Bhopal

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Bhopal
Bhopal Location of Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh
Country	India
State	Madhya Pradesh
District(s)	Bhopal
Chief Minister	Shivraj Singh Chauhan
Mayor	SS
Population • Density	31,68,900(Ref:http://www.auramall.in) (2008[update]) • 4,812 /km2 (12,463 /sq mi)
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Area • Elevation	688.14 km² (266 sq mi) • 427 m (1,401 ft)
Codes • Pincode • 462001 to 462050 • Telephone • +9175 • Vehicle • MP-04

Coordinates: 23°15′N 77°25′E / 23.25°N 77.42°E / 23.25; 77.42 Bhopāl (Hindi: भोपाल, pronounced [bʰoːpɑːl]( listen)) is the capital of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative headquarter of Bhopal District and Bhopal Division. Bhopal is known as the Lake city^[1] (or City of Lakes^[2]) as its landscape is dotted with a number of natural lakes.

Historically, Bhopal was also the capital of the Bhopal state. The city attracted international attention as a consequence of the Bhopal disaster, when the Union Carbide plant leaked deadly methyl isocyanate gas during the night of December 3, 1984. The plant was operated by a separate Indian subsidiary, UCIL. The poisonous gas killed many people in the city and its neighbouring areas, and thousands of others still suffer from its effects even two decades later. Since then, Bhopal has been a center of protests and campaigns which have been joined by many people across the globe.

On 11 April 2005, the Indian Space Research Organisation established a Master Control Facility in Ayodhya Nagar, to control the movements of satellites.^[3] It is the second of its kind in the country (the first being at Hassan ^[4]). Bhopal is the first city chosen to have an All India Institute of Medical Sciences campus apart from Delhi.^[5]

Contents 1 History 1.1 Bhopal disaster 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Economy 4 Government and Politics 5 Transport 5.1 Roads 5.2 Railways 5.3 Airport 6 Demographics 7 Culture 8 Sports 9 Education 10 See also 11 Further reading 12 References 13 External links

[edit] History

Bhopal is said to have been founded by the Parmara King Bhoj (1000–1055), who had his capital at Dhar. The city was originally known as Bhojpal named after Bhoj and the dam ('pal') that he is said to have constructed to form the lakes surrounding Bhopal. The fortunes of Bhopal rose and fell with that of its reigning dynasty. As the Parmaras declined in power, the city was ransacked several times and finally faded away into obscurity. city of god.

An Afghan soldier of the Orakzai tribe called Dost Mohammad Khan (not to be confused with the later Afghan King carrying the same name) laid out the present city at the same site following the death of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707. He brought with himself the Islamic influence on the culture and architecture of Bhopal, the ruins of which can be found at Islam Nagar. Bhopal, the second largest Muslim state in pre-independence India^[6] was ruled by four Begums from 1819 to 1926. Qudisa Begum was the first female ruler of Bhopal City, who was succeeded by her only daughter Sikandari, who in turn was succeeded by her only daughter, Shahjehan. Kaikhusrau Jahan Begum was the last female ruler, and stepped down to her son. The succession of the ‘Begums’ gave the city such innovations as waterworks, railways and a postal system. Several monuments still stand in the city as reminders of this glorious period in its history. A municipality was constituted in 1907.^[7]

It was one of the last princely states to sign the 'Instrument of Accession' 1947. Though India achieved Independence in August 1947, the ruler of Bhopal acceded to India only on 1 May 1949. Sindhi refugees from Pakistan were accommodated in West Bhopal Cities, Bairagarh Sub-Area(Sant Hirdaram nagar), a western suburb of Bhopal. According to the States Reorganization Act of 1956, Bhopal state was integrated into the state of Madhya Pradesh, and Bhopal was declared as its capital. The population of the city rose rapidly thereafter.

[edit] Bhopal disaster

On December 3, 1984, a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal leaked 42 tons of toxic methyl isocyanate gas, leading to the Bhopal disaster. The official death toll of the disaster was about 5,000 initially. A more probable figure is that 18,000 died within two weeks, and it is estimated that an additional 8,000 have since died from gas related diseases.^[8] Greenpeace cites a total casualty figure of 20,000 as its conservative estimate.^[9] The Bhopal disaster is often cited as the world's worst industrial disaster.^[8][10][11] December 3 is observed as black day. Every year all government offices in Bhopal remain closed on this day.

The Union Carbide India, Limited (UCIL) plant was established in 1969 at East Bhopal City. 51% was owned by Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) and 49% by Indian authorities, although UCC was responsible for all techniques and designs. It produced the pesticide carbaryl (trade mark Sevin). Methyl isocyanate (MIC), an intermediate in carbaryl manufacture, was also used, and in 1979 a plant for producing MIC was added to the site.^[8]

During the night of December 3 1984, large amounts of water entered tank 610, containing 426 tonnes of methyl isocyanate. The resulting reaction generated a major increase in the temperature of liquid inside the tank to over 200 °C (400 °F). The MIC holding tank then gave off a large volume of mixed toxic gases, forcing the emergency release of pressure. The reaction was sped up by the presence of iron from corroding non-stainless steel pipelines. Massive panic resulted as people woke up in a cloud of gas that burned their lungs. Thousands died from the gas and many were trampled in the panic.^[8]

Theories for how the water entered the tank differ. At the time, workers were cleaning out pipes with water, and some claim that because of bad maintenance and leaking valves, it was possible for the water to leak into tank 610. UCC maintains that this was not possible, and that it was an act of sabotage by a "disgruntled worker" who introduced water directly into the tank. Much speculation arose in the aftermath as Government of India and Union Carbide Corporation did not release the results of their investigations.^[8]

The deciding factors that caused the outcome were:^[8]

• The plant location (located near a densely populated west city area, instead of the other side of Bhopal City where it had been offered land)
• Using hazardous chemicals (MIC) instead of less dangerous ones
• Storing these chemicals in large tanks instead of several smaller ones
• Possible corroding material in pipelines
• Poor maintenance of the plant
• Failure of several safety systems (due to poor maintenance and regulations)
• Deficient staffing policy
• Negligence on the part of UCC and the governments of India and Madhya Prades

[edit] Geography

Bhopal has an average elevation of 499 metres (1637 ft). Bhopal is located in the central part of India, and is just north of the upper limit of the Vindhya mountain ranges. Located on the Malwa plateau, it is higher than the north Indian plains and the land rises towards the Vindhya Range to the south. The city has uneven elevation and has small hills within its boundaries. The major hills in Bhopal comprise of Idgah hills and Shyamala hills in the northern region and Arera hills in the central region.

The municipality covers 286 square kilometres. It has two very beautiful big lakes, collectively known as the Bhoj Wetland . These lakes are the Upper Lake (built by King Bhoj) and the Lower Lake. Locally these are known as the Bada Talab and Chota Talab respectively. The catchment area of the Upper Lake is 361 km² while that of the Lower Lake is 9.6 km². The Upper Lake drains into the Kolar River. The Van Vihar National Park is a national park situated beside the Upper Lake.

The national park also has a museum in its premises. Kheoni Wild Life Sanctuary is situated 125 km from Bhopal.

[edit] Climate

Climate chart for Bhopal
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
13   25 10	7.8   29 12	7.2   34 17	4.5   38 22	8   41 26	114   37 25	356   31 23	388   29 22	196   31 21	26   32 18	14   29 14	12   26 11
average temperatures in °C precipitation totals in mm source: IMD
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.5   78 50     0.3   83 54     0.3   92 63     0.2   101 71     0.3   105 78     4.5   99 78     14   87 74     15   84 72     7.7   87 71     1   90 65     0.5   84 57     0.5   79 52 average temperatures in °F precipitation totals in inches

Bhopal has a humid-subtropical climate, with mild, dry winters, a hot summer and a humid monsoon season. Summers start in late March and go on till mid-June, the average temperature being around 30 °C (86 °F), with the peak of summer in May, when the highs regularly exceed 40 °C (104 °F). The monsoon starts in late June and ends in late September. These months see about 40 inches (1020 mm) of precipitation, frequent thunderstorms and flooding. The average temperature is around 25 °C (77 °F) and the humidity is quite high. Temperatures rise again up to late October when winter starts, which lasts up to early March. Winters in Bhopal are mild, sunny and dry, with average temperatures around 18 °C (64 °F) and little or no rain. The winter peaks in January when temperatures may drop close to freezing on some nights. Total annual rainfall is about 1146 mm (46 inches).

[edit] Economy

The city is divided into five major areas and about 35 sub-urbs.The Major areas include Old City and the New City. The major industries in the old city are electrical goods, cotton, chemicals and jewellery. Other industries include cotton and flour milling, cloth weaving and painting, as well as matches, sealing wax, and sporting equipment.^[12] The residents here also engage in large retail businesses. Handicraft is a major product of the old city. There is a huge demand for its very famous zardozi work, which is a kind of embroidery done on bridal dresses, sherwanis, and purses. Another famous handicraft of Bhopal is 'Batua', a small string purse, usually used with Indian traditional dresses.^[13] There are a large number of garages in the older city which specialise in automobile conversion. These garages produce custom-modified and tuned cars, SUVs and motorbikes.

Being a state capital, the New City has a majority of residents working for the State and Central Government Departments. There are two major office complexes on Arera Hills named Satpura and Vindhyachal, which house a number of State Government offices and projects. Adjacent to them is the State Secretariat, Vallabh Bhavan. In their vicinity are other State and Central Government offices which include major national banks and insurance companies. Bhopal's major commercial area is Maharana Pratap Nagar, which accommodates many business houses. There are a number of hardware as well as software vendors in this part of the city. Other businesses include daily newsletter offices and press, hotels and restaurants, coaching and tuition centers and entertainment.

Bhopal has a cantonment in the old city as well as military presence near Bairagarh and the airport. The cantonment houses one of the Services Selection board centers that recruits troops and officers for the armed forces.

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise in India, has a unit in Bhopal. It occupies a large area on the eastern side of the city and maintains a suburb named after it. A majority of the residents of the suburb are employed by the unit. Mandideep is an industrial suburb of Bhopal. It is located to the South of Bhopal on the Bhopal-Itarsi highway and houses a number of plants belonging to some of the reputed companies of India like Procter & Gamble, Fujitsu, Eicher, L&T, HEG and VA Tech Hydro. A North Western suburb of Bhopal called Bairagarh, which was earlier a camp for Sindhi refugees from Pakistan, has developed into market for textiles.

Bhopal is also home to the Bhaskar Group which is a Rs. 2500 crore (Rs. 25 billion) business conglomerate with strong presence in newspapers, television, entertainment, printing, textiles, fast moving consumer goods, oils, solvents and internet services. Its head office is located in Maharana Pratap Nagar. Manjul Publishing House, located in the old city, is a major publishing house made famous by the translation of the Harry Potter series of novels into Hindi.^[14]

The Madhya Pradesh State Electronics Development Corporation Ltd. is going to develop a Software & Hardware Technology Park in Bhopal.^[15] Multinational companies like Genpact,^[16] Fujitsu and Taurus Microsystems are expected to open their centers in the Technology Park.

[edit] Government and Politics

Bhopal is the capital city of Madhya Pradesh. It houses the State Legislative Assembly, or the Vidhan Sabha, which seats 230 members of Legislative Assembly. The twelfth (and current) Vidhan Sabha was elected in May, 2008.^[17] Currently, the party in the majority in Vidhan Sabha is Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) which is led by Shivraj Singh Chauhan. Bhopal district elects four seats to the Assembly.

The administration of Bhopal city is handled by Bhopal Municipal Corporation, also known as BMC. The total area under BMC is 285 km². The city is divided into 166 wards. Each ward elects a corporator. The winning party elects a council of members, who are responsible for various departments. The council members chose the Mayor among themselves. At present, there are ten members in the council. The Commissioner of Bhopal is the highest officer of Municipal Corporate Office, which is responsible for the departments of public works, revenue and tax, water supply, planning and development, fire brigade, health and sanitation, finance & accounts etc. The Commissioner of Bhopal currently is nikunj shrivastava.^[18]

[edit] Transport

[edit] Roads

The Bhopal City is very well connected via Railway, Road and Air Transport Services. BHOPAL has for a long time been a Rail and Road Transportation Hub. To stay in BHOPAL, there are a lot of hotels near the railway station and main bus station & all over the city, Bhopal has its own low floor, disabled people friendly city bus services (BCLL) which is always under GPS navigation, for faster and comfortable journey one can have Radio Taxi. Within Bhopal, city buses — known as "mini buses" from their size — are the most common means of transport. Recently, "Starbuses" have been running on the roads. These are larger and charge nominally more than their smaller counterparts. Autorickshaws are another major means of transport. They are particularly known for their ornate make-up and blaring sound systems. In some routes in the older city and the new city as well, the new Tata Magics are running successfully which have replaced the old bigger diesel rickshaws - known as 'bhat', the shortened name for vikram.

Bhopal City is one of the seven cities which are going to have a "Bus Rapid Transit System". This system was projected to become functional in the year 2009.

1. Ahmedabad - 568 km
2. Amritsar - 1191 km
3. Bellary - 1206 km
4. Bhubaneshwar - 1192 km
5. Calcutta - 1356 km
6. Chennai - 1435 km
7. Coimbatore - 1741 km
8. Cuttack - 1167
9. New Delhi - 744 km
10. Hubli - 1198 km
11. Hyderabad - 839 km
12. Indore - 190 km
13. Jabalpur - 300 km
14. Jaipur - 584
15. Jammu - 1327
16. Lucknow - 678 km
17. Srinagar - 1620
18. Thane - 736
19. Tirupati - 1431
20. Vishakhapatnam - 1312 km

Apart from the long distance services, there are many services to nearby places withn the state. The bus services are operated from 7 Major bus stands in the city.

• ISBT Terminal, Bhopal
• Naadra Bus Stand, Old City, Bhopal
• Jawahar Chowk Stand, Bhopal
• Halalpura Bus Stand, Bhopal
• Bharat Talkies Stand, Bhopal
• Jnyaneshwari Bus Stand, South Bhopal
• Piplani Bus Stand,East Bhopal

National Highway 12 passes through Bhopal which connects it to Jabalpur in the East and Jaipur in the West. National Highway 86 connects Bhopal to Sagar in the East to Indore in the West. There are number of daily buses to Indore, Ujjain, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Khajuraho, Sanchi, Pachmarhi, Vidisha and as well to Ahmedabad, Jodhpur, Kota, Nagpur, Jaipur, Agra, Allahabad etc. An interstate bus terminus is near the Habibganj station.^[19] There are also a number of Metro Buses running in the city.

[edit] Railways

Bhopal City's Bhopal Junction Railway Station is a major railway station and junction. It is connected by rail to all parts of the country being on the main North-South line of the country. A list of all major trains passing through Bhopal can be found here. More than 150 daily trains are stopped here. It is also close to the main East-West junction, Itarsi. Bhopal has Five other railway stations within the city, namely :

• Bhopal Habibganj is the other major station of Bhopal which boasts of being the first ISO 9000:2001 certified railway station in India. Habibganj is also a World Class Railway Station
• Misrod
• Mandideep
• Sukhsewanagar
• Bairagarh
• Nishatpura

Bhopal Express : Shaan - E - Bhopal, with its headquarter at Habibganj station, is also the first train in India to obtain an ISO 9001:2000 certificate.^[20]

[edit] Airport

Bhopal has a domestic airport with good amenities that connects it directly to Delhi, Mumbai, Indore, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Ahmedabad, Raipur, Hyderabad and many major cities of India.Bhopal is also starting with internaional airport by 2010. The Raja Bhoj international Airport is located near the satellite suburb Bairagarh. There are two main ways to reach the airport: (1) Via Bairagarh, (2) Via Ranchyati, the Heart of Bhopal.

[edit] Demographics

Bhopal has a population of 1,482,718, which is divided into 781,282 men and 701,436 women, according to the census of 2001.^[21] This results in a ratio of 898 women for every 1000 men. The population consists of 56% Hindus and 38% Muslims, with the rest of the population including Christians, Sikhs, Jains, and, Buddhists. The Old City of Bhopal is a predominantly Muslim area with large population that claims Pashtun descent, but New Bhopal is a demographically cosmopolitan area.

The chief languages are Hindi-Urdu (Hindustani) and English, but there are a substantial number of Marathi Sindhi Marwari speakers as well. In the princely state of Bhopal, Persian was the court language until nineteenth century. The common street Hindi spoken in Bhopal is termed as Bhopali and is the subject of comedy in Bollywood movies. An example of the language is used by actor Jagdeep in the film Sholay.

• Population: 1.5 million
• Total waste generation: 6 ton/day
• Waste generation per capita: 0.43 kg/person per day^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Culture

Shairis and poetry recitals are as popular in Bhopal as in movies. Bhopal is famous for its culture of parda" and Bhopali Language. Parda is a curtain, which was used to veil the women of the house from outsiders, zarda is a kind of tobacco product which is quite famous with Bhopalis, The official language of Bhopal City is Hindi,and Bhopali is spoken in West and East Bhopal City.

Bhopal has an extensive culture of paan eating. Paan (Beetle leaf)is a preparation with a betel leaf topped with variety of seasonings, the most common being chuna, kattha and supari(nut). Bhopalites treat paan preparation as a science and an art, which is perfected among the streets of Bhopal, a tradition passed down generations. The paans in Bhopal are wide in variety and innovations^[22]

Diwali is celebrated with equal pomp and glory as Eid.Gifts and sweets are exchanged and donation are made to the poor. Diwali is celebrated by performing puja of the wealth goddess Lakshmi. Later in the night, firecrackers are burst in the open by young and old. Eid is special to the city as all the Hindus take time out to visit their Muslim friends and greet them and get treated with delicacies, the specialty of the day being sweet sewai. Bhopali culture is such that both Hindus and Muslims visit each other on their respective festivals to greet and exchange sweets. During Ganesh puja and Durga Puja (Navratras), idols of Ganesh and Durga are established in jhankis throughout the city. People throng to offer prayers to their deities. At the end of Navratras, on the day of Dusshehra, huge effigies of Ravan are burnt in different parts of the city. Some of them are organized by the local administration and stand as tall as 60 feet (18 m).

Bharat Bhavan is the main cultural centre of the city and of the most important cultural centers of India. It has an art gallery, an open-air amphitheatre facing the Upper Lake, two other theatres and a tribal museum. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya (National Museum of Humans) showcases the various hutments that tribals of across India use for shelter. Popular holiday spots near Bhopal include :

• Bhojpur (famous for a Shiva temple and Jain shrines)

• Sanchi (notable for ancient Buddhist Stupas built by Ashoka),

• Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (a World Heritage Site of archaeological interest).

Those into archeology can venture about forty kilometers from Bhopal to Bhimbetka, which has one of the largest collections of pre-historic paintings and rocks, some of which date back more than 10,000 years.Shiva temple in Bhojpur holds great religious value and is famous for a massive Shivalingam. Anglers can head about 10 kilometers from the city to Hathaikheda, which is a popular fishing zone. Or, you can travel fifty kilometers to the city of Sanchi, a site famous for Buddhist monuments and temples dating back several centuries.

Bhopal has many mosques including Taj-ul-Masajid (one of the largest mosques in Asia^[23]),

Dhai Seedi ki Masjid (one of the smallest mosques in Asia^[24]), Jama Masjid (built by Qudsia Begum in 1837) and Moti Masjid (built by Sikander Begum in 1860). Some of the major historical buildings in Bhopal include Shaukat Mahal (a mixture of Indo-Islamic and European styles of architecture),

Gohar Mahal (built by Qudsia Begum, fusion of Hindu and Mughal architecture), Sadar Manzil (used by the Begums for public audience, now used as the head office of the Municipal Corporation) and Purana Kila (part of the 300-year-old fort of Queen Kamalapati, situated in the Kamala Nehru Park). Lakshmi Narayan Temple (or Birla Mandir), situated to the south of Lower Lake, is a temple devoted to Vishnu and his mythological consort Laxmi. An annual fare is held on Kartik Purnima at Manua Bhan Ki Tekri (Mahavir Giri), a Jain pilgrimage center located around seven kilometres away from Bhopal.

The Udaygiri Caves, located near the town of Vidisha, are cut into the side at a sandstone hill, date back from A.D. 320 to 606. An inscription in one of these caves states that it was carved out during the reign of Chandragupta II (A.D. 382-401). A three-day Iztima-Muslim dhaarmik sammelan or Muslim religious assembly based on sufi music (religious congregation) used to be held in the precincts of the Taj-ul-Masjid annually. It draws scores at Muslim pilgrims from all parts of India. It has now been shifted outside the city limits. Every year in January/February, the villages of the Manav Sangrahalaya hosts the potters' workshops, folk music and dance, and open-air plays. It showcases the tribals of the region who demonstrate their skills in painting, weaving, and the fashioning of bell metal into works of art.

[edit] Sports

Cricket is popular in Bhopal. Although it does not have any stadium of international level, cricket at various levels is played at the Baba Ali stadium and the Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd. Sports Complex; the latter has even hosted a few matches at the national level. Construction of a Khelgaon is being carried out which will have facilities for hosting international cricket, football and tennis as well as other indoor games.^[25] At local level, cricket is played at Old Campion ground. Other tennis ball matches also take place in various parts of the city. The youngest captain of the Indian cricket team, Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, was born and brought up in Bhopal. The Tatya Tope Stadium, located in the heart of the city, was a cricket stadium and held matches at local and state level.^[26] But it has lately been converted into a multi-purpose stadium, with facilities for athletics, footbal, tennis, squash, table tennis, volleball, basketball, skating, martial arts and a gymnasium.

Bhopal is also known for its hockey lovers. The Aishbagh stadium is synonymous for hockey players. Many players reach different grounds for practice. The city has produced many national and international players for Indian hockey team. The more famous one being Aslam Sher Khan, who represented India in several international games and was a part of the World Cup winning team in 1975. He later joined politics and went on to become a Member of Parliament. He also served the national hockey by being a part of the national selection committee. His father, Ahmed Sher Khan, represented India at the Berlin Olympics in 1936 along with Major Dhyan Chand.^[27]

Another popular sport of Bhopalites is bodybuilding. In the old city, there are a number of gyms where youngsters workout everyday to make their body muscular. Slowly, this trend has caught up even in the new city where more modern equipments are being employed to help their members get into better shape. Body builders from the local gyms participate at national level and have tasted success at the state level. Apart from this, at school and college level, table tennis, volleyball, basketball, football and swimming are also popular sports. Every summer, Sports Authority of India holds camps which provide coaching to students of various ages games and sports of their choices.

Another famous son of Bhopal is (Late) J P Narayanan. A graduate Mechanical Engineer from Maulana Azad College of Technology, Narayanan had to his credit broadcasting running commentaries in English for 100 One-Day Internationals and 44 Test matches in his career as a cricket commentator for All India Radio (AIR). The third One-Day International match between India and Pakistan played at Keenan Stadium, Jamshedpur on April 9, 2005 was his last assignment as a cricket commentator. An employee of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, the BHEL sports complex was renamed to JP Narayanan Sports Complex, in an effort to honor his contribution to cricket in Bhopal and nationally as well.

Bhopal is also coming up as a center of adventure sports. Trekking camps are being organised by Youth Hostels and other private clubs^[28] and their destinations are Budhni Ghat, Narsingarh, Ratapani Sanctuary, Delawadi, Bhimbetka, Manuabhan Ki Tekri etc. The government has also established India's first National Sailing Club^[29] at the Boat Club, in the Upper Lake. This club offers various water sports such as kayaking, canoeing, rafting, water skiing, para-sailing etc. Since its inception, it has hosted Canoeing and Kayaking Championships at national^[30] as well as international^[31] levels.

[edit] Education

Bhopal has more than 250 state government run schools (affiliated to the Madhya Pradesh Board). There are, also, nine center-run Kendriya Vidyalayas in the city (affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education). Additionally, there are numerous convent and private schools, which are affiliated to either the M.P. Board or C.B.S.E and even 17 schools affiliated to C.I.S.C.E.

Bhopal has the highest number of engineering colleges among all the cities in India: 70.^{[citation needed]}The Main Universities located in Bhopal include the Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, the Barkatullah University, the Madhya Pradesh Bhoj Open University (for distance education), the Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism, and the NIT Bhopal.

The city is home to several MBA institutes, including the Indian Institute of Forest Management. Bhopal also houses The National Judicial Academy near Bhadbhada, the only of its kind in the country for the training and update of judges. The academy is run directly under the agies of The Chief Justice, Supreme Court of India. National Law Institute University, stands 3rd in ranking among Indian law schools.

The Regional Institute of Education (RIE) of Bhopal, a constituent unit of the National Council of Educational Research & Training (NCERT) and one of four such institutes in India. Digdarshika Institute of rehabilitation and Research, Bhopal, is a voluntary organization specialized in the disabilities and Mental Health sector, and also offers a diploma in special education.

[edit] See also

• People from Bhopal
• Visitor attractions in Bhopal
• History of Bhopal City
• Bhopal-The Educational Central
• Bhopal Disaster
• Bhimbetka
• Taj-ul-Masajid
• Raj Bhavan
• Bharat Bhavan
• Bhopal Airport
• Bhopal Junction Railway Station
• Bhopal Habibganj Railway Station
• Bhopal Agency
• Dainik Bhaskar
• Bhaskar Group
• IISER Bhopal
• Peoples Medical College
• Bhopal Express
• Bhopal Shatabadi
• Upper Lake
• Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology
• Regional Research Laboratory, Bhopal
• Daly College
• Indian Institute of Forest Management
• Misrod
• Mandideep
• Sukhsewanagar
• Vidhan Sabha
• BRPL BHOPAL
• Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
• Bhopal Shatabadi
• Taj Express
• Gohar Mahal
• Big FM
• Bhopal Station
• South Bhopal

[edit] Further reading

• Lapierre, Dominique (2002). Five Past Midnight in Bhopal. Warner Books. ISBN 0743220358. 
• Khan, Shaharyar. Begums of Bhopal, A Dynasty of Women Rulers in Raj India. ISBN 1860645283. 
• Singh, J.P. (1998). City Planning in India: A Study of Land Use of Bhopal. Mittal Publications,India. ISBN 8170997054. 
• Howgh, William (2006). A Brief History Of The Bhopal Principality In Central India. Hesperides Press. ISBN 1406712256. 
• Mittal, Kamal (1990). History of Bhopal State: Development of Constitution, Administration and National Awakening, 1901-1949. South Asia Books. ISBN 9990309159. 

SUPER HITS 93.5SFM,Jhoomo jam ke jhomo

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bhopal

• Official Website of Bhopal City
• Bhopal Municipal Corporation Website
• Facts about Bhopal
• Bhopal Airport
• Bhopal tourism
• Bhopal Weather
• Birds of Bhopal

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v • d • e Million-plus cities in India Agra · Ahmedabad · Allahabad · Amritsar · Aurangabad · Bangalore · Bhopal · Chandigarh · Chennai · Coimbatore · Delhi · Faridabad · Ghaziabad · Howrah · Hyderabad · Indore · Jabalpur · Jaipur · Jodhpur · Kalyan-Dombivali · Kanpur · Kolkata · Lucknow · Ludhiana · Meerut · Mumbai · Mysore · Nagpur · Nashik · Navi Mumbai · Patna · Pimpri Chinchwad · Pune · Rajkot · Ranchi · Solapur · Srinagar · Surat · Thane · Vadodara · Varanasi · Visakhapatnam