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Bangladesh–China relations

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China-Bangladeshi relations
Map indicating locations of China and Bangladesh

China
Bangladesh

Bangladesh–China relations are the bilateral relations of Bangladesh and China. China has an embassy in Dhaka and Bangladesh has one in Beijing and consulates in Hong Kong and Kunming. Both countries are members of the BCIM Forum (Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation). According to Chinese government designations, Bangladesh and China are in a "comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership".[1]

Country comparison

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Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh China People's Republic of China
Area 147,570 km2 9,596,961 km2
Population 162,950,000 1,376,049,000
Population density 1,106/km2 145/km2
Capital Dhaka Beijing
Largest Metropolitan Areas Dhaka Shanghai
Government Parliamentary democracy Communist unitary one party state
First leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Mao Zedong
Current leader Muhammad Yunus Xi Jinping
Official languages Bengali Chinese
GDP (nominal) US$438 billion $14.216 trillion
GDP (nominal) per capita US$2,554 US$10,153
GDP (PPP) US$1.070 trillion[2] US$27.331 trillion
GDP (PPP) per capita US$5,812 US$19,520
Human Development Index 0.632 (medium) 0.761 (high)
Foreign exchange reserves 33,100 (millions of USD) 4,009,553 (millions of USD)
Military expenditures US$3.03 billion (1.2% of GDP) US$166.107 billion (2012) (2.0% of GDP)
Manpower Active troops: 300,000 (63,000 reserve personnel) Active troops: approximately 2,285,000 (800,000 reserve personnel)
Main religions Islam (90%), Hinduism (9.5%), Buddhism (0.6%), Christianity (0.4) and others (1%). 10% each: non-religious, folk religions and Taoism, Buddhism. Minorities religions are Islam and Christianity

History

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The treasure voyages went to Sonargaon in Bangladesh
Zhou Enlai (centre) with H. S. Suhrawardy (left) and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (right) in Dhaka Stadium, 1957

Bengal and Imperial China

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Chinese monks, scholars and traders began frequenting Bengal (Tosali Province) from the Qin dynasty period. Famous ancient Chinese travelers to Bengal included Faxian, Yijing (monk) and Xuanzang.[3] During the Pala Empire of Bengal, Atisa of Bikrampur traveled to Tibet and played an important role in developing Tibetan Buddhism.[3]

In 648, a companion of Muhammad, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, who is credited have introduced Islam in China, is said to have followed a route via the Brahmaputra. Evidence remains in Lalmonirhat of a masjid built by himself and is known locally as Abi Waqqas Masjid.[4][5]

Political relations became nonexistent until the Middle Ages after the decline of Buddhism in South Asia.[6] After the Muslim conquest of Bengal in the 13th century, general Bakhtiar Khilji attempted to invade Tibet.[7] Khilji's army was compelled to retreat due to the harsh conditions of the Himalayas. Ming China and the Bengal Sultanate exchanged many embassies during the 15th century. Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah began sending envoys to the Ming dynasty. He sent ambassadors in 1405, 1408 and 1409.[8] Emperor Yongle of China responded by sending ambassadors to Bengal between 1405 and 1433, including members of the Treasure voyages fleet led by Admiral Zheng He.[9] The exchange of embassies included the gift of an East African giraffe by Sultan Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah to the Chinese emperor in 1414 after the Chinese envoys noticed Bengal's trade with Malindi.[9][10][11][12] The treasure voyages led by the Chinese Muslim Admiral Zheng He visited the Bengal Sultanate at least twice. Ming China, under the Yongle Emperor, also mediated in the Bengal Sultanate-Jaunpur Sultanate War creating peace between the two countries.[3][13]

Experts have also speculated on the possibility of a southwestern Silk Road connecting Bengal and China.[14]

  • Tibetan artwork depicting Atisa who was born on the territory of Bangladesh
    Tibetan artwork depicting Atisa who was born on the territory of Bangladesh
  • An African giraffe from the Bengali Muslim royal court was gifted to China in 1414. The Chinese saw it as a qilin.
    An African giraffe from the Bengali Muslim royal court was gifted to China in 1414. The Chinese saw it as a qilin.

East Pakistan (or Modern day Bangladesh)

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Chinese premier Zhou Enlai visited East Pakistan several times in the 1950s and 60s. The Chinese Communist Party maintained close ties with Bengali nationalist leaders Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani and Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. Bhashani in particular, was considered close to Mao Zedong. While serving as the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1957, Awami League president H. S. Suhrawardy became the first Pakistani leader to make a state visit to the PRC.[citation needed]

Sectoral relations

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Geopolitical relations

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When the Bangladesh War of Independence broke out in 1971, complex geopolitical rivalries erupted in South Asia. The Bangladeshis elicited the help of India in their freedom struggle. China had earlier fought a war with India in 1962 and became an ally of Pakistan. Crucially, it was using Pakistan as a conduit for rapprochement with Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger in the United States. The PRC also replaced Taiwan (Republic of China) as a permanent member of UN Security Council in 1971. Its first veto was used to support Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. In the early years of Bangladesh's independence, Dhaka was also close to the Soviet Union, which was a rival of China following the Sino-Soviet split. Despite the support of most countries in the world, Bangladesh's UN membership was vetoed by China until 1974. The situation dramatically changed after military coups in Bangladesh began in 1975, causing Bangladesh to distance itself from the Indo-Soviet Cold War axis in South Asia. China and Bangladesh established diplomatic relations in January 1976.[15] The period coincided with the recognition of the PRC as the sole legitimate government of China by most of the world. The period also saw the Chinese begin to embrace market socialism. President Ziaur Rahman, who restored free markets in Bangladesh, visited Beijing and the laid the groundwork for the relationship; while numerous Chinese leaders visited Dhaka in the late 1970s.[citation needed]

Ziaur Rahman was a key architect of modern Bangladesh-China relations

By the mid-1980s, China had forged close military, commercial and cultural ties with Bangladesh and also supplied it with military aid and equipment.[15] The then-president of Bangladesh Hossain Mohammad Ershad was warmly received in Beijing in July 1987. A Bangladesh-China friendship bridge was constructed and inaugurated over river Buriganga connecting Dhaka and Munshiganj by the Chinese as a token of this newly advancing diplomatic and military relationship. On 4 October 2000, the Government of Bangladesh issued a postal stamp marking the 25th anniversary of the establishment of Bangladesh-China diplomatic relations. By this time, China had provided economic assistance totaling US$300 million to Bangladesh and the bilateral trade had reached a value mounting to a billion dollars.[16] In 2002, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao made an official visit to Bangladesh and both countries declared 2005 as the "Bangladesh-China Friendship Year."[17]

The two countries signed nine different bilateral agreements to further their mutual relationship.[18]

On Bangladesh Nationalist Party PM Begum Khaleda Zia's invitation China was added as an observer in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).[19] Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal, and Pakistan jopined Bangladesh in strongly supporting China's application for observer status, which was accepted.[20]

After Cyclone Sidr hit Bangladesh in 2007, China donated US$1 million for relief and reconstruction in cyclone-hit areas.[citation needed]

Tibet issue

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The Chinese embassy in Bangladesh has twice intervened during local art shows to censor coverage of the plight of Tibetan refugees in South Asia. In 2009, police canceled a planned photo exhibit on Tibetan exiles at the Drik gallery in Dhaka, after requests from the Chinese embassy.[21] In 2016, the Chinese ambassador protested against Tibetan exhibits at the Dhaka Art Summit, which led the organizers to censor coverage of Tibet.[22]

Uyghurs

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In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Bangladesh, signed a joint letter to the United Nations Human Rights Council defending China's persecution of Uyghurs.[23][24] Bangladesh was one of 16 countries that defended China in 2019 but did not do so in 2020.[25]

Economic relations

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The Bangabandhu International Conference Center in Dhaka was built with Chinese assistance
Shah Amanat Bridge in Chittagong is one of many funded by Chinese development assistance in Bangladesh

As a part of a strengthened bilateral trade and investment relationship, China has given Duty-Free (DF) access to 97 percent of Bangladeshi products which came into force from 1 July 2020. According to the notice of the Tariff Commission of the State Council of China on 16 June 2020, zero-tariff has been applied to 8,256 products originating from Bangladesh among the total 8,549 products recognized in the Chinese tariff-line.[26] Utilizing this Duty Free (DF) facility, Bangladesh can seize greater market share as this DF Facility covers Bangladesh-originating 132 knitwear items and 117 woven items at HS Code- 8 Digit Level, at which segment of items, Bangladesh is already highly competitive exporting to China.[27] Bangladesh-China bilateral trade is highly tilted in favour of Beijing,[28][29][30] and Bangladesh's bilateral trade deficit with China has increased 1600% in last 20 years (c. 2019).[28] 25% of Bangladesh's total imports are from China, in 2018-19 China's export to Bangladesh was US$13.6 billion whereas Bangladesh's export to China was only $0.56 billion.[28] China has given several loans to Bangladesh, which compared to India [with which Bangladesh shares land border on 3 sides] are on less favorable terms, and could lead Bangladesh into debt-trap.[31] China has also offered to construct nuclear power plants in Bangladesh to help meet the country's growing energy needs, while also seeking to aid the development of Bangladesh's natural gas resources.[32] [33] China's mainly imports raw materials from Bangladesh like leather, cotton textiles, fish, etc. China's major exports to Bangladesh include textiles, machinery and electronic products, cement, fertiliser, tyre, raw silk, maize, etc.[34]

In 2005, Chinese premier Wen Jiabao visited Bangladesh on an official visit on 7 and 8 April. Various agreements were signed during this visit. On transportation side, China and Bangladesh have agreed to start a direct air transport route between Dhaka and Beijing via Kunming. Also Kunming-Chittagong road link through Myanmar is also considered.[29] The Chinese premier readily agreed to constructing the Di-Aluminium Phosphate (DAP) fertiliser factory in Chittagong entirely on concessional lending instead of on supplier's credit.[35] In 2007, Chinese Assistant Minister of Commerce, Wang Chao visited Bangladesh with the 39-member purchase delegation. It is the biggest purchase delegation ever to Bangladesh with over 10 companies listed in China's top 500 and some of them in world's top 500. Delegation is reported to have purchased Bangladeshi goods worth over US$50 million.[36] Both countries accepted to build a "Bangladesh-China Friendship Exhibition Center" in Dhaka.[36] the amount of foreign trade between Bangladesh and China is about 10 billion dollars. Bangladesh import about 8 billion dollars of goods from China while it exports 2 billion dollars of goods. However, China has recently waived tariffs of 97% Bangladesh's products. This will reduce the trade deficit between Bangladesh and China.[citation needed]

Effective 1 December 2024, China eliminated tariffs for goods imported from all of the countries that the United Nations categorizes as least developed and with which China has diplomatic relations, including Bangladesh.[37]

Defence cooperation

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Defence cooperation between China and Bangladesh began after China recognized Bangladesh in 1975.[38] China has provided military personnel training and military hardware, emerging over the years as the number one provider of such material to Bangladesh.[38] The Bangladesh Army has been equipped with Chinese tanks, its navy has Chinese frigates and missile boats and the Bangladesh Air Force flies Chinese fighter jets. In 2002, China and Bangladesh signed a "Defence Cooperation Agreement" which covers military training and defence production.[citation needed] In 2006, a Chinese report to the United Nations revealed that Dhaka is emerging as a major buyer of Chinese-made weapons. China sold 65 large calibre artillery systems, 16 combat aircraft and 114 missile and related equipment to Bangladesh in 2006. Bangladesh also bought roughly 200 small arms and regular artillery pieces from China.[39]

In 2008, Bangladesh set up an anti-ship missile launch pad near the Chittagong Port with assistance from China. The maiden missile test was performed on 12 May 2008 with active participation of Chinese experts. It successfully test-fired anti-ship missile C-802A with a strike range of 120 km from the frigate BNS Osman near Kutubdia Island in the Bay of Bengal. BNS Osman, which was commissioned in 1989, is a 1500-ton Chinese built Jianghu class frigate, and the C-802A missile is a modified version of Chinese Ying Ji-802 with weight reduced from 815 kg to 715 kg to increase the strike range from 42 km to 120 km.[citation needed]

Water security: River water sharing

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Bangladesh and India have signaled concerns over Chinese plans to dam and divert water from the Brahmaputra River in Tibet.[40]

Covid-19 pandemic

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In August 2020, Bangladesh approved the final stage testing of the Chinese pharmaceutical firm Sinovac Biotech Ltd's COVID-19 vaccine.[41] On 4 October 2020, it was reported that Sinovac had sought Bangladesh's co-financing of the trials.[42] However, on 13 October 2020, the trials were reported to be uncertain after Bangladesh refused to co-fund the vaccine, saying that at the time of seeking approval, Sinovac had said they would run the trials on their own funds and had also promised to provide 100,000 free doses.[43]

Diaspora

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Main article: Chinese people in Bangladesh

There is a sizeable Chinese diaspora in the Bangladeshi capital, Dhaka; first arriving in the 1940s and a smaller population in Chittagong. Their presence is seen as a result of the First World War. Many tend to work as shoemakers or are involved in the opium trade, while others have opened up many Chinese restaurants across the country with its own Bangladeshi twist.[44] Many popular beauty parlours are also run by Chinese Bangladeshis.[45] Areas densely populated with Chinese people in Dhaka include Imamganj and Mitford.[46]

See also

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Bibliography

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  • Cardenal, Juan Pablo; Araújo, Heriberto (2011). La silenciosa conquista china (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. p. 257. ISBN 9788498922578.

References

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  1. ^ "China and Bangladesh reaffirm their ties as territorial and economic issues rise in the region". Associated Press. 10 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  2. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  3. ^ a b c "History and Legend of Sino-Bangla Contacts". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 14 October 2010.
  4. ^ Mahmood, Kajal Iftikhar Rashid (19 October 2012). সাড়ে তেরো শ বছর আগের মসজিদ [1350 Year-old Mosque]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 6 June 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  5. ^ "History and archaeology: Bangladesh's most undervalued assets?". deutschenews24.de. 21 December 2012. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  6. ^ India and China: Interactions through Buddhism and Diplomacy: A Collection of Essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi. Anthem Press. 1 October 2011. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-85728-821-9. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018.
  7. ^ Farooqui Salma Ahmed (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India. p. 53. ISBN 978-81-317-3202-1.
  8. ^ "Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015.
  9. ^ a b Church, Sally K. (2016). "The Giraffe of Bengal: A Medieval Encounter in Ming China". The Medieval History Journal. 7: 1–37. doi:10.1177/097194580400700101. S2CID 161549135.
  10. ^ N. W. Sobania (2003). Culture and Customs of Kenya. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-313-31486-5.
  11. ^ Lin Ma; Jaap van Brakel (25 March 2016). Fundamentals of Comparative and Intercultural Philosophy. SUNY Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-4384-6017-8.
  12. ^ Giorgio Riello; Zoltán Biedermann; Anne Gerritsen (28 December 2017). Global Gifts: The Material Culture of Diplomacy in Early Modern Eurasia. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-108-41550-7. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018.
  13. ^ Chung, Tan; Yinzeng, Geng (2005). India and China: Twenty Centuries of Civilizational Interaction and Vibrations. History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. Vol. III Part 6. Centre for Studies in Civilizations. pp. 361–362. ISBN 978-81-87586-21-0. The Bengali envoy complained at the Ming court ... The 'Zhaonapuer'/Jaunpur troops withdrew from Bengal. (Here is a unique episode of China's mediating in the conflict between two Indian states. - Tan
  14. ^ "Between Winds and Clouds: Chapter 2" (PDF). Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  15. ^ a b "Bangladesh - China and Other Asian Nations". countrystudies.us.
  16. ^ "Dhaka Issues Memorial Stamps on Bangladesh-China Diplomatic Relationship". People's Daily. 4 October 2000. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  17. ^ Habib, Haroon (9 April 2005). "Bangladesh, China sign nine agreements". The Hindu.
  18. ^ Habib, Haroon (9 April 2005). "Bangladesh, China sign nine agreements". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  19. ^ "China pledges to further promote China-Bangladesh ties". Xinhua News Agency. 7 June 2006. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  20. ^ Kelegama, Saman (2016). "China as a Balancer in South Asia". The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-8047-9764-1. OCLC 939553543.
  21. ^ "Police prevent Tibet photo exhibition". bdnews24.com.
  22. ^ "Dhaka art summit: Tibetan exhibit covered up after China 'protest'". The Indian Express. 8 February 2016.
  23. ^ "Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?". The Diplomat. 15 July 2019. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  24. ^ "Saudi Arabia and Russia among 37 states backing China's Xinjiang policy". Reuters. 12 July 2019. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
  25. ^ Basu, Zachary (8 October 2020). "Mapped: More countries sign UN statement condemning China's mass detentions in Xinjiang". Axios. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  26. ^ Latifee, Enamul Hafiz; Uddin, Mohammad Musleh (29 October 2020). "Decoding China's duty-free facility for the knitwear sector of Bangladesh: The Chinese market dynamics (Part-1)". Textile Today. Vol. 13, no. 10. Amin & Jahan Corporation Ltd. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  27. ^ Latifee, Enamul Hafiz; Uddin, Mohammad Musleh (5 December 2020). "How can you grow your business with duty-free facility in Chinese market through Alibaba?". Textile Today. Amin & Jahan Corporation Ltd. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  28. ^ a b c India plans to enhance trade with Bangladesh, Economic Times, July 2020.
  29. ^ a b Kumar, Anand (21 April 2005). "Changing Dynamics of Sino-Bangladesh Relations". southasiaanalysis group. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  30. ^ "China grants over USD 10 mn aid to Bangladesh". The Economic Times. 23 July 2007.
  31. ^ "Is Bangladesh falling into a Chinese 'dept trap'?". www.dw.com. 11 July 2021.
  32. ^ "China's March on South Asia". Archived from the original on 16 April 2014.
  33. ^ "China keen to build Rooppur nuclear plant". Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2008.
  34. ^ "China and Bangladesh". The Department of Asian Affairs, People's Republic of China. 25 August 2003. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  35. ^ Mohammad Mahabubur Rahman, Dr. Kazi Ihtesham (23 May 2005). "Sino-Bangla relations and Bangladesh's Look East policy". The Daily Star. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  36. ^ a b "China, Bangladesh to improve bilateral ties". The Hindu. Xinhua. 24 July 2007. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  37. ^ "China sharpens edge in global trade with zero-tariff deal for developing world". South China Morning Post. 29 October 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
  38. ^ a b Kelegama, Saman (2016). The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-8047-9764-1. OCLC 939553543.
  39. ^ Samanta, Pranab Dhal (9 September 2007). "Breaking 10-year silence, China reveals it's now No 1 arms supplier to Bangladesh". The Indian Express. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  40. ^ Bagchi, Indrani (12 June 2007). "Water-sharing clouds Indo-China ties". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  41. ^ "Bangladesh approves trial of China COVID-19 vaccine". Prothomalo. 27 August 2020.
  42. ^ "Sinovac seeks Bangladesh co-financing for vaccine trial". Dhaka Tribune. 4 October 2020.
  43. ^ "Sinovac vaccine safety trial uncertain after Bangladesh refuses to co-fund it". BD News. 13 October 2020.
  44. ^ McAdam, Marika (2004). Bangladesh. Lonely Planet. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-1-74059-280-2.
  45. ^ "Beauties at the city's beauty shops". The Daily Star.
  46. ^ Haraprasad Ray (2012). "The Chinese". In Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal (ed.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.

Further reading

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Library resources about
Bangladesh–China relations
  • Choudhury, G.W. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Major Powers: Politics of a Divided Subcontinent (1975), relations with US, USSR and China.
  • Church, Sally K. (2004). "The Giraffe of Bengal: A Medieval Encounter in Ming China". The Medieval History Journal. 7 (1): 1–37. doi:10.1177/097194580400700101. S2CID 161549135.
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