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After the fall of the [[Kamarupa kingdom]] in the 12th century the region became a part of the [[Twipra Kingdom|Tripura Kingdom]]. In 1562 the Koch general [[Chilarai]] annexed the Cachar region to the [[Koch kingdom]] which came to be administered from Khaspur (or Kochpur) by his half-brother Kamalnarayan.<ref>{{harvcol|Bhattacharjee|1994|p=71}}</ref> After the death of the ruler [[Nara Narayan]], the region became independent and was ruled by the descendants of Kamalnarayan, and they were known as the Dehans (after ''Dewan'') In the 17th-century, the last Koch ruler's daughter married the king of the [[Kachari kingdom]], and the rule of Khaspur passed into the hands of the Kachari rulers, who eventually moved their capital from [[Maibang]] to Khaspur.<ref>{{harvcol|Bhattacharjee|1994|p=72}}</ref> The Kachari kings came under increasing Sankritisation and they encouraged increased migration from [[Bengal]], such as [[Sylhet]] and [[Tripura]] as priests, cultivators, and ministers at in the Kachari court. Eventually the Dimasa kings Raja Krishna Chandra and Raja Govinda Chandra converted to [[Hinduism]] 1790 with [[Bengali Brahmin]]s performing the [[Hiranyagarbha (donation)|Hiranyagarbha]] ceremony.
After the fall of the [[Kamarupa kingdom]] in the 12th century the region became a part of the [[Twipra Kingdom|Tripura Kingdom]]. In 1562 the Koch general [[Chilarai]] annexed the Cachar region to the [[Koch kingdom]] which came to be administered from Khaspur (or Kochpur) by his half-brother Kamalnarayan.<ref>{{harvcol|Bhattacharjee|1994|p=71}}</ref> After the death of the ruler [[Nara Narayan]], the region became independent and was ruled by the descendants of Kamalnarayan, and they were known as the Dehans (after ''Dewan'') In the 17th-century, the last Koch ruler's daughter married the king of the [[Kachari kingdom]], and the rule of Khaspur passed into the hands of the Kachari rulers, who eventually moved their capital from [[Maibang]] to Khaspur.<ref>{{harvcol|Bhattacharjee|1994|p=72}}</ref> The Kachari kings came under increasing Sankritisation and they encouraged increased migration from [[Bengal]], such as [[Sylhet]] and [[Tripura]] as priests, cultivators, and ministers at in the Kachari court. Eventually the Dimasa kings Raja Krishna Chandra and Raja Govinda Chandra converted to [[Hinduism]] 1790 with [[Bengali Brahmin]]s performing the [[Hiranyagarbha (donation)|Hiranyagarbha]] ceremony.

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in historical [[Kachari Kingdom|Cachari Kingdom]] (1837)<ref>http://www.junikhyatjournal.in › ...PDF
MANIPURI DIASPORA IDENTITY AND CULTURE IN INDIA AND VARIOUS ...</ref><ref>http://idr.aus.ac.in › bitstreamPDF
Division wise List of the Madrassas of Surma-Barak Valley established in ...</ref><ref>http://lsi.gov.in › bitstreamPDF
General Population Tables, Part II-A, Vol-III, Assam</ref><ref>http://piketty.pse.ens.fr › dataPDF
CENSUS OF INDIA,</ref>
|label1 = [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]]
|value1 = 64.84
|color1 = Blue
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value2 = 20.35
|color2 = red
|label3 = [[Meitei language|Manipuri]]
|value3 = 12.54
|color3 = yellow
|label4 = [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]
|value4 = 1.38
|color4 = pink
|label5 = [[Tripuri]]
|value5 = 0.8
|color5 = Orange
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 0.09
|color6 = purple}}
'''[[Kachari Kingdom|Cachari Kingdom]]''' geographically comprises the present-day [[Cachar]], [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]] and [[North Cachar Hills]].<ref>https://www.forgottenbooks.com › ...PDF
The Kacháris - Forgotten Books</ref> The population of the Cachari Kingdom was about 85,522 during 19th century<ref>http://www.junikhyatjournal.in › ...PDF
MANIPURI DIASPORA IDENTITY AND CULTURE IN INDIA AND VARIOUS ...</ref><ref>http://idr.aus.ac.in › bitstreamPDF
Division wise List of the Madrassas of Surma-Barak Valley established in ...</ref> with Up until 1837, both Cachar and Hailakandi were largely sparsely populated regions with [[Dimasa]]/[[Cachari]] tribals forming the majority there as they are now at present [[North Cachar Hills]] district of Assam. From 1837 onwards, [[Bengalis]] in en-masse started to settled into those regions and thus changing it's demographics drastically over the period. By 1851, Barak Valley had almost became 70% Bengali majority (with including [[Karimganj district]] which was the only part of [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] that have been merged into [[Assam]]'s Barak valley during partition).<ref>http://lsi.gov.in › bitstreamPDF
General Population Tables, Part II-A, Vol-III, Assam</ref><ref>http://piketty.pse.ens.fr › dataPDF
CENSUS OF INDIA,</ref> As per as Assam government official website, historically [[Bengalis]] are indigenous to only Karimganj district of Barak valley and in rest of the two district namely: Cachar & Hailakandi, they are illegal im-migrants and refugees.<ref>https://assam.gov.in/</ref>
[[File:Kachari palace.JPG|thumb|200px|Baroduwar Dimasa Kachari Palace, Khaspur in Cachar dist]]


The Kachari kingdom was annexed to British-India in 1832. The headquarters of the district was [[Silchar]]. The British Companies established a very large number of Tea Gardens (total 157) in the area and Silchar emerged as a very important center in this part of the country. During the British colonial period, the Bengalis from neighbouring Bengal and the Tea Tribes from present day Eastern Uttar Pradesh, [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]] migrated to the region.
The Kachari kingdom was annexed to British-India in 1832. The headquarters of the district was [[Silchar]]. The British Companies established a very large number of Tea Gardens (total 157) in the area and Silchar emerged as a very important center in this part of the country. During the British colonial period, the Bengalis from neighbouring Bengal and the Tea Tribes from present day Eastern Uttar Pradesh, [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]] migrated to the region.

Revision as of 17:18, 24 July 2022

Barak Valley

The Barak Valley (Sylheti pronunciation: [bɔɽax]) is located in the southern region of the Indian state of Assam. The main city of the valley is Silchar. The region is named after the Barak river.[1] The Barak valley consists of three administrative districts of Assam - namely Cachar, Karimganj, and Hailakandi.

A view of Silchar, the main city of the valley

History

Main article: Kachari kingdom
Last Dimasa Kachari King, Raja Govinda Chandra Hasnu of Cachar Valley, 1832

After the fall of the Kamarupa kingdom in the 12th century the region became a part of the Tripura Kingdom. In 1562 the Koch general Chilarai annexed the Cachar region to the Koch kingdom which came to be administered from Khaspur (or Kochpur) by his half-brother Kamalnarayan.[2] After the death of the ruler Nara Narayan, the region became independent and was ruled by the descendants of Kamalnarayan, and they were known as the Dehans (after Dewan) In the 17th-century, the last Koch ruler's daughter married the king of the Kachari kingdom, and the rule of Khaspur passed into the hands of the Kachari rulers, who eventually moved their capital from Maibang to Khaspur.[3] The Kachari kings came under increasing Sankritisation and they encouraged increased migration from Bengal, such as Sylhet and Tripura as priests, cultivators, and ministers at in the Kachari court. Eventually the Dimasa kings Raja Krishna Chandra and Raja Govinda Chandra converted to Hinduism 1790 with Bengali Brahmins performing the Hiranyagarbha ceremony.

Languages spoken in historical Cachari Kingdom (1837)[4][5][6][7]

  Dimasa (64.84%)
  Bengali (20.35%)
  Manipuri (12.54%)
  Bishnupriya Manipuri (1.38%)
  Tripuri (0.8%)
  Others (0.09%)

Cachari Kingdom geographically comprises the present-day Cachar, Hailakandi and North Cachar Hills.[8] The population of the Cachari Kingdom was about 85,522 during 19th century[9][10] with Up until 1837, both Cachar and Hailakandi were largely sparsely populated regions with Dimasa/Cachari tribals forming the majority there as they are now at present North Cachar Hills district of Assam. From 1837 onwards, Bengalis in en-masse started to settled into those regions and thus changing it's demographics drastically over the period. By 1851, Barak Valley had almost became 70% Bengali majority (with including Karimganj district which was the only part of Sylhet that have been merged into Assam's Barak valley during partition).[11][12] As per as Assam government official website, historically Bengalis are indigenous to only Karimganj district of Barak valley and in rest of the two district namely: Cachar & Hailakandi, they are illegal im-migrants and refugees.[13]

Baroduwar Dimasa Kachari Palace, Khaspur in Cachar dist

The Kachari kingdom was annexed to British-India in 1832. The headquarters of the district was Silchar. The British Companies established a very large number of Tea Gardens (total 157) in the area and Silchar emerged as a very important center in this part of the country. During the British colonial period, the Bengalis from neighbouring Bengal and the Tea Tribes from present day Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal migrated to the region.

Inclusion of Karimganj

In 1947, when a plebiscite was held in Sylhet with majority voting for incorporation with Pakistan. The Sylhet district was divided into two; the easternmost subdivision of Sylhet which is known as Karimganj remained with India whereas the rest joined East Bengal. Geographically the region is surrounded by hills from all three sides except its western plain boundary with Bangladesh. Nihar Ranjan Roy, author of Bangalir Itihash, claims that "South Assam / Northeastern Bengal or Barak Valley is the extension of the Greater Surma/Meghna Valley of Bengal in every aspect from culture to geography".[14]

Assam's Surma Valley (now partly in Bangladesh) had Muslim-majority population. On the eve of partition, hectic activities intensified by the Muslim League as well Congress with the former having an edge. A referendum had been proposed for Sylhet District. Abdul Matlib Mazumdar along with Basanta Kumar Das (then Home Minister of Assam) travelled throughout the valley organising the Congress and addressing meetings educating the masses about the outcome of partition on the basis of religion.[15] On 20 February 1947 Moulvi Mazumdar inaugurated a convention – Assam Nationalist Muslim's Convention at Silchar. Thereafter another big meeting was held at Silchar on 8 June 1947.[16] Both the meetings, which were attended by a large section of Muslims paid dividend. He was also among the few who were instrumental in retaining the Barak Valley region of Assam, especially Karimganj with India.[17][18] Mazumdar was the leader of the delegation that pleaded before the Radcliffe Commission that ensured that a part of Sylhet (now in Bangladesh) remains with India despite being Muslim-majority (present Karimganj district).[19][20]

Demographics

According to the 2011 Indian census, Barak valley had a population of 3,624,599.[21]

Historical Population of Barak Valley
YearPop.±%
1901 630,302—    
1911 713,566+13.2%
1921 751,560+5.3%
1931 803,694+6.9%
1941 895,140+11.4%
1951 1,115,865+24.7%
1961 1,378,476+23.5%
1971 1,713,318+24.3%
1981 –—    
1991 2,491,496—    
2001 2,995,769+20.2%
2011 3,624,599+21.0%
Source: [22][23]

Languages

Languages spoken in Barak Valley (2011)[24]

  Bengali (80.84%)
  Hindi (10%)
  Manipuri (3.49%)
  Bishnupriya Manipuri (1.38%)
  Dimasa (0.6%)
  Tripuri (0.59%)
  Odia (0.53%)
  Nepali (0.14%)
  Others (2.43%)

As per (2011) language census report, Bengali is the official as well as the most spoken language of the region with approximately 2,930,378 native speakers.[24] Sylheti,[25][26] is spoken by a large population of Barak Valley.[27]

Hindi, Manipuri, Bishnupriya and Dimasa are the next most widely spoken languages with 362,459, 126,498, 50,019 and 21,747 native speakers, respectively. Tripuri, Odia, Nepali and Marwari are also spoken by a considerable minority, while 2.43% of the total population speaks other tribal languages.[24]

According to census 2011, the major languages of Cachar district are Bengali, Hindi, Manipuri, Bhojpuri, Bishnupriya Manipuri, Dimasa, Khasi, Hmar and Odia in descending order of population. In the Hailakandi district, the major languages are Bengali, Hindi, Tripuri language, Manipuri and Bhojpuri. In the Karimganj district, the major languages are Bengali and Hindi.[24][a]

Religion

Religions in Barak Valley (2011)[21]

  Hinduism (50%)
  Islam (48.1%)
  Christianity (1.6%)
  Others (0.3%)
Barak's Religious diversity as of the 2011 census[21]
Religion Population
Hindus () 1,812,141
Muslims () 1,744,958
Christians () 58,105
Others 9,395
Total 3,624,599

Hinduism, by a sliver, is the slight majority religion in the Barak Valley. The religious composition of the valley population is as follows: Hindus 50%, Muslims 48.1%, Christians 1.6%, and others 0.3%. Hindus are the majority in Cachar district (59.83%) with having (86.31%) Hindu in the district headquarter ; Silchar (which is also the main city of the valley). While Muslims are the majority in Hailakandi district (60.31%) and Karimganj district (56.36%), but Hailakandi town have (67.26%) Hindu majority, Karimganj town have also a Hindu Majority of (86.57%) as of 2011 census.[21]

Population

The below are population by district tehsils in 2011:[21][28]

  1. Cachar district total – 1,736,617
    1. Sonai circle – 324,315
    2. Katigora circle – 291,875
    3. Udharbond circle – 124,090
    4. Lakhipur circle – 291,872
    5. Silchar circle – 704,465
  2. Hailakandi district total – 659,296
    1. Algapur circle – 121,379
    2. Hailakandi circle – 166,897
    3. Katlichara circle – 168,077
    4. Lala circle – 202,943
  3. Karimganj district total – 1,228,686
    1. Badarpur circle – 164,703
    2. Karimganj circle – 278,300
    3. Nilambazar circle – 242,451
    4. Patharkandi circle – 261,368
    5. Ramkrishna Nagar circle – 281,864
Decadal Hindu and Muslim population of Barak Valley [29]
Year (census) Hindu population (%) Muslim population (%)
1951 676,660 (60.63%) 429,496 (38.48%)
1961 821,600 (59.60%) 539,457 (39.13%)
1971 1,005,995 (58.71%) 683,387 (39.88%)
1991 1,381,803 (55.46%) 1,071,872 (43.02%)
2001 1,580,660 (52.76%) 1,362,114 (45.46%)
2011 1,812,141 (50.00%) 1,744,958 (48.1%)

Hindu and Muslim population by district tehsils

Cachar district tehsils 2011[29][30]
District Cachar/Tehsils Hindu population (%) Muslim population (%)
Sonai circle 133,507 (41.17%) 184,588 (56.92%)
Katigora circle 131,352 (45.0%) 156,290 (53.55%)
Udharbond circle 87,423 (70.45%) 32,320 (26.05%)
Lakhipur circle 178,163 (61.04%) 95,476 (32.71%)
Silchar circle 508,540 (72.19%) 186,142 (26.42%)

Hindus are majority in three tehsils of Cachar district namely Silchar, Lakhipur and Udharbond, while Muslims are majority in Katigora and Sonai circle according to 2011 census.

Hailakandi district tehsils 2011[29]
District Hailakandi/Tehsils Hindu population (%) Muslim population (%)
Algapur circle 38,501 (31.72%) 82,126 (67.66%)
Hailakandi circle 47,198 (28.28%) 118,626 (71.08%)
Katlichara circle 79,019 (47.01%) 84,044 (50%)
Lala circle 86,476 (42.61%) 112,857 (55.61%)

Hindus are significant in two tehsils of Hailakandi namely Katlichara and Lala, while Muslims are majority in all the three tehsils, but in Katlichara Muslims form a plurality according to 2011 census.

Karimganj district tehsils 2011[29]
District Karimganj/Tehsils Hindu population (%) Muslim population (%)
Badarpur circle 56,800 (34.49%) 106,909 (64.91%)
Karimganj circle 117,877 (42.36%) 159,068 (57.16%)
Nilambazar circle 58,767 (24.24%) 182,567 (75.3%)
Patharkandi circle 129,502 (49.55%) 124,768 (47.74%)
Ramkrishna Nagar circle 159,016 (56.42%) 119,177 (42.28%)

Hindus are majority in two tehsils of Karimganj namely Patharkandi and Ramkrishna Nagar, while Muslims are majority in Nilambazar, Badarpur and Karimganj circle according to 2011 census.

Demography of district headquarters

Districts headquarters religions (2011)[31]
District/(Headquarters) Total population Hindu population (%) Muslim population (%) Others
Cachar district/(Silchar) 172,830 154,381 (86.31%) 21,759 (12.17%) 3,310
Hailakandi district/(Hailakandi) 33,637 22,624 (67.26%) 10,686 (31.77%) 327
Karimganj district/(Karimganj) 56,854 49,218 (86.57%) 6,856 (12.06%) 780

Statehood demand

See also: Proposed states and union territories of India

The native Bengali people of Barak Region demanded a separate state for themselves within the Bengali majority areas of Assam, particularly Bengali majority Barak valley, comprising the three districts Cachar, Hailakandi, Karimganj, to meet the criteria for creating a separate state for themselves by carving out from Assam's Assamese majority Brahmaputra valley post NRC.[32][33][34][35] Silchar is the proposed capital of Barak state.[36] Barak valley is the most neglected part of Assam in terms of its infrastructure development, tourism sector, educational institutions, hospitals, IT industries, G.D.P, H.D.I etc. which is still lagging behind in comparison to the Assam's mainland Brahmaputra valley which have access to all of those facilities mentioned above.[37][38][39][40][41][42] In fact, the Southern most region of Assam that is Barak Valley have an overwhelming Bengali majority population of about (80.8%) as per 2011 census report.[43][24]

Social issues

Immigration of Bengali refugees in Cachar Valley

(East Pakistan's Bengali Hindus of Sylhet Division coming to Barak's Cachar district as refugees, 1947)

In 1947 during Partition of Bengal period, it has been found that from 15 August 1947 to April 1950, the Bengali Hindu refugees population in Cachar increased to 200,000 and but after Liaquat–Nehru Pact it came down to 93,177 in 1951. According to 1961 census, the number of East Bengali refugees living in Cachar alone is found to be 156,307 which is way higher than the previous census.[44] No new Hindu immigration happened in the post 1971 period in Barak valley. Bengali Hindus who landed up in Barak valley from Bangladesh in the post 1971 census have moved out of the region before the 1991 census.[45] The number of Hindu immigrants from Bangladesh in Barak Valley has varied estimates. According to the Assam government, 1.3–1.5 lakh such people residing in the Barak Valley are eligible for citizenship if the Citizenship Amendment Act of 2019 becomes a law.[46][47]

Communalism

Barak valley has witnessed many major communinal riots in 1968, 1990, 2017 and 2019 in Karimganj, Hailakandi, Silchar and again in Hailakandi.[48][49][50]

Lists of riots involving Communalism in Barak valley region:

Karimganj 1968 riot

In the 1968 Karimganj riots, a cow belonging to a Muslim wandered into a Hindu house. When a Hindu boy tried to chase the cow, a few Muslims beat him up. Soon after that clashes erupted between the two communities. The ensuing riot claimed 82 lives.[48]

Hailakandi 1990 riot

In October 1990, a wounded cow was found near a common land, which led to clashes between Hindus and Muslims. Police records reveal that the Hindus of Hailakandi had demanded that parcel of land to construct a Kali temple. In fact, Sangh Parivar had earlier organised pujas to ritually purify bricks for shilayas at Ayodhya on the common land. The appearance of an injured cow hurt their sentiments and led to a riot resulting in many casualties.[48]

Silchar 2013 riot

In 2013, rumours of beef being found in a temple in Silchar sparked Hindu Muslim clashes in which at least 30 people were injured.[51]

Silchar 2015 riot

In 2015, there was tension yet again when the head of a slaughtered cow was found in a temple in Silchar. On the same year, allegations of "love jihad" – a term used by Hindutva groups to allege a conspiracy by Muslim men to marry women from other religions solely to convert them to Islam – sparked violent clashes in the city area.[51]

Silchar 2017 riot

On 7 June 2017, Clashes broke out between two communities in the Silchar city of Assam's Cachar district on Tuesday evening. The incident took place in the Janigunj area of Silchar. According to police 11 civilians and eight police officials were injured in large scale stone pelting. However, there were no casualties in the incident.[49]

Hailakandi 2019 riot

Local reports said that the tension started when motorbikes owned by Muslim devotees were vandalised while they were praying inside a mosque. The motorbike owners lodged a first information report and demanded that the police take action against the accused and said that they will offer prayers on the road if action was not taken. Mohneesh Mishra, Hailakandi's police chief, told Scroll.in that the clashes began when a group of Muslim men assembled on a public road in the town and said they will offer prayers on the street. "The Hindu community tried to stop them and that led to an argument and soon after that it turned into riot," said Mishra, while adding that heavy security had been deployed in the area. At least 14 people were injured out of which 3 were police Constables and also 1 was killed in a communal clash in Hailakandi district in Assam which have occurred on 10 July 2019.[52][50]

Hailakandi 2021 riot

Tension began at Hailakandi's Serispore Tea Garden area after an e-rickshaw driver who happened to be a Muslim and his passengers (who were all Hindus) entered into an argument. After this confrontation, people from two separate groups gathered at the site and started attacking each other. Soon after that, a curfew was imposed. As per as A.H Laskar a police of Hailakandi police station, both parties were throwing stones at each other.[53]

Economy

A tea garden in Cachar district

Tea is the important economic activity and Barak Valley have also its proportional share of tea garden in comparison to Brahmaputra valley to sustains its economy from time to time. There are plenty of oil and natural gas under the surface of Barak valley as well to run the economy as a separate state. Various oil refineries are also set up in various locations of Barak valley to meet the required economic demand.[54]

Poverty

Barak valley region is the most poorest part of Assam in terms of Gross Domestic Product and Human Development Index rank. More then half of the Barak's population lives in absolute Poverty. According to survey, 51% of the population of Hailakandi district, 42.4% of the population of Cachar district and 46% of the population of Karimganj district are multi-dimensionally poor and don't have proper access to safe drinking water, food, electricity, housing and shelter etc.[55]

Forest cover

A forest of Barail range, Barak

There are around 104 forest Villages in Barak Valley.[56] Among the three districts in Barak Valley, Cachar have an area of 3,786 km22, out of which 2,222.34 km22 area is covered with forest, Hailakandi district have a total area of 1,327 km22, out of which 774.34 km22 is covered with forest, Karimganj district have a total area of 1,809 km22, out of which 851.43 km22 area is covered with forest.[57]

List of districts in Barak valley

Barak Valley district map

There are three districts in the Barak Valley.

  1. Karimganj having an area of 1,809 km2 and is the second largest district of the valley.[58]
  2. Hailakandi having an area of 1,327 km2 is third largest district of the valley.[59]
  3. Cachar having an area of 3,786 km2. It is the largest district of the valley.[60]

The total area of the valley is 6,922 km2.[58][59][60]

Wildlife

Barak River, a natural scenaric beauty of valley

The Asian elephant has already vanished from most of the valley.[61][62][63] Barail is the only wildlife sanctuary of the Barak valley region. It was initiated by noted naturalist Dr Anwaruddin Choudhury, who originally hailed from this region in the early 1980s.[64] This sanctuary was ultimately notified in 2004. There are thirteen reserve forests in the valley comprising six in Karimganj, five in Cachar, and two are in Hailakandi.[65][66] The Patharia hills reserve forest of Karimganj is the habitat of many mammals and was recommended to upgrade as 'Patharia hills wildlife sanctuary'.[67] The southern part was also recommended as 'Dhaleswari' wildlife sanctuary.[68]

Constituencies

Barak Valley has two Lok Sabha seats.

Barak Valley has fifteen Assam Legislative Assembly seats.

  • Badarpur
  • Algapur
  • Hailakandi
  • Katlicherra
  • Karimganj South
  • Karimganj North
  • Ratabari
  • Patharkandi
  • Katigorah
  • Dholai
  • Udharbond
  • Sonai
  • Silchar
  • Barkhola
  • Lakhipur

Districts tehsils

District Tehsil
Cachar district
  1. Katigorah
  2. Lakhipur
  3. Silchar
  4. Sonai
  5. Udharbond
Hailakandi district
  1. Algapur
  2. Hailakandi
  3. Katlicherra
  4. Lala
Karimganj district
  1. Badarpur
  2. Karimganj
  3. Nilambazar
  4. Patharkandi
  5. Ramkrishna Nagar

Notable people

Notes

  1. ^ Languages constituting less than 1% and/or substantially lower as compared to the total population are not included

References

  1. ^ (Tunga 1995, p. 1)
  2. ^ (Bhattacharjee 1994:71)
  3. ^ (Bhattacharjee 1994:72)
  4. ^ http://www.junikhyatjournal.in › ...PDF MANIPURI DIASPORA IDENTITY AND CULTURE IN INDIA AND VARIOUS ...
  5. ^ http://idr.aus.ac.in › bitstreamPDF Division wise List of the Madrassas of Surma-Barak Valley established in ...
  6. ^ http://lsi.gov.in › bitstreamPDF General Population Tables, Part II-A, Vol-III, Assam
  7. ^ http://piketty.pse.ens.fr › dataPDF CENSUS OF INDIA,
  8. ^ https://www.forgottenbooks.com › ...PDF The Kacháris - Forgotten Books
  9. ^ http://www.junikhyatjournal.in › ...PDF MANIPURI DIASPORA IDENTITY AND CULTURE IN INDIA AND VARIOUS ...
  10. ^ http://idr.aus.ac.in › bitstreamPDF Division wise List of the Madrassas of Surma-Barak Valley established in ...
  11. ^ http://lsi.gov.in › bitstreamPDF General Population Tables, Part II-A, Vol-III, Assam
  12. ^ http://piketty.pse.ens.fr › dataPDF CENSUS OF INDIA,
  13. ^ https://assam.gov.in/
  14. ^ Ray, Niharranjan (1 January 1980). Bangalir itihas (in Bengali). Paschimbanga Samiti.
  15. ^ Chowdhury, Dewan Nurul Anwar Husain. "Sylhet Referendum, 1947". Banglapedia. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  16. ^ Bhattacharjee, J. B. (1977). Cachar under British Rule in North East India. Radiant Publishers, New Delhi.
  17. ^ Barua, D. C. (1990). Moulvi Matlib Mazumdar- as I knew him. Abdul Matlib Mazumdar – birth centenary tributes, pp. 8–9.
  18. ^ Purkayashta, M. (1990). Tyagi jananeta Abdul Matlib Mazumdar. The Prantiya Samachar (in Bengali). Silchar, India.
  19. ^ Roy, S. K. (1990). Jananeta Abdul Matlib Mazumdar (in Bengali). Abdul Matlib Mazumdar – birth centenary tributes, pp. 24–27.
  20. ^ "Assam Election Results – What does it mean for Bangladesh?". thedailystar.net. The Daily Star. 21 May 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
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Sources

See also

24°48′N 92°45′E / 24.800°N 92.750°E / 24.800; 92.750

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