1371–1422. These lands were called by contemporary Byzantine historians Bulgaria across the Danube, or Transdanubian Bulgaria.[66] Original information for the centuries-old Bulgarian rule there is scarce as the archives of the Bulgarian rulers were destroyed and little is mentioned for this area in Byzantine or Hungarian manuscripts. During the First Bulgarian Empire, the Dridu culture developed in the beginning of the 8th century and flourished until the 11th century.[citation needed] It represents an early medieval archaeological culture which emerged in the region of the Lower Danube.[citation needed] In Bulgaria it is usually referred to as Pliska-Preslav culture.[67]

During the late Middle Ages, prominent medieval Romanian monarchs such as Bogdan of Moldavia, Stephen the Great, Mircea the Elder, Michael the Brave, or Vlad the Impaler took part actively in the history of Central Europe by waging tumultuous wars and leading noteworthy crusades against the then continuously expanding Ottoman Empire, at times allied with either the Kingdom of Poland or the Kingdom of Hungary in these causes.

Eventually the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by the Ottoman Empire. However, Moldavia and Wallachia (extending to Dobruja and Bulgaria) were not entirely subdued by the Ottomans as both principalities became autonomous (which was not the case of other Ottoman territorial possessions in Europe). Transylvania, a third region inhabited by an important majority of Romanian speakers, was a vassal state of the Ottomans until 1687, when the principality became part of the Habsburg possessions. The three principalities were united for several months in 1600 under the authority of Wallachian Prince Michael the Brave.[68]

Map depicting Romanian and Vlach transhumance in Eastern and Southeastern Europe.

Additionally, in medieval times there were other lands known by the name 'Vlach' (such as Great Vlachia, situated between Thessaly and the western Pindus mountains, originally within the Byzantine Empire, but after the 13th century autonomous or semi-independent; White Wallachia, a Byzantine denomination for the region between the Danube River and the Balkans; Moravian Wallachia, a region in south-eastern Czech Republic).

Up until 1541, Transylvania was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, later (due to the conquest of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire) was a self-governed Principality governed by the Hungarian nobility. In 1699 it became a part of the Habsburg lands. By the end of the 18th century, the Austrian Empire was awarded by the Ottomans with the region of Bukovina and, in 1812, the Russians occupied the eastern half of Moldavia, known as Bessarabia.[citation needed]

Late Modern Age to Contemporary Era

Animated history of Romania's borders (mid 19th century–present)
Romanians in the Kingdom of Hungary, according to the 1890 census
Map depicting the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia between 1859 and 1878

In the context of the 1848 Romanticist and liberal revolutions across Europe, the events that took place in the Grand Principality of Transylvania were the first of their kind to unfold in the Romanian-speaking territories. On the one hand, the Transylvanian Saxons and the Transylvanian Romanians (with consistent support on behalf of the Austrian Empire) successfully managed to oppose the goals of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, with the two noteworthy historical figures leading the common Romanian-Saxon side at the time being Avram Iancu and Stephan Ludwig Roth.

On the other hand, the Wallachian revolutions of 1821 and 1848 as well as the Moldavian Revolution of 1848, which aimed for independence from Ottoman and Russian foreign rulership, represented important impacts in the process of spreading the liberal ideology in the eastern and southern Romanian lands, in spite of the fact that all three eventually failed. Nonetheless, in 1859, Moldavia and Wallachia elected the same ruler, namely Alexander John Cuza (who reigned as Domnitor) and were thus unified de facto, resulting in the United Romanian Principalities for the period between 1859 and 1881.

During the 1870s, the United Romanian Principalities (then led by Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Domnitor Carol I) fought a War of Independence against the Ottomans, with Romania's independence being formally recognised in 1878 at the Treaty of Berlin. Although the newly founded Kingdom of Romania initially allied with Austria-Hungary, Romania refused to enter World War I on the side of the Central Powers, because it was obliged to wage war only if Austria-Hungary was attacked. In 1916, Romania joined the war on the side of the Triple Entente.

As a result, at the end of the war, Transylvania, Bessarabia, and Bukovina were awarded to Romania, through a series of international peace treaties, resulting in an enlarged and far more powerful kingdom under King Ferdinand I. As of 1920, the Romanian people was believed to number over 15 million solely in the region of the Romanian kingdom, a figure larger than the populations of Sweden, Denmark, and the Netherlands combined.[69]

During the interwar period, two additional monarchs came to the Romanian throne, namely Carol II and Michael I. This short-lived period was marked, at times, by political instabilities and efforts of maintaining a constitutional monarchy in favour of other, totalitarian regimes such as an absolute monarchy or a military dictatorship.

During World War II, the Kingdom of Romania lost territory both to the east and west, as Northern Transylvania became part of Hungary through the Second Vienna Award, while Bessarabia and northern Bukovina were taken by the Soviets and included in the Moldavian SSR, respectively Ukrainian SSR. The eastern territory losses were facilitated by the Molotov-Ribbentrop Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact.

After the end of the war, the Romanian Kingdom managed to regain territories lost westward but was nonetheless not given Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, the aforementioned regions being forcefully incorporated into the Soviet Union. Subsequently, the Soviet Union imposed a Communist government and King Michael was forced to abdicate and leave for exile. Nicolae Ceaușescu became the head of the Romanian Communist Party in 1965 and his severe rule of the 1980s was ended by the Romanian Revolution of 1989.

The 1989 revolution brought to power the dissident communist Ion Iliescu (backed by the FSN). He remained in power as head of state until 1996, when he was defeated by CDR-supported Emil Constantinescu at the 1996 general elections, the first in post-Communist Romania that saw a peaceful transition of power. Following Constantinescu's only term as president from 1996 to 2000, Iliescu was re-elected in late 2000 for another term of four years. In 2004, Traian Băsescu, the PNL-PD candidate, was elected president. Five years later, Băsescu was narrowly re-elected for a second term at the 2009 presidential elections.

In 2014, the PNL-PDL candidate Klaus Iohannis won a surprise victory over former Prime Minister and PSD-supported contender Victor Ponta in the second round of the 2014 presidential elections. Thus, Iohannis became the first Romanian president stemming from an ethnic minority of the country (as he belongs to the Romanian-German community, being a Transylvanian Saxon). In 2019, the PNL-supported Iohannis was re-elected for a second term as president after a second round landslide victory at the 2019 Romanian presidential election.

In the meantime, Romania's major foreign policy achievements were the alignment with Western Europe and the United States by joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) back in 2004 and the European Union three years later, in 2007.

Historiography

Modern Romanian historiography blends European historical traditions of imperialism with Christianity, mostly emphasizing the Europeaness of Romanians in the mythology of their ethnogenesis (and de-emphasizing the collective histories of the Ottoman past). This is similar to the role of Hellenism in Greek historiography, although it begins about one century earlier than Hellenism. Since the 17th century, the Latin origins of the Romanian people have been central in Romanian historiography, to an extent described as "a constant, and even obsessive, preoccupation". The roots of this Latin historical tradition lie with Trajan's Dacian Wars, which either annihilated or fully assilimiated the indigenous Dacians that lived in modern Romania.[70][71]

Genetics

See also: Genetic history of Europe and Origin of the Romanians § DNA / Paleogenetics

According to a triple analysis – autosomal, mitochondrial and paternal — of available data from large-scale studies, the whole genome SNP data situates Romanians in a group with Bulgarians, Macedonians and, to some extent, Greeks.[72]

The prevailing element in Wallachia (Ploiești, Dolj), Moldavia (Piatra Neamț, Buhuși), Dobruja (Constanța), and northern Republic of Moldova is recorded to be Haplogroup I,[73] while the gene pool of Transylvania is often untypical and diverse.[74][clarification needed]

On the basis of 361 samples, Haplogroup I occurs at 32% in Romanians.[75] The highest frequency of I2a1 (I-P37) in the Balkans today was present before the Slavic expansion and is owed to indigenous tribes,[76] and is particularly suggested to have been common among the ancient Thracians in Romania.[77][clarification needed]

Romanians according to genetic origin by Y-DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup I2
 
 28%
Haplogroup R1a
 
 18%
Haplogroup R1b
 
 15%
Haplogroup E1b1b
 
 14%
Haplogroup J2
 
 14%
Haplogroup I1
 
 4%
Other haplogroups
 
 7%

According to 335 sampled Romanians, 15% of them belong to R1a.[78] Haplogroup R1a among Romanians is entirely from the Eastern European variety Z282 and may be a result of Baltic, Thracian or Slavic descent. R1a-Z280 outnumbers R1a-M458 among Romanians, the opposite phenomena is typical for Poles, Czechs and Bulgarians. 12% of the Romanians belong to R1b, the Alpino-Italic branch R1b-U152 is at 2% per 330 samples, a lower frequency recorded than other Balkan peoples.[79]

The branches R1b-U106, R1b-DF27 and R1b-L21 make up 1% respectively.[79] The eastern branches R1b-M269* and L23* (Z2103) make up 7% and outnumber the Atlantic branches, they prevail in parts of east, central Europe and as a result of Greek colonisation – in parts of Sicily as well.[79] 8% of the Romanians belong to E1b1b1a1 (E-M78) per 265 samples.[80]

From a group of 178 males from 9 Romanian counties, mainly from Transylvania, most of them belong to the Paleolithic European lineage I2a (17% I2a1b, 2% I2a2, 3% I2*), to R1a (20%) and to E1b1b1a1b (19%).[74] Haplogroup J2 is represented at 16% among them, unlike the structure in the Apennine Peninsula, among Romanians the J2b clade prevails.[74] About 10% of these belong to Haplogroup R1b in all counties. R1b-U152, the specific Alpino-Italic clade, is represented at 3% among them, the prevailing branches are eastern, except for Brașov where Germanic U106 is most frequent. U106 is also prevalent clade of R1b in Buhuși and Piatra Neamț. In Brașov and Dolj I2 prevails, in Cluj – R1a. Another 6% of these belong to I1 and 2% to G2a. T, N, Q are also represented by frequencies of less than a percent.[74]

Despite negligible Roman genetic traits in general, one early study[81] of 219 Romanians found strong indications in other parts of Transylvania, in the region corresponding to Roman Dacia. The highest frequency of R1b (31–32%) in Eastern Europe only behind Třebíč in the Czech Republic (32.7%) was found in the Romanian counties Arad and Alba, that experienced Celtic settlement, the heaviest and only Roman colonisation with a significant number of colonists from Noricum and West Pannonia, and later German settlement.

The subclade of R1b was not revealed in the case, but no similar high or prevailing frequency of Eastern subclades of R1b has ever been found in Europe. Three of the ten towns that were almost exclusively populated by Roman citizens (Apulum, Ampelum and Potaissa) were in present Alba Iulia county, not far from the Roman capital Sarmizegetusa. Genetic isolate due to migration from unattested migration from the Middle East would not be a plausible historic-geographical event as even the eastern branch of R1b in Europe is different than these in the Middle East. The only ethnic groups with higher frequencies of R1b in the East are the Aromanians due to their main ancestry from the Roman West. In some occasions the U106 branch, which is minimal among Romanians, rises to the prevailing clade in some cities, but still at a low frequency. The high frequency of R1b was found in other places in Transylvania – 25% in Maramureș and Harghita, 20% in Mehedinți, 14% in Bihor, 11% in Vrancea, 0% in Neamț. Excluding Arad and Alba Iulia, Haplogroup I+G was found as most frequent in all, except Maramureș, where Haplogroup J was found to be prevalent.

According to an autosomal analysis of eastern Europeans and adjacent peoples, the group of Bulgarians and Macedonians is located together with Romanians.[76] Most West Slavs, Hungarians, and Austrians tend to share as many identical by-descent segments with South Slavs as with Romanians, Torbeshi and Gagauzes.[76]

Showing the importance of geography, a 2017 paper concentrated on the mtDNA, and showed how Romania has been "a major crossroads between Asia and Europe" and thus "experienced continuous migration and invasion episodes"; while stating that "previous studies" show Romanians "exhibit genetic similarity with other Europeans" and "another study pointed to possible segregation within the Middle East populations", it also mentions how "signals of Asian maternal lineages were observed in all Romanian historical provinces, indicating gene flow along the migration routes through East Asia and Europe, during different time periods, namely, the Upper Paleolithic period and/or, with a likely greater preponderance, the Middle Ages". It concludes that "our current findings based on the mtDNA analysis of populations in historical provinces of Romania suggest similarity between populations in Transylvania and Central Europe," on one hand, and between Wallachia, Moldavia, and Dobruja and the Balkans on the other, "supported both by the observed clines in haplogroup frequencies for several European and Asian maternal lineages and MDS analyses."[82]

Language

Main article: Romanian language
Neacșu's letter to Johannes Benkner (former mayor of Kronstadt/Brașov) is the oldest document written in Romanian discovered to date

The origins of the Romanian language, a Romance language, can be traced back to the Roman colonisation of the region. The basic vocabulary is of Latin origin,[69] and the substratum words are generally attributed to Thraco-Dacian.[83][need quotation to verify]

During the Middle Ages, Romanian was isolated from the other Romance languages, and borrowed words from the nearby Slavic languages (see Slavic influence on Romanian). Later on, it borrowed a number of words from German, Hungarian, and Turkish.[84] During the modern era, most neologisms were borrowed from French and Italian, though the language has increasingly begun to adopt English borrowings.

The Moldovan language, in its official form, is practically identical to Romanian, although there are some differences in colloquial speech. In the de facto independent (but internationally unrecognised) region of Transnistria, the official script used to write Moldovan is Cyrillic.

Since 2013, the Romanian Language Day is celebrated on 31 August in Romania. A similar holiday also exists in Moldova on the same day since 1990. It is known as "Limba noastră".[85][86]

As of 2017, an Ethnologue estimation puts the (worldwide) number of Romanian speakers at approximately 24.15 million.[87] The 24.15 million, however, represent only speakers of Romanian, not all of whom are necessarily ethnic Romanians. Also, this number does not include ethnic-Romanians who no longer speak the Romanian language.

Surnames

Many Romanian surnames have the suffix -escu or (less commonly) -așcu or -ăscu which corresponds to the Latin suffix -iscus and means "belonging to the people". For example, Petrescu used to be Petre's kin. Similar suffixes such as -asco, -asgo, -esque, -ez, etc. are present in other Latin-derived languages. Many Romanians in France changed this ending of their surnames to -esco, because the way it is pronounced in French better approximates the Romanian pronunciation of -escu.

Another widespread suffix of Romanian surnames is -eanu (or -an, -anu), which indicates the geographical origin. Some examples are: Moldoveanu/Moldovan/Moldovanu, from the region of Moldavia or from river Moldova, Munteanu 'from mountains', Jianu 'from Jiu river region', Pruteanu, meaning 'from the Prut river', Mureșanu, meaning 'from the Mureș river', and Petreanu (meaning 'the son of Petre').

Other suffixes are -aru (or -oru, -ar, -or), which indicates an occupation (like Feraru (meaning 'smith' or Morar meaning 'miller'), and -ei, usually preceded by A- in front of a female name, which is a Latin inherited female genitive, like in Amariei (meaning of Maria), Aelenei (meaning of Elena). These matrilineal-rooted surnames are common in the historical region of Moldavia.

  • The most common surnames are Pop/Popa ('the priest')—almost 200,000 Romanians have this surname[88]
  • —Popescu ('son of the priest') —almost 150,000 have this name[88]
  • — and Ionescu ('John's (Ion's) son').

Names for Romanians

In English, Romanians are usually called Romanians and very rarely Rumanians or Roumanians, except in some historical texts, where they are called Roumans or Vlachs.

Etymology of the name Romanian (român)

Main article: Name of Romania
Romanian revolutionaries of 1848 waving the tricolor flag.

The name Romanian is derived from Latin romanus, meaning "Roman".[89] Under regular phonetical changes that are typical to the Romanian language, the name romanus over the centuries transformed into rumân [ruˈmɨn]. An older form of român was still in use in some regions. Socio-linguistic evolutions in the late 18th century led to a gradual preponderance of the român spelling form, which was then generalised during the National awakening of Romania of early 19th century. Until the 19th century, the term Romanian denoted the speakers of the Daco-Romanian dialect of the Romanian language, thus being a much more distinct concept than that of Romania, the country of the Romanians. Prior to 1859, the Romanians were part of different state entities, with the Moldavians and the Wallachians being split off and having shaped separate political identities, possessing states of their own, while the rest of the Romanians were part of other states. However, eventually they retained their Romanian cultural and ethnic identity up to today. Some authors argue that the Romanians, with the exception of the Rhaeto-Romance-speaking peoples, are the only ones that have designated themselves as "Romans" since the fall of the Roman Empire.[90]

Several historical sources show the use of the term "Romanian" among the medieval or early modern Romanian population. One of the earliest examples comes from the Nibelungenlied, a German epic poem from before 1200 in which a "Duke Ramunc from the land of Vlachs (Wallachia)" is mentioned. "Vlach" was an exonym used almost exclusively for the Romanians during the Middle Ages. It has been argued by some Romanian researchers that "Ramunc" was not the name of the duke, but a name that highlighted his ethnicity. Other old documents, especially Byzantine or Hungarian ones, make a correlation between the old Romanians as Romans or their descendants.[91] Several other documents, notably from Italian travelers into Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, speak of the self-identification, language and culture of the Romanians, showing that they designated themselves as "Romans" or related to them in up to 30 works.[92] One example is Tranquillo Andronico's 1534 writing that states that the Vlachs "now call themselves Romans".[93] Another one is Francesco della Valle's 1532 manuscripts that state that the Romanians from Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania preserved the name "Roman" and cites the sentence "Sti Rominest?" (știi românește?, "do you speak Romanian?").[94] Authors that travelled to modern Romania who wrote about it in 1574,[95] 1575[96] and 1666 also noted the use of the term "Romanian".[97] From the Middle Ages, Romanians bore two names, the exonym (one given to them by foreigners) Wallachians or Vlachs, under its various forms (vlah, valah, valach, voloh, blac, olăh, vlas, ilac, ulah, etc.), and the endonym (the name they used for themselves) Romanians (Rumâni/Români).[98]

Other researchers have expressed a different point of view and have doubted or denied the continuity of the ethonym "Romanian" from "Roman", at least on an ethnic sense. For example, Onoriu Colăcel considers that the terms "Romania" and "Romanian" would only have appeared during the 19th century.[99] According to Vladimír Baar and Daniel Jakubek, typically pro-Russian authors in Moldova tend to argue that "Romanian" as an ethnonym is only a mere recent product from Romanian nationalist historical myths despite the attestation of this name in old documents.[90] Examples of this would include Petr Shornikov,[100] Mikhail Guboglo and Valentin Dergachev.[90] According to Tomasz Kamusella, at the time of the rise of Romanian nationalism during the early 19th century, the political leaders of Wallachia and Moldavia were aware that the name România was identical to Romania, a name that had been used for the former Byzantine Empire by its inhabitants. Kamusella continues by stating that they preferred this ethnonym in order to stress their presumed link with Ancient Rome and that it became more popular as a nationalistic form of referring to all Romanian-language speakers as a distinct and separate nation during the 1820s.[101] Raymond Detrez asserts that român, derived from the Latin Romanus, acquired at a certain point the same meaning of the Greek Romaios; that of Orthodox Christian.[102] Wolfgang Dahmen claims that the meaning of romanus (Roman) as "Christian", as opposed to "pagan", which used to mean "non-Roman", may have contributed to the preservation of this word as an ethonym of the Romanian people, under the meaning of "Christian".[103]

Daco-Romanian

To distinguish Romanians from the other Romanic peoples of the Balkans (Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, and Istro-Romanians), the term Daco-Romanian is sometimes used to refer to those who speak the standard Romanian language and live in the former territory of ancient Dacia (today comprising mostly Romania and Moldova), although some Daco-Romanian speakers can be found in the eastern part of Central Serbia (which was part of ancient Moesia).[citation needed]

Etymology of the term Vlach

Main article: Vlachs

The name of "Vlachs" is an exonym that was used by Slavs to refer to all Romanized natives of the Balkans. It holds its origin from ancient Germanic—being a cognate to "Welsh" and "Walloon"—and perhaps even further back in time, from the Roman name Volcae, which was originally a Celtic tribe. From the Slavs, it was passed on to other peoples, such as the Hungarians (Oláh) and Greeks (Vlachoi) (see the Etymology section of Vlachs). Wallachia, the Southern region of Romania, takes its name from the same source.

Nowadays, the term Vlach is more often used to refer to the Romanized populations of the Balkans who speak Daco-Romanian, Aromanian, Istro-Romanian, and Megleno-Romanian.

Anthroponyms

These are family names that have been derived from either Vlach or Romanian. Most of these names have been given when a Romanian settled in a non-Romanian region. Examples: Oláh (37,147 Hungarians have this name), Vlach, Vlahuta, Vlasa, Vlasi, Vlašic, Vlasceanu, Vlachopoulos, Voloh, Volyh, Vlack, Flack, and Vlax.[citation needed]

Romanians outside Romania

Main article: Romanian diaspora
Countries with a significant Romanian population and descendants from Romanians:
  Romania
  +1,000,000
  +100,000
  +10,000
  +1,000
Charts depicting share of Romanians living abroad within other states of the European Union

Most Romanians live in Romania, where they constitute a majority; Romanians also constitute a minority in the countries that neighbour Romania. Romanians can also be found in many countries, notably in the other EU countries, particularly in Italy, Spain, Germany, the United Kingdom and France; in North America in the United States and Canada; in Israel; as well as in Brazil, Australia, Argentina, and New Zealand among many other countries. Italy and Spain have been popular emigration destinations, due to a relatively low language barrier, and both are each now home to about a million Romanians. With respect to geopolitical identity, many individuals of Romanian ethnicity in Moldova prefer to identify themselves as Moldovans.[58][59]

The contemporary total population of ethnic Romanians cannot be stated with any degree of certainty. A disparity can be observed between official sources (such as census counts) where they exist, and estimates which come from non-official sources and interested groups. Several inhibiting factors (not unique to this particular case) contribute towards this uncertainty, which may include:

  • A degree of overlap may exist or be shared between Romanian and other ethnic identities in certain situations, and census or survey respondents may elect to identify with one particular ancestry but not another, or instead identify with multiple ancestries;[104]
  • Counts and estimates may inconsistently distinguish between Romanian nationality and Romanian ethnicity (i.e. not all Romanian nationals identify with Romanian ethnicity, and vice versa);[104]
  • The measurements and methodologies employed by governments to enumerate and describe the ethnicity and ancestry of their citizens vary from country to country. Thus the census definition of "Romanian" might variously mean Romanian-born, of Romanian parentage, or also include other ethnic identities as Romanian which otherwise are identified separately in other contexts;[104]

For example, the decennial US Census of 2000 calculated (based on a statistical sampling of household data) that there were 367,310 respondents indicating Romanian ancestry (roughly 0.1% of the total population).[105]

The actual total recorded number of foreign-born Romanians was only 136,000.[106] However, some non-specialist organisations have produced estimates which are considerably higher: a 2002 study by the Romanian-American Network Inc. mentions an estimated figure of 1,200,000[42] for the number of Romanian-Americans. Which makes the United States home to the largest Romanian community outside Romania.

This estimate notes however that "...other immigrants of Romanian national minority groups have been included such as: Armenians, Germans, Gypsies, Hungarians, Jews, and Ukrainians". It also includes an unspecified allowance for second- and third-generation Romanians, and an indeterminate number living in Canada. An error range for the estimate is not provided. For the United States 2000 Census figures, almost 20% of the total population did not classify or report an ancestry, and the census is also subject to undercounting, an incomplete (67%) response rate, and sampling error in general.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Romania

Contributions to contemporary culture

Main article: List of Romanians

Romanians have played and contributed a major role in the advancement of the arts, culture, sciences, technology and engineering.

In the history of aviation, Traian Vuia and Aurel Vlaicu built and tested some of the earliest aircraft designs, while Henri Coandă discovered the Coandă effect of fluidics. Victor Babeș discovered more than 50 germs and a cure for a disease named after him, babesiosis; biologist Nicolae Paulescu was among the first scientists to identify insulin. Another biologist, Emil Palade, received the Nobel Prize for his contributions to cell biology. George Constantinescu created the theory of sonics, while mathematician Ștefan Odobleja has been claimed as "the ideological father behind cybernetics" – his work The Consonantist Psychology (Paris, 1938) was supposedly the main source of inspiration for N. Wiener's Cybernetics (Paris, 1948). Lazăr Edeleanu was the first chemist to synthesize amphetamine and also invented the modern method of refining crude oil.

In the arts and culture, prominent figures were George Enescu (music composer, violinist, professor of Sir Yehudi Menuhin), Constantin Brâncuși (sculptor), Eugène Ionesco (playwright), Mircea Eliade (historian of religion and novelist), Emil Cioran (essayist, Prix de l'Institut Français for stylism) and Angela Gheorghiu (soprano). More recently, filmmakers such as Cristi Puiu and Cristian Mungiu have attracted international acclaim, as has fashion designer Ioana Ciolacu.

In sports, Romanians have excelled in a variety of fields, such as football (Gheorghe Hagi), gymnastics (Nadia Comăneci, Lavinia Miloșovici etc.), tennis (Ilie Năstase, Ion Țiriac, Simona Halep), rowing (Ivan Patzaichin) and handball (four times men's World Cup winners). Count Dracula is a worldwide icon of Romania. This character was created by the Irish fiction writer Bram Stoker, based on some stories spread in the late Middle Ages by the frustrated German tradesmen of Kronstadt (Brașov) and on some vampire folk tales about the historic Romanian figure of Prince Vlad Țepeș.

Religion

See also: History of Christianity in Romania

Almost 90% of all Romanians consider themselves religious.[107] The vast majority are Eastern Orthodox Christians, belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church (a branch of Eastern Orthodoxy, or Eastern Orthodox Church, together with the Greek Orthodox, Orthodox Church of Georgia and Russian Orthodox Churches, among others). Romanians form the third largest ethno-linguistic group among Eastern Orthodox in the world.[108][109]

According to the 2011 census, 93.6% of ethnic Romanians in Romania identified themselves as Romanian Orthodox (in comparison to 81% of Romania's total population, including other ethnic groups).[110] However, the actual rate of church attendance is significantly lower and many Romanians are only nominally believers. For example, according to a 2006 Eurobarometer poll, only 23% of Romanians attend church once a week or more.[111] A 2006 poll conducted by the Open Society Foundations found that only 33% of Romanians attended church once a month or more.[112]

Romanian Catholics are present in Transylvania, Banat, Bukovina, Bucharest, and parts of Moldavia, belonging to both the Roman Catholic Church (297,246 members) and the Romanian Greek-Catholic Catholic Church (124,563 members). According to the 2011 census, 2.5% of ethnic Romanians in Romania identified themselves as Catholic (in comparison to 5% of Romania's total population, including other ethnic groups). Around 1.6% of ethnic Romanians in Romania identify themselves as Pentecostal, with the population numbering 276,678 members. Smaller percentages are Protestant, Jews, Muslims, agnostic, atheist, or practice a traditional religion.

There are no official dates for the adoption of religions by the Romanians. Based on linguistic and archaeological findings, historians suggest that the Romanians' ancestors acquired polytheistic religions in the Roman era, later adopting Christianity, certainly by the 4th century CE when decreed by Emperor Constantine as the official religion of the Roman Empire.[citation needed] Like in all other Romance languages, the basic Romanian words related to Christianity are inherited from Latin, such as God (Dumnezeu < Domine Deus), church (biserică < basilica), cross (cruce < crux, -cis), angel (înger < angelus), saint (regional: sfân(t) < sanctus), Christmas (Crăciun < creatio, -onis), Christian (creștin < christianus), Easter (paște < paschae), sin (păcat < peccatum), to baptise (a boteza < batizare), priest (preot < presbiterum), to pray (a ruga < rogare), faith (credință < credentia), and so on.

After the Great Schism, there existed a Catholic Bishopric of Cumania (later, separate bishoprics in both Wallachia and Moldavia). However, this seems to be the exception, rather than the rule, as in both Wallachia and Moldavia the state religion was Eastern Orthodox. Until the 17th century, the official language of the liturgy was Old Church Slavonic. Then, it gradually changed to Romanian.

According to a survey that took place in 2011, despite 94% of respondents answered positively for believing in God, 42% support the vision of Christian dogma that there is a God incarnated into a human being. While 34% of respondents said that there is only one true religion, 38% believe that there is one true religion and that other religions contain some basic truths, according to 18% there is one true religion and all major world religions contain some fundamental truths. 88% of Romanians believe in the existence of a soul, 87% believe in sin and the existence of heaven, 60% believe in an "evil eye", 25% believe in horoscopes and 23% in aliens.[113] According to a 2004 survey, 80% consider themselves not superstitious and the same amount believe in angels, about 40% believe they have had dreams that became deja vu and 19% believe in ghosts.[114]

Symbols

National symbols of Romania: the flag (left) and the coat of arms (right).

In addition to the colours of the Romanian flag, each historical province of Romania has its own characteristic symbol:

The coat of arms of Romania combines these together.

Customs

Main article: Romanian folklore

Relationship to other ethnic groups

The closest ethnic groups to the Romanians are the other Romanic peoples of Southeastern Europe: the Aromanians (Macedo-Romanians), the Megleno-Romanians, and the Istro-Romanians. The Istro-Romanians are the closest ethnic group to the Romanians, and it is believed they left Maramureș, Transylvania about a thousand years ago and settled in Istria, Croatia.[115] Numbering about 500 people still living in the original villages of Istria while the majority left for other countries after World War II (mainly to Italy, United States, Canada, Spain, Germany, France, Sweden, Switzerland, Romania, and Australia), they speak the Istro-Romanian language, the closest living relative of Romanian. On the other hand, the Aromanians and the Megleno-Romanians are Romance peoples who live south of the Danube, mainly in Greece, Albania, North Macedonia and Bulgaria although some of them migrated to Romania in the 20th century. It is believed that they diverged from the Romanians in the 7th to 9th century, and currently speak the Aromanian language and Megleno-Romanian language, both of which are Balkan Romance languages, like Romanian, and are sometimes considered by traditional Romanian linguists to be dialects of Romanian.

  • Painting of Transylvanian Romanian peasants from Abrud by Ion Theodorescu-Sion
    Painting of Transylvanian Romanian peasants from Abrud by Ion Theodorescu-Sion
  • Romanian family going to a fair, early 19th century
    Romanian family going to a fair, early 19th century
  • Traditional Romanian peasant costumes at the left, followed from left to right by Hungarian, Slavic and German ones
    Traditional Romanian peasant costumes at the left, followed from left to right by Hungarian, Slavic and German ones
  • Romanians from Transylvania, late 19th century
    Romanians from Transylvania, late 19th century
  • Romanian peasant costume from Bukovina, early 20th century
    Romanian peasant costume from Bukovina, early 20th century
  • Romanians from Bukovina, early 20th century postcard
    Romanians from Bukovina, early 20th century postcard
  • Romanians from Wallachia, early 19th century
    Romanians from Wallachia, early 19th century
  • Romanians from central Serbia, late 19th century
    Romanians from central Serbia, late 19th century
  • Romanian infantrymen from Wallachia, early 19th century
    Romanian infantrymen from Wallachia, early 19th century
  • Romanian immigrants in New York City, late 19th century
    Romanian immigrants in New York City, late 19th century
  • Painting of a young Wallachian shepherd in the early 20th century by Ipolit Strâmbu
    Painting of a young Wallachian shepherd in the early 20th century by Ipolit Strâmbu
  • Romanian peasants during the harvest season (1920)
    Romanian peasants during the harvest season (1920)
  • Mid-19th century French map depicting Romanians in Central and Eastern Europe
    Mid-19th century French map depicting Romanians in Central and Eastern Europe
  • Modern distribution of the Eastern Romance-speaking ethnic groups (including, most notably, the Romanians)
    Modern distribution of the Eastern Romance-speaking ethnic groups (including, most notably, the Romanians)
  • Romanians in Central Europe (coloured in blue), 1880
    Romanians in Central Europe (coloured in blue), 1880
  • Ethnic map of Austria-Hungary and Romania, 1892
    Ethnic map of Austria-Hungary and Romania, 1892
  • British map depicting territories inhabited by Eastern Romance peoples before the outbreak of World War I
    British map depicting territories inhabited by Eastern Romance peoples before the outbreak of World War I
  • Romanian speakers in Central and Eastern Europe, early 20th century
    Romanian speakers in Central and Eastern Europe, early 20th century
  • Map of the Kingdom of Romania at its greatest extent (1920–1940)
    Map of the Kingdom of Romania at its greatest extent (1920–1940)
  • Geographic distribution of ethnic Romanians in the early 21st century
    Geographic distribution of ethnic Romanians in the early 21st century
  • Notable regions with inhabited by Eastern Romance speakers at the beginning of the 21st century
    Notable regions with inhabited by Eastern Romance speakers at the beginning of the 21st century
  • Map highlighting the three main sub-groups of Daco-Romanians
    Map highlighting the three main sub-groups of Daco-Romanians
  • Share of Romanians in Romania (coloured in purple) at commune level (2011 census)
    Share of Romanians in Romania (coloured in purple) at commune level (2011 census)
  • Share of Romanian in Romania (coloured in purple) at county level (2011 census)
    Share of Romanian in Romania (coloured in purple) at county level (2011 census)

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ "6–8 Million Romanians live outside Romania's borders". Ziua Veche. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  2. ^ "Rezultate definitive ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi al Locuinţelor – 2011 (caracteristici demografice ale populaţiei)" [Final results of Population and Housing Census – 2011 (demographic characteristics of the population)] (PDF) (in Romanian). Romanian Institution of Statistics. 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  3. ^ Statistică, Biroul Naţional de. "// Recensămîntul populației și al locuințelor 2014". statistica.gov.md.
  4. ^ Includes additional 177,635 Moldovans in Transnistria; as per the 2004 census in Transnistria
  5. ^ "Romeni in Italia - statistiche e distribuzione per regione" (in Italian).
  6. ^ "Publikation – Bevölkerung – Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund – Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus – Fachserie 1 Reihe 2.2 – 2015 – Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)". Destatis.de. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  7. ^ "Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland in den Jahren 2014 und 2015". Statista.
  8. ^ "Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit". Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis). 2015. p. 62.
  9. ^ "Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año. Datos provisionales 2020". INE.
  10. ^ "Estadística de residentes extranjeros en España" (PDF). Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration (in Spanish). p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  11. ^ "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom by country of birth and sex, January 2020 to December 2020". Office for National Statistics. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95% confidence intervals.
  12. ^ "Câţi români muncesc în străinătate şi unde sunt cei mai mulţi". EWconomica.net. 30 November 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  13. ^ As per the 2001 Ukrainian National Census (data-ro
  14. ^ "Anzahl der Ausländer in Österreich nach den zehn wichtigsten Staatsangehörigkeiten am 1. Januar 2021". Statista.
  15. ^ V. M. (18 March 2016). "Migratie in cijfers en in rechten 2018" (PDF). HotNews.ro (in Dutch).
  16. ^ "Announcement of the demographic and social characteristics of the Resident Population of Greece according to the 2011 Population – Housing Census" (PDF) (Press release). 23 August 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2013.
  17. ^ "Bevolking; generatie, geslacht, leeftijd en herkomstgroepering, 1 januari". Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (in Dutch).
  18. ^ Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok [2016 microcensus – 12. Ethnic data] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Budapest. ISBN 978-963-235-542-9. Retrieved 9 January 2019. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ "Immigrants and Descentants, 1 January 2020". Statistics Denmark.
  20. ^ "Utrikes födda samt födda i Sverige med en eller två utrikes födda föräldrar efter födelseland/ursprungsland, 31 december 2017, totalt". Statistics Sweden / Befolkning efter födelseland, ålder, kön och år. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  21. ^ "População estrangeira com estatuto legal de residente: total e por algumas nacionalidades em território nacional – 2019". Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras (in Portuguese). July 2020.
  22. ^ Република Србија: Становништво према националној припадности 2011 [Republic of Serbia: Population by nationality 2011]. Serbian Institute for Statistics (in Serbian). 2011. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  23. ^ "Census 2016 Summary Results – Part 1" (PDF). Central Statistics Office. 2016.
  24. ^ "Cyprus 2011 census". Cystat.gov.cy. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  25. ^ "Permanent and non permanent resident population by canton, sex, citizenship, country of birth and age, 2014–2015". Federal Statistical Office. 26 August 2016.
  26. ^ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, 1 January 2019". Statistics Norway.
  27. ^ Mădălin Danciu (31 December 2018). "Foreigners in the Czechia by citizenship". CZSO.
  28. ^ "Foreigners by category of residence, sex, and citizenship as at 31 December 2016". Czso.cz. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  29. ^ Ana Ilie (20 July 2015). "Pentru ce facem moschee la București: În căutarea românilor ortodocși din Turcia". Ziare.com (in Romanian).
  30. ^ "Population by nationalities in detail 2011 - 2019". Statistiques // Luxembourg.
  31. ^ Ambasada României în Polonia. "Comunitatea românească din Polonia". Ambasada României în Republica Polonă (in Romanian).
  32. ^ Andrei Luca Popescu (21 December 2015). "HARTA românilor plecați în străinătate. Topul țărilor UE în care românii reprezintă cea mai mare comunitate". Gândul (in Romanian).
  33. ^ Statistics Finland (20 February 2019). "Statistics Finland's PX-Web databases".
  34. ^ "2010 Russia Census". Russian Federation Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  35. ^ Ambasada României în Regatul Danemarcei (9 March 2019). "Comunitatea româneacă din Islanda". Ambasada României în Regatul Danemarcei (in Romanian).
  36. ^ "2011 Bulgarian Census". Censusresults.nsi.bg. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  37. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania). "Bosnia și Herțegovina − Comunitatea românească" (in Romanian).
  38. ^ "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported, 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. 2014. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  39. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau, 2009 American Community Survey". Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  40. ^ "Romanian-American Community". Romanian-American Network Inc. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  41. ^ "2000 Census". Census.gov. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
  42. ^ a b Romanian Communities Allocation in United States: Study of Romanian-American population (2002), Romanian-American Network, Inc. Retrieved 14 October 2005. Their figure of 1.2 million includes "200,000–225,000 Romanian Jews", 50,000–60,000 Germans from Romania, etc.
  43. ^ "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". 12.statcan.gc.ca. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  44. ^ Statistics Canada (8 May 2013). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  45. ^ Bejan, Gabriel (16 February 2008). "200.000 de români trăiesc "visul brazilian"". România liberă (in Romanian).
  46. ^ "AMERICA LATINĂ « DRP – Departamentul pentru Romanii de Pretutindeni". Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012. Departamentul pentru Românii de Pretutindeni America Latina
  47. ^ "The Week of the Romanian Diaspora in Argentina – The immigration of the Romanians to Argentina". Imperialtransilvania.com. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  48. ^ The People of Australia (PDF). Australian Government. 2014. ISBN 978-1-920996-23-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2018. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  49. ^ "Australia and New Zealand". Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  50. ^ "Ethnic composition, religion and language skills in the Republic of Kazakhstan". www.stat.kz. 2011. Archived from the original (RAR) on 11 May 2011.
  51. ^ "Socio-economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan". stat.gov.kz.
  52. ^ "Romania - International emigrant stock 2019".
  53. ^ "Romania - International emigrant stock 2019".
  54. ^ Pop, Ioan-Aurel (1996). Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th century. Romanian Cultural Foundation. ISBN 0880334401. We could say that contemporary Europe is made up of three large groups of peoples, divided on the criteria of their origin and linguistic affiliation. They are the following: the Romanic or neo-Latin peoples (Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, French, Romanians, etc.), the Germanic peoples (Germans proper, English, Dutch, Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, Icelanders, etc.), and the Slavic peoples (Russians, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenians, etc.)
  55. ^ Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 548. ISBN 0313309841. The Romanians are a Latin nation
  56. ^ Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 776. ISBN 0313309841. Romance (Latin) nations... Romanians
  57. ^ Cole, Jeffrey (2011). Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598843026. Romanians are the only Latin people to adopt Orthodoxy
  58. ^ a b Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook By David Levinson, Published 1998 – Greenwood Publishing Group.
  59. ^ a b At the time of the 1989 census, Moldova's total population was 4,335,400. The largest nationality in the republic, ethnic Romanians, numbered 2,795,000 persons, accounting for 64.5 percent of the population. Source : U.S. Library of Congress: "however it is one interpretation of census data results. The subject of Moldovan vs Romanian ethnicity touches upon the sensitive topic of" Moldova's national identity, page 108 sqq. Archived 6 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  60. ^ Rita J. Markel, The Fall of the Roman Empire, p. 17, Twenty-First Century Books, 2007
  61. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009, O.Ed. "The ethnogenesis of the Romanian people was probably completed by the 10th century. The first stage, the Romanization of the Geto-Dacians, had now been followed by the second, the assimilation of the Slavs by the Daco-Romans".
  62. ^ Varzari, Alexander; Stephan, Wolfgang; Stepanov, Vadim; Raicu, Florina; Cojocaru, Radu; Roschin, Yuri; Glavce, Cristiana; Dergachev, Valentin; Spiridonova, Maria; Schmidt, Horst D.; Weiss, Elisabeth (2007). "Population history of the Dniester–Carpathians: Evidence from Alu markers". Journal of Human Genetics. 52 (4): 308–16. doi:10.1007/s10038-007-0113-x. PMID 17387576.
  63. ^ Peoples of Europe. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 2002. p. 408. ISBN 0-7614-7378-5. vlachs maramures.
  64. ^ "International Boundary Study Hungary – Romania (Rumania) Boundary" (PDF). 47. US Office of the Geographer Bureau of Intelligence and Research. 15 April 1965. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  65. ^ Hammel, E. A. and Kenneth W. Wachter. "The Slavonian Census of 1698. Part I: Structure and Meaning, European Journal of Population". University of California.
  66. ^ "T. Balkanski - Transilvanskite bylgari - Predgovor". macedonia.kroraina.com.
  67. ^ Плиска-Преслав: Прабългарската култура, Том 2, Българска академия на науките Археологически институт и музей, 1981.
  68. ^ Stoica, Vasile (1919). The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Printing Company. p. 18.
  69. ^ a b Stoica, Vasile (1919). The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Printing Company. p. 50.
  70. ^ Mishkova, Diana (2013). "The Afterlife of a Commonwealth: Narratives of Byzantium in the National Historiographies of Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Romania". In Daskalov, Roumen; Vezenkov, Alexander (eds.). Entangled Histories of the Balkans Volume Three: Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies. Brill. pp. 137–189.
  71. ^ Daskalov, Roumen; Vezenkov, Alexander, eds. (2013). Entangled Histories of the Balkans Volume Three: Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies. Brill. p. 4.
  72. ^ Kushniarevich, Alena; Utevska, Olga; Chuhryaeva, Marina; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Dibirova, Khadizhat; Uktveryte, Ingrida; Möls, Märt; Mulahasanovic, Lejla; Pshenichnov, Andrey; Frolova, Svetlana; Shanko, Andrey; Metspalu, Ene; Reidla, Maere; Tambets, Kristiina; Tamm, Erika; Koshel, Sergey; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Atramentova, Lubov; Kučinskas, Vaidutis; Davydenko, Oleg; Goncharova, Olga; Evseeva, Irina; Churnosov, Michail; Pocheshchova, Elvira; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Marjanović, Damir; Rudan, Pavao; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (2015). "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135820. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035820K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820. PMC 4558026. PMID 26332464. "Most South Slavs are separated from the rest of the Balto-Slavic populations and form a sparse group of populations with internal differentiation into western (Slovenians, Croatians and Bosnians) and eastern (Macedonians and Bulgarians) regions of the Balkan Peninsula with Serbians placed in-between... Furthermore, Slovenians lie close to the non-Slavic-speaking Hungarians, whereas eastern South Slavs group is located together with non-Slavic-speaking but geographically neighboring Romanians and, to some extent, with Greeks."
  73. ^ Bosch2006, Varzari2006, Varzari 2013, Martinez-Cruz 2012
  74. ^ a b c d Martinez-Cruz B, Ioana M, Calafell F, Arauna LR, Sanz P, Ionescu R, Boengiu S, Kalaydjieva L, Pamjav H, Makukh H, Plantinga T, van der Meer JW, Comas D, Netea MG (2012). Kivisild T (ed.). "Y-chromosome analysis in individuals bearing the Basarab name of the first dynasty of Wallachian kings". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41803. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741803M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041803. PMC 3404992. PMID 22848614.
  75. ^ Rootsi, Siiri (2004). Human Y-chromosomal variation in European populations (PhD Thesis). Tartu University Press. hdl:10062/1252
  76. ^ a b c Kushniarevich, A; Utevska, O; Chuhryaeva, M; Agdzhoyan, A; Dibirova, K; Uktveryte, I; Möls, M; Mulahasanovic, L; Pshenichnov, A; Frolova, S; Shanko, A; Metspalu, E; Reidla, M; Tambets, K; Tamm, E; Koshel, S; Zaporozhchenko, V; Atramentova, L; Kučinskas, V; Davydenko, O; Goncharova, O; Evseeva, I; Churnosov, M; Pocheshchova, E; Yunusbayev, B; Khusnutdinova, E; Marjanović, D; Rudan, P; Rootsi, S; et al. (2015). "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135820. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035820K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820. PMC 4558026. PMID 26332464.
  77. ^ "Славяне и субстрат". Vln.by. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  78. ^ Underhill, Peter A; Poznik, G David; Rootsi, Siiri; Järve, Mari; Lin, Alice A; Wang, Jianbin; Passarelli, Ben; Kanbar, Jad; Myres, Natalie M; King, Roy J; Di Cristofaro, Julie; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Behar, Doron M; Kushniarevich, Alena; Šarac, Jelena; Šaric, Tena; Rudan, Pavao; Pathak, Ajai Kumar; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Grugni, Viola; Semino, Ornella; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir; Farjadian, Shirin; Balanovsky, Oleg; Khusnutdinova, Elza K; Herrera, Rene J; Chiaroni, Jacques; Bustamante, Carlos D; et al. (2014). "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (1): 124–31. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50. PMC 4266736. PMID 24667786.
  79. ^ a b c Myres, N. M.; Rootsi, S; Lin, A. A.; Järve, M; King, R. J.; Kutuev, I; Cabrera, V. M.; Khusnutdinova, E. K.; Pshenichnov, A; Yunusbayev, B; Balanovsky, O; Balanovska, E; Rudan, P; Baldovic, M; Herrera, R. J.; Chiaroni, J; Di Cristofaro, J; Villems, R; Kivisild, T; Underhill, P. A. (2010). "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 95–101. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.146. PMC 3039512. PMID 20736979.
  80. ^ Cruciani, F.; La Fratta, R.; Trombetta, B.; Santolamazza, P.; Sellitto, D.; Colomb, E. B.; Dugoujon, J.-M.; Crivellaro, F.; Benincasa, T.; Pascone, R.; Moral, P.; Watson, E.; Melegh, B.; Barbujani, G.; Fuselli, S.; Vona, G.; Zagradisnik, B.; Assum, G.; Brdicka, R.; Kozlov, A. I.; Efremov, G. D.; Coppa, A.; Novelletto, A.; Scozzari, R. (2007). "Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (6): 1300–11. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm049. PMID 17351267.
  81. ^ Stefan; et al. (2001). "Y chromosome analysis reveals a sharp genetic boundary in the Carpathian region" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (1): 27–33. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200580. PMID 11175296. S2CID 9057201.
  82. ^ Cocoş, Relu; Schipor, Sorina; Hervella, Montserrat; Cianga, Petru; Popescu, Roxana; Bănescu, Claudia; Constantinescu, Mihai; Martinescu, Alina; Raicu, Florina (2017). "Genetic affinities among the historical provinces of Romania and Central Europe as revealed by an mtDNA analysis". BMC Genetics. 18 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0487-5. PMC 5341396. PMID 28270115.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  83. ^ Schulte, Kim (2009). "Loanwords in Romanian". In Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (eds.). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 235. ISBN 978-3-11-021843-5.
  84. ^ Dr. Ayfer AKTAŞ, Türk Dili, TDK, 9/2007, s. 484–495, Online: turkoloji.cu.edu.tr
  85. ^ "31 august - Ziua Limbii Române". Agerpres (in Romanian). 31 August 2020.
  86. ^ "De ce este sărbătorită Ziua Limbii Române la 31 august". Historia (in Romanian). 31 August 2020.
  87. ^ Romanian language on Ethnologue.
  88. ^ a b "Romanii au nume "trasnite"". Ziua. December 2007. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2007.
  89. ^ "Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language, 1998; New Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language, 2002" (in Romanian). Dexonline.ro. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  90. ^ a b c Vladimír Baar, Daniel Jakubek, (2017) Divided National Identity in Moldova, Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics, Volume 11: Issue 1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0004.
  91. ^ Drugaș, Șerban George Paul (2016). "The Wallachians in the Nibelungenlied and their Connection with the Eastern Romance Population in the Early Middle Ages". Hiperboreea. 3 (1): 71–124. doi:10.3406/hiper.2016.910. S2CID 149983312.
  92. ^ Ioan-Aurel Pop, Italian Authors and the Romanian Identity in the 16th Century, Revue Roumaine d'Histoire, XXXIX, 1-4, p. 39-49, Bucarest, 2000
  93. ^ "Connubia iunxit cum provincialibus, ut hoc vinculo unam gentem ex duabus faceret, brevi quasi in unum corpus coaluerunt et nunc se Romanos vocant, sed nihil Romani habent praeter linguam et ipsam quidem vehementer depravatam et aliquot barbaricis idiomatibus permixtam." in Magyar Történelmi Tár – 4. sorozat 4. kötet – 1903. - REAL-J; also see Endre Veress, Fontes rerum transylvanicarum: Erdélyi történelmi források, Történettudományi Intézet, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, Budapest, 1914, Vol. IV, S. 204 and also Maria Holban, Călători străini în Țările Române, Editura Științifică, București, 1968, vol.1, p. 247 and also in Gábor Almási, I Valacchi visti dagli Italiani e il concetto di Barbaro nel Rinascimento, Storia della Storiografia, 52 (2007): 049-066
  94. ^ "...si dimandano in lingua loro Romei...se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano,..." and further "però al presente si dimandon Romei, e questo è quanto da essi monacci potessimo esser instruiti" in Claudio Isopescu, Notizie intorno ai Romeni nella letteratura geografica italiana del Cinquecento, in "Bulletin de la Section Historique de l'Académie Roumaine", XIV, 1929, p. 1- 90 and also in Maria Holban, Călători străini în Țările Române, Editura Științifică, București, 1968, vol.1, p. 322-323 For the original text also see Magyar Történelmi Tár, 1855, p. 22-23
  95. ^ "Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transivanie a esté peuplé des colonie romaines du temps de Traian l'empereur...Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain ... " cited from "Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople", fol 48 in Paul Cernovodeanu, Studii si materiale de istorie medievala, IV, 1960, p. 444
  96. ^ " Valachi, i quali sono i più antichi habitatori ... Anzi essi si chiamano romanesci, e vogliono molti che erano mandati quì quei che erano dannati a cavar metalli..." in Maria Holban, Călători străini despre Țările Române, vol. II, p. 158–161 and also in Gábor Almási, Constructing the Wallach "Other" in the Late Renaissance in Balázs Trencsény, Márton Zászkaliczky (edts), Whose Love of Which Country, Brill, Leiden, Boston 2010, p.127 and also in Gábor Almási, I Valacchi visti dagli Italiani e il concetto di Barbaro nel Rinascimento, Storia della Storiografia, 52 (2007): 049-066, p.65
  97. ^ "Valachi autem hodierni quicunque lingua Valacha loquuntur se ipsos non dicunt Vlahos aut Valachos sed Rumenos et a Romanis ortos gloriantur Romanaque lingua loqui profitentur" in: Johannes Lucii, De Regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae, Amsteldaemi, 1666, pag. 284
  98. ^ Pop, Ioan-Aurel. "On the Significance of Certain Names: Romanian/Wallachian and Romania/Wallachia" (PDF). Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  99. ^ In the grand scheme of history, the ethnonym of Romania/Romanian is rather new. The pre-modern self identification of the Romance-speaking population, indigenous to the three major historical principalities of current Romania, seems to have been associated mostly with notions of religious denomination. The attempt to signal the Roman ancestry of Wallachians, Moldovians or Transylvanians was initiated by the academic and, eventually, by the political elite. Romania surfaced on the map of Eastern Europe in 1859, with the union of the Danubian principalities, and the ethnonym Romanian started to gain momentum with the state-run primary schools set up by the government of the nation state throughout the country. For more see: Onoriu Colăcel, The Romanian Cinema of Nationalism: Historical Films as Propaganda and Spectacle. McFarland, 2018, ISBN 978-1-4766-6819-2, p. 193.
  100. ^ "Moldavan", ed. M. N. Guboglo, V. A. Dergachev; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay, Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Cultural Heritage of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Moscow: Nauka, 2010, pp. 137-177, ISBN 978-5-02-037574-1, p. 8, 128, (in Russian).
  101. ^ T. Kamusella, The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe, Springer, 2008, ISBN 978-0-230-58347-4, p. 208; 452.
  102. ^ In Romanian the ethnonym român, derived from Latin Romanus, had acquired the same meaning as Greek Romaios (in the sense of Orthodox Christian)... Obviously, the Latin Romanus and Greek Romaios shared the same semantic development from an ethnic, or rather, political community to religious denomination. Raymond Detrez on p. 41 in Pre-National Identities in the Balkans in: Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume One, pp. 13–65, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004250765_003
  103. ^ Wolfgang Dahmen, who has questioned the continuity between romanus and român as an ethnic denomination, notes: One might also suppose that the early identification of ROMANUS with "Christian" (as opposed to PAGANUS, which then acquired also the meaning of "non-Roman"), has contributed to the preservation of the former meaning. Dahmen, Wolfgang, “Pro- und antiwestliche Strömungen im rumänischen literarischen Diskurs – ein Überblick,” in Gabriella Schubert and Holm Sundhaussen (eds.): Prowestliche und antiwestliche Diskurse in den Balkanländern / Südosteuropa. 43. Internationale Hochschulwoche der Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft in Tutzing 4. - 8.10.2004, München 2008, 59-75. as cited by Raymond Detrez on p. 41 in Pre-National Identities in the Balkans in: Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume One, pp. 13–65, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004250765_003
  104. ^ a b c In an ever more globalized world the incredibly diverse and widespread phenomenon of migration has played a significant role in the ways in which notions such as "home," "membership" or "national belonging" have constantly been disputed and negotiated in both sending and receiving societies. – Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994).
  105. ^ "2000 U.S. Census, ancestry responses". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  106. ^ "Migration Information Source". migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  107. ^ Marian, Mircea (11 April 2015). "IRES: Aproape 9 din 10 români se consideră religioși, dar doar 10% țin post". Evenimentul Zilei (in Romanian).
  108. ^ "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 10 May 2017.
  109. ^ "Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 10 November 2017.
  110. ^ "Populația stabilă după religie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune". Institutul Național de Statistică (in Romanian).
  111. ^ "National Report: Romania – Autumn 2006" (PDF) (in Romanian). European Commission, Eurobarometer. 2006. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2007.
  112. ^ "Barometrul de Opinie Publică" [Barometer of Public Opinion] (PDF). Open Society Foundations. May 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  113. ^ "Dumnezeu nu înseamnă același lucru pentru toți românii" (in Romanian). Soros.ro. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  114. ^ "Romanians, not superstitious, but believe in miracles". Romania-insider.com. 3 November 2014.
  115. ^ Bogdan Banu. "Istro-Romanians in Croatia". Istro-romanian.net. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romanians.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanians&oldid=1117969891"