Bhirrana
भिर्दाना | |
_-_5.jpg) | |
  Shown within India | |
| Alternative name | Birhana |
|---|---|
| Location | Haryana, India |
| Coordinates | 29°33′15″N 75°33′55″E / 29.55417°N 75.56528°E |
| Type | Settlement |
| Length | 190 m (620 ft) |
| Width | 240 m (790 ft) |
| History | |
| Founded | Approximately 7570 BCE |
| Abandoned | Approximately 2600 BCE |
| Periods | Hakra Wares to Mature Harappan |
| Cultures | Indus Valley Civilization |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 2003-04, 2004–05, 2005-06 |
Bhirrana or Birhana is a small village located in Fatehabad District, in the Indian state of Haryana.[1]
Location
The site is situated about 220 km to the northwest of New Delhi on the New Delhi-Fazilka national highway and about 14 km northeast of the district headquarters on the Bhuna road in the Fatehabad district. The site is one of the many sites seen along the channels of the ancient Saraswati riverine systems, now represented by the seasonal Ghaggar River which flows in modern Haryana from Nahan to Sirsa.
The mound measures 190 m north-south and 240 m east-west and rises to a height of 5.50 m from the surrounding area of flat alluvial sottar plain.
Excavations
The Excavation Branch-I, Nagpur of the Archaeological Survey of India excavated this site for three field seasons during 2003-04, 2004–05 and 2005-06. Several publications have been written on it by Rao et al.
Dating
According to Rao, Hakra Ware has been found at Bhirrana, and is pre-Harappan, dating to the 8th-7th millennium BCE.[2][3][4] Hakra Ware culture is a material culture which is contemporaneous with the early Harappan Ravi phase culture (3300-2800 BCE) of the Indus Valley.[5][6]
According to Dikshit and Rami, the estimation for the aniquity of Bhirrana is based on two calculations of charcoal samples, giving two dates of respectively 7570-7180 BCE, and 6689-6201 BCE.[2][3]
Cultures
According to Rao, the excavation has revealed these cultural periods; Period IA: Hakra Wares Culture, Period IB: Early Harappan Culture, Period IIA: Early Mature Harappan and Period IIB: Mature Harappan Culture.[2][3][4]
Period IA: Hakra Wares Culture: The excavation has revealed the remains of the Harappan culture right from its nascent stage, i.e., Hakra Wares[7] Culture (antedating the Known Early Harappan Culture in the subcontinent, also known as Kalibangan-I.) to a full-fledged Mature Harappan city. Prior to the excavation of Bhirrana, no Hakra Wares culture, predating the Early Harappan had been exposed in any Indian site. For the first time, the remains of this culture have been exposed at Bhirrana. This culture is characterised by structures in the form of subterranean dwelling pits, cut into the natural soil. The walls and floor of these pits were plastered with the yellowish alluvium of the Saraswati valley. The artefacts of this period comprised a copper bangle, a copper arrowhead, bangles of terracotta, beads of carnelian, lapis lazuli and steatite, bone point, stone saddle and quern.[8] The pottery repertoire is very rich and the diagnostic wares of this period included Mud Applique Wares, Incised (Deep and Light), Tan/Chocolate Slipped Wares, Brown-on-Buff Wares, Bichrome Wares (Paintings on the exterior with black and white pigments), Black-on-Red Ware and plain red wares.
Period IB: Early Harappan Culture: The entire site was occupied during this period. The settlement was an open air one with no fortification. The houses were built of mud bricks of buff colour in the ratio of 3:2:1. The pottery of this period shows all the six fabrics of Kalibangan - I along with many of the Hakra Wares of the earlier period. The artifacts of this period include a seal of quarter-foil shape made of shell, arrowheads, bangles and rings of copper, beads of carnelian, jasper, lapis lazuli, steatite, shell and terracotta, pendents, bull figurines, rattles, wheels, gamesmen, and marbles of terracotta, bangles of terracotta and faience, bone objects, sling balls, marbles and pounders of sandstone.
Period IIA: Early Mature Harappan Culture: This period is marked by transformation in the city lay-out. The entire settlement was encompassed within a fortification wall. The twin units of the town planning; Citadel and Lower Town came into vogue. The mud brick structures were aligned with a slight deviation from the true north. The streets, lanes and by-lanes were oriented in similar fashion. The pottery assemblage shows a mixed bag of Early Harappan and Mature Harappan forms. The artifacts of the period included beads of semi-precious stones (including two caches of beads kept in two miniature pots), bangles of copper, shell, terracotta and faience; fishhook, chisel, arrowhead of copper; terracotta animal figurines and a host of miscellaneous artifacts.
Period IIB: Mature Harappan Culture: The last period of occupation at the site belongs to the Mature Harappan period with all the characteristic features of a well-developed Harappan city. The important artifacts of the period consisted of Seals of steatite, bangles of copper, terracotta, faience and shell, inscribed celts of copper, bone objects, terracotta spoked wheels, animal figurines of terracotta, beads of lapis lazuli, carnelian, agate, faience, steatite, terracotta and stone objects.[8] A replica of the famous "Dancing Girl" from Mohenjodaro is found engraved[1] on a potsherd in the form of a graffiti.[9] The massive fortification wall[8] of the town was made of mud bricks. The houses were made of mud bricks (sun-baked bricks). Wide linear roads can be seen separating the houses. A circular structure of baked earth is probably a "tandoor"- a community kitchen still seen in rural India. Presence of the baked bricks is seen used in the main drain provided on the width of the northern arm of the fortification wall to flush out the waste water from the houses.
Dancing girl graffiti
Pottery graffiti at Bhirrana show "mermaid" type deities and dancing girls;[1] the latter have a posture so similar to Mohenjo-daro's bronze "dancing girls" that the archaeologist L.S. Rao stated that "it appears that the craftsman of Bhirrana had first-hand knowledge of the former.”[8][10] These deities or dancing girls may represent apsaras, or water nymphs, associated with water rites once widespread in the Indus Valley civilisation.[9]
Other findings
Other significant findings included terracotta wheels with painted spokes.[11] People used to live in shallow mud plastered pit dwellings and pits were also used for industrial activity or sacrifices.[8] Multi-roomed houses were exposed at this site, one house with ten rooms and another with three rooms. Another house had a kitchen, court yards, chullah [i.e., chulha, cooking stoves] in the kitchen; beside the chullah, charred grains were also found.[8]
According to Rao, all phases of Indus Valley Civilisation are represented in this site.
See also
- List of Indus Valley Civilization sites
- List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana
- List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana
- Haryana Tourism
References
- ^ a b c "Harappan link". Frontline. 19 January 2008.
- ^ a b c Dikshit 2013, p. 129-133.
- ^ a b c Mani 2008, p. 237-238.
- ^ a b Sarkar 2006, p. 2-3.
- ^ Coningham & Young 2015, p. 158.
- ^ Ahmed 2014, p. 107.
- ^ William Law (II), Randal (2008). Inter-regional Interaction and Urbanism in the Ancient Indus Valley: A Geologic Provenience Study of Harappa's Rock and Mineral Assemblage. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest. p. 83. ISBN 9780549628798.
- ^ a b c d e f Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century. New Delhi: Pearson Education. pp. 109, 145, 153. ISBN 9788131711200.
- ^ a b Mahadevan, Iravatham (August 2011). "The Indus Fish Swam in the Great Bath: A New Solution to an Old Riddle" (PDF). Bulletin of the Indus Research Centre (2): 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "The ageless tale a potsherd from Bhirrana tells". The Hindu. 12 September 2007.
- ^ "Images of Excavation Site - Bhirrana, A Harappan town - Archaeological Survey of India". asi.nic.in.
Sources
- Ahmed, Mihktar (2014), Ancient Pakistan - an Archaeological History
- Coningham; Young (2015), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE, Cambridge University Press
- Dikshit, K.N. (2013), "Origin of Early Harappan Cultures in the Sarasvati Valley: Recent Archaeological Evidence and Radiometric Dates" (PDF), Journal of IndIan ocean archaeology no. 9, 2013, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-18
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Mani, B.R. (2008), "Kashmir Neolithic and Early Harappan : A Linkage" (PDF), Pragdhara 18, 229–247 (2008)
- Sarkar, Anindya (2016), "Oxygen isotope in archaeological bioapatites from India: Implications to climate change and decline of Bronze Age Harappan civilization", Nature Scientific reports
Further reading
- "The Tribune," January 2, 2004
- Puratattva, The Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of India No. 34, 35 and 36;
- Man and Environment xxxi
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