College of Cardinals

The College of Cardinals is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.

A function of the college is to advise the pope about church matters when he summons them to an ordinary consistory. It also convenes on the death or resignation of a pope as a papal conclave to elect a successor. The college has no ruling power except during the sede vacante (papal vacancy) period, and even then its powers are extremely limited by the terms of the current law, which is laid down in the Apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis and the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State.

Historically, cardinals were the clergy of the city of Rome, serving the Bishop of Rome as the Pope, who had clerical duties in parishes of the city. The College has its origins in the events surrounding the crowning of Henry IV as King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor at the age of six, after the unexpected death of Henry III in 1056. Until this moment secular authorities had significant influence over who was to be appointed Pope, and the Holy Roman Emperor in particular had the special ability to appoint him. This was significant as the aims and views of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Church did not always coincide. Members of what was to become known as the Gregorian Reform took advantage of the new King and his lack of power, and in 1059 declared that the election of the Pope was an affair only for the Church. This was part of a larger power struggle, which became known as the Investiture Controversy, as the Church attempted to gain more control over their clergy, and in doing so gain more influence in the lands and governments they were appointed to. Theological implications aside, its creation represented a significant shift in the balance of power in the Early Medieval world. From the beginning of the 12th century, the College of Cardinals started to meet as such, when the cardinal bishops, cardinal priests, and cardinal deacons ceased acting as separate groups.

The Dean of the College of Cardinals and the Sub-Dean are the president and vice-president of the college. Both are elected by and from the cardinals holding suburbicarian dioceses, but the election requires Papal confirmation. Except for presiding, the dean has no power of governance over the cardinals, instead acting as primus inter pares (first among equals).

The Secretary of State, the prefects of the Congregations of the Roman Curia, the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, the Vicar General of Rome, and the Patriarchs of Venice and Lisbon, are usually Cardinals, with few, usually temporary, exceptions. The Fundamental Law of Vatican City State requires that appointees to the state's legislative body, the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, be cardinals.

Choosing the Pope

Under the terms of Pope Paul VI's motu proprio Ingravescentem Aetatem, cardinals who had reached the age of 80 before the conclave opened had no vote in papal elections. The current rules for the election of the Roman Pontiff, those in Pope John Paul II's Universi Dominici Gregis of 22 February 1996, state that cardinals who have reached the age of 80 before the day the see becomes vacant do not have a vote.

Although the canonical qualifications required of candidates for episcopacy, indicated in canon 378 of the Code of Canon Law, leave a broad field open to the cardinals, they have in fact for over six centuries consistently elected one of their own number to be Bishop of Rome. The last time they chose someone who was not a cardinal was at the 1378 election of Pope Urban VI. However, the conclave rules specify the procedures to be followed, should someone residing outside Vatican City or not yet a bishop be elected.

Members of the College of Cardinals

The following is the list of all living Cardinals as of 28 February 2013. Cardinals are shown in order of precedence, based on seniority by date of appointment. Paulo Evaristo Arns is the most senior member of the College by length of service (the Protopriest); he is the last surviving from the 1973 consistory. Angelo Sodano, however, has the highest precedence as a Cardinal Bishop as Dean of the College of Cardinals.

Walter Kasper will be the next Cardinal to lose, on 5 March 2013, his right to participate in a conclave. However, since Pope Benedict XVI's resignation became effective as of 28 February 2013, according to the Apostolic Constitution Universi Dominici Gregis Cardinal Kasper and other Cardinals aged under 80 on 27 February 2013 may vote in the conclave to elect Pope Benedict's successor. As of 27 February 2013, the day before the sede vacante caused by Pope Benedict's resignation, there were a total of 207 Cardinals, of whom 117 were aged under 80. Of the voting-age cardinals as of that date, 50 were appointed by Pope John Paul II, and 67 by Pope Benedict XVI. As of March 2013, the oldest living Cardinal is Ersilio Tonini.

All but thirteen of the Cardinals alive at the death of Pope John Paul II were appointed by him. Three of those thirteen were under 80 years old as of the day of John Paul II's death. One of those three, Joseph Ratzinger, was elected Pope in the resulting conclave and took the name Benedict XVI, another one (Jaime Sin) did not attend that conclave for health reasons and died shortly afterwards, and the third, William Wakefield Baum, turned 80 on 21 November 2006.

Most of the Cardinals are from the Latin Church; those who are from the Eastern Catholic Churches have their church explicitly indicated.

Within the College of Cardinals, there are three categories, the highest-ranked Cardinal Bishops, then Cardinal Priests, and finally Cardinal Deacons. Within each category the Cardinals are ranked by seniority of appointment.

Despite these titles, in fact since the pontificate of Pope John XXIII almost all Cardinals who were not already bishops at the time their appointment was announced have been ordained bishops prior to the conclusion of the formal installation, though from the late twentieth century Jesuit priests made cardinals when already over 80 have usually petitioned not to become bishops and have received permission in this sense.

Italian cardinals as percentage

of total College of Cardinals

(1903–2013)

February 2013	22.60
April 2005	17.09
October 1978	22.50
August 1978	22.80
1963	35.36
1958	35.80
1939	54.80
1922	51.60
1914	50.76
1903	56.25

2013 World Representation in the College of Cardinals

Region	Total Population	Catholics	% Catholic	% of Catholic total	% of College of Cardinals
Africa	885,103,542	135,211,325	15.27%	12.57%	8.17%
Asia and Middle East	3,889,093,723	123,851,272	3.18%	11.51%	9.62%
Europe	750,072,510	283,916,457	37.85%	26.37%	57.65%
Central America	42,883,849	32,317,384	75.36%	3.00%	1.00%
North America and Carribean	472,952,469	192,274,838	40.65%	17.88%	12.98%
South America	371,363,897	299,570,011	80.66%	27.87%	10.58%
Oceania	30,686,468	7,747,654	25.24%	0.72%	1.92%

College of Cardinals (2013)

Appointed	Name	Country	Born	Age	Title(s)
Cardinals of the Order of Bishops
Titular Bishops of Seven Suburbicarian Sees
	Angelo Sodano	Italy	23 November 1927	96	Bishop of Ostia and Cardinal Bishop of Albano, Dean of the College of Cardinals, Cardinal Secretary of State Emeritus, Cardinal since 28 June 1991.
	Roger Etchegaray	France	25 September 1922	101	Cardinal Bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina, Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals, President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, Cardinal since 30 June 1979.
	Giovanni Battista Re	Italy	30 January 1934	90	Cardinal Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto, Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for Bishops, Cardinal since 21 February 2001.
	Francis Arinze	Nigeria	1 November 1932	91	Cardinal Bishop of Velletri-Segni, Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, Cardinal since 25 May 1985.
	Tarcisio Bertone	Italy	2 December 1934	89	Cardinal Bishop of Frascati, Cardinal Secretary of State and Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal since 21 October 2003.
	José Saraiva Martins	Portugal	6 January 1932	92	Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina, Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, Cardinal since 21 February 2001.
Patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches
	Nasrallah Pierre Sfeir	Lebanon	15 May 1920	104	Patriarch Emeritus of Antioch (Maronite Catholic Church), Cardinal since 28 February 1994.
	Emmanuel III Delly	Iraq	6 October 1927	96	Patriarch Emeritus of Babylon (Chaldean Catholic Church), Cardinal since 24 November 2007.
	Antonios Naguib	Egypt	7 March 1935	89	Patriarch Emeritus of Alexandria (Coptic Catholic Church), Cardinal since 20 November 2010.
	Bechara Boutros al-Rahi	Lebanon	25 February 1940	84	Patriarch of Antioch (Maronite Catholic Church), Cardinal since 24 November 2012.
Cardinals of the Order of Priests
Consistory of 5 March 1973	Paulo Evaristo Arns	Brazil	14 September 1921	102	Archbishop Emeritus of São Paulo, Cardinal Protopriest since July 2012.
Consistory of 24 May 1976	William Wakefield Baum	United States	21 November 1926	97	Major Penitentiary Emeritus
Consistory of 30 June 1979
	Marco Cé	Italy	8 July 1925	99	Patriarch Emeritus of Venice
	Franciszek Macharski	Poland	20 May 1927	97	Archbishop Emeritus of Kraków
Consistory of 2 February 1983
	Michael Michai Kitbunchu	Thailand	26 January 1929	95	Archbishop Emeritus of Bangkok
	Alexandre do Nascimento	Angola	1 March 1925	99	Archbishop Emeritus of Luanda
	Godfried Danneels	Belgium	5 June 1933	91	Archbishop Emeritus of Mechelen-Brussels
	Thomas Stafford Williams	New Zealand	20 March 1930	94	Archbishop Emeritus of Wellington
	Joachim Meisner	Germany	25 December 1933	90	Archbishop of Cologne
Consistory of 25 May 1985
	Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy	India	5 February 1924	100	Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
	Miguel Obando y Bravo	Nicaragua	2 February 1926	98	Archbishop Emeritus of Managua
	Ricardo Vidal	Philippines	6 February 1931	93	Archbishop Emeritus of Cebu
	Henryk Gulbinowicz	Poland	17 October 1923	100	Archbishop Emeritus of Wrocław
	Jozef Tomko	Slovakia	11 March 1924	100	President Emeritus of the Pontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses
	Paul Poupard	France	30 August 1930	93	President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Culture
	Friedrich Wetter	Germany	20 February 1928	96	Archbishop Emeritus of Munich and Freising
	Silvano Piovanelli	Italy	21 February 1924	100	Archbishop Emeritus of Florence
	Adrianus Johannes Simonis	Netherlands	26 November 1931	92	Archbishop Emeritus of Utrecht
	Bernard Francis Law	United States	4 November 1931	92	Archpriest Emeritus of the Basilica of St. Mary Major
	Giacomo Biffi	Italy	13 June 1928	96	Archbishop Emeritus of Bologna
Consistory of 28 June 1988
	Eduardo Martínez Somalo	Spain	31 March 1927	97	Camerlengo Emeritus of the Holy Roman Church
	Achille Silvestrini	Italy	25 October 1923	100	Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
	José Freire Falcão	Brazil	23 October 1925	98	Archbishop Emeritus of Brasília
	Alexandre José Maria dos Santos	Mozambique	18 March 1924	100	Archbishop Emeritus of Maputo
	Giovanni Canestri	Italy	30 September 1918	105	Archbishop Emeritus of Genoa
	Simon Pimenta	India	1 March 1920	104	Archbishop Emeritus of Bombay
	Edward Bede Clancy	Australia	13 December 1923	100	Archbishop Emeritus of Sydney
	Edmund Casimir Szoka	United States	14 September 1927	96	President Emeritus of the Governorate of Vatican City
	László Paskai	Hungary	8 May 1927	97	Archbishop Emeritus of Esztergom-Budapest
	Christian Wiyghan Tumi	Cameroon	15 October 1930	93	Archbishop Emeritus of Douala
Consistory of 28 June 1991
	Edward Idris Cassidy	Australia	5 July 1924	100	President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity
	Nicolás de Jesús López Rodríguez	Dominican Republic	31 October 1936	87	Archbishop of Santo Domingo
	Fiorenzo Angelini	Italy	1 August 1916	108	President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers
	Roger Mahony	United States	27 February 1936	88	Archbishop Emeritus of Los Angeles
	Camillo Ruini	Italy	19 February 1931	93	Vicar General Emeritus for the Diocese of Rome
	Ján Chryzostom Korec	Slovakia	22 January 1924	100	Bishop Emeritus of Nitra
	Henri Schwery	Switzerland	14 June 1932	92	Bishop Emeritus of Sion
Consistory of 26 November 1994
	Miloslav Vlk	Czech Republic	17 May 1932	92	Archbishop Emeritus of Prague
	Carlo Furno	Italy	2 December 1921	102	Grand Master Emeritus of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre and Archpriest Emeritus of the Basilica of St. Mary Major
	Julius Riyadi Darmaatmadja	Indonesia	20 December 1934	89	Archbishop Emeritus of Jakarta
	Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino	Cuba	18 October 1936	87	Archbishop of San Cristóbal de la Habana
	Gilberto Agustoni	Switzerland	26 July 1922	102	Prefect Emeritus of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura
	Emmanuel Wamala	Uganda	15 December 1926	97	Archbishop Emeritus of Kampala
	William Henry Keeler	United States	4 March 1931	93	Archbishop Emeritus of Baltimore
	Jean-Claude Turcotte	Canada	26 June 1936	88	Archbishop Emeritus of Montreal
	Ricardo María Carles Gordó	Spain	24 September 1926	97	Archbishop Emeritus of Barcelona
	Adam Joseph Maida	United States	18 March 1930	94	Archbishop Emeritus of Detroit
	Vinko Puljić	Bosnia and Herzegovina	8 September 1945	78	Archbishop of Vrhbosna (Sarajevo)
	Juan Sandoval Íñiguez	Mexico	28 March 1933	91	Archbishop Emeritus of Guadalajara
	Ersilio Tonini	Italy	20 July 1914	110	Archbishop Emeritus of Ravenna
Consistory of 21 February 1998
	Jorge Medina Estévez	Chile	23 December 1926	97	Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
	Darío Castrillón Hoyos	Colombia	4 July 1929	95	President Emeritus of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei and Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Clergy
	Lorenzo Antonetti	Italy	31 July 1922	102	President Emeritus of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
	James Francis Stafford	United States	26 July 1932	92	Major Penitentiary Emeritus
	Salvatore De Giorgi	Italy	6 September 1930	93	Archbishop Emeritus of Palermo
	Serafim Fernandes de Araújo	Brazil	13 August 1924	100	Archbishop Emeritus of Belo Horizonte
	Antonio María Rouco Varela	Spain	24 August 1936	87	Archbishop of Madrid
	Dionigi Tettamanzi	Italy	14 March 1934	90	Archbishop Emeritus of Milan
	Polycarp Pengo	Tanzania	5 August 1944	80	Archbishop of Dar-es-Salaam
	Christoph Schönborn, OP	Austria	22 January 1945	79	Archbishop of Vienna
	Norberto Rivera Carrera	Mexico	6 June 1942	82	Archbishop of Mexico
	Francis Eugene George	United States	16 January 1937	87	Archbishop of Chicago
	Marian Jaworski	Ukraine	21 August 1926	97	Archbishop Emeritus of Lviv
	Jānis Pujāts	Latvia	14 November 1930	93	Archbishop Emeritus of Riga
Consistory of 21 February 2001
	Agostino Cacciavillan	Italy	14 August 1926	98	President Emeritus of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
	Sergio Sebastiani	Italy	11 April 1931	93	President Emeritus of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
	Zenon Grocholewski	Poland	11 October 1939	84	Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education
	Crescenzio Sepe	Italy	2 June 1943	78	Archbishop of Naples
	Jorge María Mejía	Argentina	31 January 1923	101	Librarian and Archivist Emeritus of the Holy Roman Church
	Walter Kasper	Germany	5 March 1933	91	President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity
	Ivan Dias	India	14 April 1936	88	Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
	Geraldo Majella Agnelo	Brazil	19 October 1933	90	Archbishop Emeritus of São Salvador da Bahia
	Pedro Rubiano Sáenz	Colombia	13 September 1932	91	Archbishop Emeritus of Bogotá
	Theodore Edgar McCarrick	United States	7 July 1930	94	Archbishop Emeritus of Washington
	Desmond Connell	Ireland	24 March 1926	98	Archbishop Emeritus of Dublin
	Audrys Juozas Bačkis	Lithuania	1 February 1937	87	Archbishop of Vilnius
	Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa	Chile	5 September 1933	90	Archbishop Emeritus of Santiago de Chile
	Julio Terrazas Sandoval	Bolivia	7 March 1936	88	Archbishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra
	Wilfrid Fox Napier	South Africa	8 March 1941	83	Archbishop of Durban
	Oscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga, SDB	Honduras	29 December 1942	81	Archbishop of Tegucigalpa
	Bernard Agré	Ivory Coast	2 March 1926	98	Archbishop Emeritus of Abidjan
	Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne	Peru	28 December 1943	80	Archbishop of Lima
	Francisco Álvarez Martínez	Spain	14 July 1925	99	Archbishop Emeritus of Toledo
	Cláudio Hummes	Brazil	8 August 1934	90	Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Clergy
	Jorge Mario Bergoglio, SJ	Argentina	17 December 1936	87	Archbishop of Buenos Aires
	José IV Policarpo	Portugal	26 February 1936	88	Patriarch of Lisbon
	Severino Poletto	Italy	18 March 1933	91	Archbishop Emeritus of Turin
	Cormac Murphy-O'Connor	United Kingdom	24 August 1932	91	Archbishop Emeritus of Westminster
	Edward Michael Egan	United States	2 April 1932	92	Archbishop Emeritus of New York
	Lubomyr Husar	Ukraine	26 February 1933	91	Major Archbishop Emeritus of Kyiv-Halych (Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church)
	Karl Lehmann	Germany	16 May 1936	88	Bishop of Mainz
	Roberto Tucci, SJ	Italy	19 April 1921	103	President Emeritus of the Administrative Committee of Radio Vatican
Consistory of 21 October 2003
	Angelo Scola	Italy	7 November 1941	82	Archbishop of Milan
	Anthony Olubumni Okogie	Nigeria	16 June 1936	88	Archbishop Emeritus of Lagos
	Bernard Panafieu	France	26 January 1931	93	Archbishop Emeritus of Marseille
	Gabriel Zubeir Wako	Sudan	27 February 1939	85	Archbishop of Khartoum
	Carlos Amigo Vallejo	Spain	23 August 1934	89	Archbishop Emeritus of Seville
	Justin Francis Rigali	United States	19 April 1935	89	Archbishop Emeritus of Philadelphia
	Keith O'Brien	United Kingdom	17 March 1938	86	Archbishop Emeritus of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh
	Eusebio Oscar Scheid	Brazil	8 December 1932	91	Archbishop Emeritus of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro
	Ennio Antonelli	Italy	18 November 1936	87	President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for the Family
	Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson	Ghana	11 October 1948	75	President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
	Telesphore Placidus Toppo	India	13 October 1939	84	Archbishop of Ranchi
	George Pell	Australia	8 April 1941	83	Archbishop of Sydney
	Josip Bozanić	Croatia	20 March 1949	75	Archbishop of Zagreb
	Jean-Baptiste Phạm Minh Mẫn	Vietnam	5 March 1934	90	Archbishop of Ho Chi Minh City
	Philippe Barbarin	France	17 October 1950	73	Archbishop of Lyon
	Péter Erdő	Hungary	25 June 1952	72	Archbishop of Esztergom-Budapest
	Marc Ouellet	Canada	8 June 1944	80	Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops
Consistory of 24 March 2006
	Agostino Vallini	Italy	17 April 1940	84	Vicar General of Rome
	Jorge Urosa	Venezuela	28 August 1942	81	Archbishop of Caracas
	Gaudencio Borbon Rosales	Philippines	10 August 1932	92	Archbishop Emeritus of Manila
	Jean-Pierre Ricard	France	25 September 1944	79	Archbishop of Bordeaux
	Antonio Cañizares Llovera	Spain	15 October 1945	78	Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
	Nicolas Cheong Jin-suk	South Korea	7 December 1931	91	Archbishop Emeritus of Seoul
	Seán Patrick O'Malley	United States	29 June 1944	80	Archbishop of Boston
	Stanisław Dziwisz	Poland	27 April 1939	85	Archbishop of Kraków
	Carlo Caffarra	Italy	1 June 1938	86	Archbishop of Bologna
	Joseph Zen Ze-Kiun	Hong Kong	13 January 1932	92	Bishop Emeritus of Hong Kong
Consistory of 24 November 2007
	Seán Brady	Ireland	16 August 1939	85	Archbishop of Armagh
	Lluís Martínez Sistach	Spain	29 April 1937	87	Archbishop of Barcelona
	André Armand Vingt-Trois	France	7 November 1942	81	Archbishop of Paris
	Angelo Bagnasco	Italy	14 January 1943	81	Archbishop of Genoa
	Théodore-Adrien Sarr	Senegal	28 November 1936	87	Archbishop of Dakar
	Oswald Gracias	India	24 December 1944	79	Archbishop of Bombay
	Francisco Robles Ortega	Mexico	2 March 1949	75	Archbishop of Guadalajara
	Daniel DiNardo	United States	23 May 1949	75	Archbishop of Galveston-Houston
	Odilo Pedro Scherer	Brazil	21 September 1949	74	Archbishop of São Paulo
	John Njue	Kenya	1944	79 or 80	Archbishop of Nairobi
	Estanislao Esteban Karlic	Argentina	7 February 1926	98	Archbishop Emeritus of Paraná
Consistory of 20 November 2010
	Medardo Joseph Mazombwe	Zambia	24 September 1931	92	Archbishop Emeritus of Lusaka
	Raúl Eduardo Vela Chiriboga	Ecuador	1 January 1934	90	Archbishop Emeritus of Quito
	Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya	DR Congo	7 October 1939	84	Archbishop of Kinshasa
	Paolo Romeo	Italy	20 February 1938	86	Archbishop of Palermo
	Donald William Wuerl	United States	12 November 1940	83	Archbishop of Washington
	Raymundo Damasceno Assis	Brazil	15 February 1937	87	Archbishop of Aparecida
	Kazimierz Nycz	Poland	1 February 1950	74	Archbishop of Warsaw
	Malcolm Ranjith	Sri Lanka	15 November 1947	76	Archbishop of Colombo
	Reinhard Marx	Germany	21 September 1953	70	Archbishop of Munich and Freising
	José Manuel Estepa Llaurens	Spain	1 January 1926	98	Military Archbishop Emeritus of Spain
Consistory of 18 February 2012
	George Alencherry	India	19 April 1945	79	Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church)
	Thomas Christopher Collins	Canada	16 January 1947	77	Archbishop of Toronto
	Dominik Duka, OP	Czech Republic	26 April 1943	81	Archbishop of Prague
	Wim Eijk	Netherlands	22 June 1953	71	Archbishop of Utrecht
	Giuseppe Betori	Italy	25 February 1947	77	Archbishop of Florence
	Timothy Michael Dolan	United States	6 February 1950	74	Archbishop of New York
	Rainer Maria Woelki	Germany	18 August 1956	68	Archbishop of Berlin
	John Tong Hon	Hong Kong	31 July 1939	85	Bishop of Hong Kong
	Lucian Mureșan	Romania	23 May 1931	93	Major Archbishop of Făgăraş and Alba Iulia (Romanian Greek-Catholic Church)
Consistory of 24 November 2012
	Baselios Cleemis	India	15 June 1959	65	Major Archbishop of Trivandrum (Syro-Malankara Catholic Church)
	John Onaiyekan	Nigeria	29 January 1944	80	Archbishop of Abuja
	Rubén Salazar Gómez	Colombia	22 September 1942	81	Archbishop of Bogotá
	Luis Antonio Tagle	Philippines	21 June 1957	67	Archbishop of Manila
Cardinals of the Order of Deacons
Consistory of 21 October 2003
	Jean-Louis Tauran	France	3 April 1943	81	President of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, Cardinal Protodeacon since February 2011
	Renato Raffaele Martino	Italy	23 November 1932	91	President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
	Francesco Marchisano	Italy	25 June 1929	95	President Emeritus of the Office of Labor of the Apostolic See
	Julián Herranz Casado	Spain	31 March 1930	94	President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts
	Javier Lozano Barragán	Mexico	26 January 1933	91	President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers
	Attilio Nicora	Italy	16 March 1937	87	President of the Financial Information Authority
	Georges Marie Martin Cottier, OP	Switzerland	25 April 1922	102	Former Titular Archbishop of Tullia, retired as Pro-Theologian of the Pontifical Household and as Secretary-General of the International Theological Commission
	Stanisław Nagy	Poland	30 September 1921	102	Former Titular Archbishop of Hólar and Professor Emeritus of Theology
Consistory of 24 March 2006
	William Joseph Levada	United States	15 June 1936	88	Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
	Franc Rodé	Slovenia	23 September 1934	89	Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
	Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo	Italy	27 August 1925	98	Archpriest Emeritus of the Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls
	Albert Vanhoye	France	23 July 1923	101	formerly rector of the Pontifical Biblical Institute and secretary of the Pontifical Biblical Commission
Consistory of 24 November 2007
	Leonardo Sandri	Argentina	18 November 1943	80	Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
	Giovanni Lajolo	Italy	3 January 1935	89	President Emeritus of the Governorate of Vatican City State
	Paul Josef Cordes	Germany	5 September 1934	89	President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum
	Angelo Comastri	Italy	17 September 1943	80	Archpriest of St. Peter's Basilica, Vicar General for the Vatican City State, and President of the Fabric of St. Peter
	Stanisław Ryłko	Poland	4 July 1945	79	President of the Pontifical Council for the Laity
	Raffaele Farina	Italy	24 September 1933	90	Librarian and Archivist Emeritus of the Holy Roman Church
	Giovanni Coppa	Italy	9 November 1925	98	Apostolic Nuncio Emeritus to Czech Republic
Consistory of 20 November 2010
	Angelo Amato	Italy	8 June 1938	86	Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints
	Robert Sarah	Guinea	15 June 1945	79	President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum
	Francesco Monterisi	Italy	28 May 1934	90	Archpriest Emeritus of the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
	Raymond Leo Burke	United States	30 June 1948	76	Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura, Archbishop Emeritus of Saint Louis
	Kurt Koch	Switzerland	15 March 1950	74	President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity
	Paolo Sardi	Italy	1 September 1934	89	Patron of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
	Mauro Piacenza	Italy	15 September 1944	79	Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy
	Velasio de Paolis	Italy	19 September 1935	88	President Emeritus of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
	Gianfranco Ravasi	Italy	18 October 1942	81	President of the Pontifical Council for Culture
	Elio Sgreccia	Italy	6 June 1928	96	President Emeritus of the Pontifical Academy for Life
	Walter Brandmüller	Germany	26 January 1929	95	President Emeritus of the Pontifical Committee for Historical Sciences
	Domenico Bartolucci	Italy	7 May 1917	107	Director Emeritus of the Sistine Chapel Choir
Consistory of 18 February 2012
	Fernando Filoni	Italy	15 April 1946	78	Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
	Manuel Monteiro de Castro	Portugal	29 March 1938	86	Major Penitentiary
	Santos Abril y Castelló	Spain	21 September 1935	88	Archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
	Antonio Maria Vegliò	Italy	3 February 1938	86	President of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants
	Giuseppe Bertello	Italy	1 October 1942	81	President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State
	Francesco Coccopalmerio	Italy	6 March 1938	86	President of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts
	João Braz de Aviz	Brazil	24 April 1947	77	Prefect of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
	Edwin Frederick O'Brien	United States	8 April 1939	85	Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
	Domenico Calcagno	Italy	3 February 1943	81	President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
	Giuseppe Versaldi	Italy	30 July 1943	81	President of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
	Prosper Grech	Malta	24 December 1925	98	Docent at various Roman universities and Consultor of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
	Karl Josef Becker	Germany	18 April 1928	96	Docent Emeritus at the Pontifical Gregorian University, and Consultor of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Consistory of 24 November 2012
	James Michael Harvey	United States	20 October 1949	74	Archpriest of the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls

Size of the College of Cardinals

Main article: Size of the College of Cardinals

The size of the College of Cardinals at any given moment has historically been limited by popes, ecumenical councils, and even the College itself. Over the period from 1099 to 1986, the total number of cardinals appointed was approximately 2900 (excluding possible undocumented 12th century cardinals, cardinals appointed during the Western Schism by pontiffs now considered to be antipopes, and subject to some other sources of uncertainty), nearly half of whom were created after 1655.

See also

• List of the creations of the cardinals
• List of titular churches in Rome
• Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals
• Palatine Cardinals
• sortable List of living cardinals
• Catholic Church hierarchy
• Bishop (Catholic Church)
• Catholic Church by country
• Protopriest
• Papabile
• Papal conclave, 2013
• List of papabili in the 2013 papal conclave

External links

• The College of Cardinals — Holy See Press Office
• GCatholic.com - extensive information on all cardinals since the 17th century
• Cardinals of the Catholic Church - sortable list, often slightly out of date on deaths
• Catholic-Hierarchy.org, with entry into extensive databases.
• The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, by Salvador Miranda, with fuller biographical notices
• Cardinalrating.com- includes Collected Press Articles on present cardinals, in various languages