Pakistan: Difference between revisions
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=== Ancient history === |
=== Ancient history === |
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The oldest evidence of human life (500,000 to 100,000 years ago) in Pakistan was found in the Soan River valley of Pothohar region of Punjab. This human activity, called [[Soan Culture]], discovered in the form of pebble tools scattered long the river. Unknown [[neolithic]] populations lived in the region for millennia until sporadic settlements sprang up along the Indus Valley. [[Mehrgarh]] was an ancient settlement in [[South Asia]] and is one of the most important sites in [[archaeology]] for the study of the earliest neolithic settlements in this region. The site was abandoned during the middle of the third millenium BCE, at the same time as the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] appeared. That civilisation went into decline prior to the arrival of [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] tribes from Central Asia. The two cultures mixed to produce the [[Vedic Civilisation]] that existed from |
The oldest evidence of human life (500,000 to 100,000 years ago) in Pakistan was found in the Soan River valley of Pothohar region of Punjab. This human activity, called [[Soan Culture]], discovered in the form of pebble tools scattered long the river. Unknown [[neolithic]] populations lived in the region for millennia until sporadic settlements sprang up along the Indus Valley. [[Mehrgarh]] was an ancient settlement in [[South Asia]] and is one of the most important sites in [[archaeology]] for the study of the earliest neolithic settlements in this region. The site was abandoned during the middle of the third millenium BCE, at the same time as the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] appeared. That civilisation went into decline prior to the arrival of [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] tribes from Central Asia. The two cultures mixed to produce the [[Vedic Civilisation]] that existed from Peshawar Valley in modern Pakistan to the valley of [[Ganges River]], in what is now modern [[India]], around 1500 BCE and helped shape subsequent [[South Asia]] cultures. The ''Aryan Invasion Theory'' has been challenged on the basis of new evidence which suggests that South Asian history shows continuity of progress from the earliest times to today and that changes brought by other cultures were not a major ingredient in the development of the Vedic Civilisation{{ref|bbc}}. |
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Most of the region was conquered in 540 BCE by the Persian [[Achaemenid Dynasty]] which ruled the area for the next two centuries. In 326 BCE, [[Alexander the Great]] defeated the king [[Porus]] (Paurava) at the [[Battle of the Hydaspes River]] near [[Jhelum]] and annexed the area to his [[Hellenistic]] empire. After Alexander's death and brief [[Seleucid]] control, control of the territory passed to [[Chandragupta Maurya]]. After the [[Mauryan Empire]] collapsed in 185 BCE, [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]] of [[Bactria]] conquered [[Gandhara]] and [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in 184 BCE, establishing the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] that lasted nearly two centuries, until around 10 BCE. Various Greek kings ruled into the beginning of the 1<sup>st</sup> century CE until the area was conquered by various Central Asian groups, most notably the [[Tocharian]] [[Kushan]]s. Later invaders included the [[Scythian]]s, [[White Hun]]s, and the [[Sassanian]] [[Persian Empire]]. |
Most of the region was conquered in 540 BCE by the Persian [[Achaemenid Dynasty]] which ruled the area for the next two centuries. During this time name of India appeared. In 326 BCE, [[Alexander the Great]] defeated the king [[Porus]] (Paurava) at the [[Battle of the Hydaspes River]] near [[Jhelum]] and annexed the area to his [[Hellenistic]] empire. After Alexander's death and brief [[Seleucid]] control, control of the territory passed to [[Chandragupta Maurya]]. After the [[Mauryan Empire]] collapsed in 185 BCE, [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]] of [[Bactria]] conquered [[Gandhara]] and [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in 184 BCE, establishing the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] that lasted nearly two centuries, until around 10 BCE. Various Greek kings ruled into the beginning of the 1<sup>st</sup> century CE until the area was conquered by various Central Asian groups, most notably the [[Tocharian]] [[Kushan]]s. Later invaders included the [[Scythian]]s, [[White Hun]]s, and the [[Sassanian]] [[Persian Empire]]. |
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===Arrival of Islam=== |
===Arrival of Islam=== |
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Revision as of 20:58, 2 March 2006
Islamic Republic of Pakistan اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان Islāmī Jamhūriya-i-Pākistān | |
|---|---|
| Motto: Yaqeen-e-muhkam, ittihād, nazm (Urdu: Faith (self confidence), Unity, Discipline) | |
| Anthem: Pak sarzamin shad bad (Blessed Be The Sacred Land) | |
 | |
| Capital | Islamabad |
| Largest city | Karachi (also financial capital) |
| Official languages | Urdu |
| Government | Federal republic |
| Independence | |
• Water (%) | 3.1 |
| Population | |
• 2006 estimate | 163,985,373[1] (6th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2005 estimate |
• Total | $385.2 billion (26th) |
• Per capita | $2,400 (170th) |
| HDI (2003) | 0.527 low (135th) |
| Currency | Rupee (Rs.) (PKR) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:00 (PST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+5:00 (not observed) |
| Calling code | 92 |
| ISO 3166 code | PK |
| Internet TLD | .pk |
The Islamic Republic of Pākistān (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان) is a country located in South Asia. It has a one-thousand kilometre coastline along the Arabian Sea in the south and borders Afghanistan and Iran to the west and the People's Republic of China in the far northeast. There is a long frontier with India to the east including a disputed border in the northerly Kashmir region[2].
The name Pakistan (IPA:/pɑːkɪsðɑːn/) means Land of the Pure in Urdu and Persian and is believed to have been coined by Choudhary Rahmat Ali who first published it on January 28, 1933 in the pamphlet Now or Never [3]. He saw it as an acronym formed from the names of the "homelands" of Muslims in western South Asia — P for Punjab, A for Afghania, the Afghan areas of the region, K for Kashmir, S for Sindh and tan for Baluchistan. An i was later added to the English rendition of the name to ease pronunciation, producing Pakistan.
Pakistan has more than 160 million inhabitants and is the sixth most populous country in the world and the second most populous Muslim country. Though established in 1947, Pakistan has a long history of settlement and civilisation that includes some of the most ancient cultures, and a crossroads for important ancient trade routes. The region was invaded by Greeks, Persians and Arabs, before being incorporated into British India in the 19th century. Following independence, Pakistan has seen both instability with the loss of East Pakistan and significant military and economic growth, with the second-fastest growing economy amongst the ten most populous countries in the world in 2005 and the twenty-fifth largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity. Pakistan has the seventh largest armed forces in the world and is one of eight declared nuclear weapons states.
History
The modern state of Pakistan was created on August 14, 1947 with the partition of India but the history of the region overlaps with that of neighbouring India, Iran and Afghanistan. The Indus valley was one of the cradles of human civilisation and has long been a crossroads of history. The region is the birthplace of some of the most ancient civilisations and a strategic centre of historic trade routes, including the Silk Road. The region was the site of one of the earliest towns in the world at Mehrgarh and later much of the Indus Valley Civilisation. The area was settled by many ethnic and linguistic groups including Dravidians, Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, White Huns, Scythians and Arabs. This period saw the country advance in trade and culture to a level where the Gandhara region and the city of Taxila (Takshashila) became a major centre of learning and development. The region was invaded by many conquerors such as the Assyrian queen Semiramis, Alexander the Great and the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim.
Ancient history
The oldest evidence of human life (500,000 to 100,000 years ago) in Pakistan was found in the Soan River valley of Pothohar region of Punjab. This human activity, called Soan Culture, discovered in the form of pebble tools scattered long the river. Unknown neolithic populations lived in the region for millennia until sporadic settlements sprang up along the Indus Valley. Mehrgarh was an ancient settlement in South Asia and is one of the most important sites in archaeology for the study of the earliest neolithic settlements in this region. The site was abandoned during the middle of the third millenium BCE, at the same time as the Indus Valley Civilisation appeared. That civilisation went into decline prior to the arrival of Indo-Aryan tribes from Central Asia. The two cultures mixed to produce the Vedic Civilisation that existed from Peshawar Valley in modern Pakistan to the valley of Ganges River, in what is now modern India, around 1500 BCE and helped shape subsequent South Asia cultures. The Aryan Invasion Theory has been challenged on the basis of new evidence which suggests that South Asian history shows continuity of progress from the earliest times to today and that changes brought by other cultures were not a major ingredient in the development of the Vedic Civilisation[4].
Most of the region was conquered in 540 BCE by the Persian Achaemenid Dynasty which ruled the area for the next two centuries. During this time name of India appeared. In 326 BCE, Alexander the Great defeated the king Porus (Paurava) at the Battle of the Hydaspes River near Jhelum and annexed the area to his Hellenistic empire. After Alexander's death and brief Seleucid control, control of the territory passed to Chandragupta Maurya. After the Mauryan Empire collapsed in 185 BCE, Demetrius of Bactria conquered Gandhara and Punjab in 184 BCE, establishing the Indo-Greek Kingdom that lasted nearly two centuries, until around 10 BCE. Various Greek kings ruled into the beginning of the 1st century CE until the area was conquered by various Central Asian groups, most notably the Tocharian Kushans. Later invaders included the Scythians, White Huns, and the Sassanian Persian Empire.
Arrival of Islam
In 712 CE, the Umayyad Dynasty sent an Arab-Muslim army led by Muhammad bin Qasim and they conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab. The arrival of the Arab-Muslims to the regions set the stage for the geographic boundaries of the modern state of Pakistan and formed the foundation for Islamic rule which eventually spread across much of South Asia. Following the rule of various Islamic empires, including the Ghaznavid Empire, the Ghorid Kingdom, and the Delhi Sultanate, the region was controlled by the Mughals from 1526 until 1739. The Muslim Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting the millions of native people to Islam. From 1739 until the early 19th century, the region of modern day Pakistan was ruled briefly by Nadir Shah and then by the Afghans and later the Balochis and Sikhs came to control Sindh and Punjab.
British rule
The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early eighteenth century provided opportunities for expansion by the British East India Company which gradually extended political control over large swathes of territory. The Indian War of Independence in 1857, dubbed the "Sepoy Mutiny" by the British, was the region's last major armed struggle against the British. The war was a joint Muslim-Hindu struggle to oust the British, laying the foundations for the generally unarmed struggle beginning with the Indian National Congress founded in 1885. The organisation declined towards the end of the nineteenth century but was replaced in 1906 by the All-India Muslim League. In 1930, Muhammad Iqbal proposed the Two-Nation Theory calling for a separate Muslim state in northwest and eastern India. Muhammad Ali Jinnah espoused the cause and lead the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, which resulted in the partition of India.
Post-independence
Pakistan gained independence from the British Empire on August 14, 1947 and comprised two Muslim-majority wings in the eastern and northwestern parts of the subcontinent, separated by the new Hindu-majority nation of India. The Partition of India resulted in the communal riots across the region as millions of people attempted to move to the country of their choice. The partition also posed problems regarding the 500 odd princely states that were allowed to align with either nation. While the largely Muslim-majority provinces chose to join Pakistan, many others opted to stay with India. However, the bone of contention between Pakistan and India was over a few princely states like Junagadh, Manavadar and Kapurthala. These states eventually joined the Republic of India through a combination of force and plebiscite. The major issue was over Kashmir and the First Kashmir War resulted in part of the Muslim-majority state of Jammu and Kashmir eventually being occupied by Pakistan on the west and by India on the east. Jammu and Kashmir is still an unresolved dispute with the two countries fighting three wars (1948, 1965, 1999) over the region.
Perceived inequalities between the two wings of Pakistan resulted in the One Unit policy which formed a two-province republic from 1955 to 1970. In 1971, the economic and political discontent in East Pakistan - geographically separated and linguistically alienated from West Pakistan, resulted in violent political repression against the Bengalis in the east. The tensions escalated into a civil war (see Bangladesh Liberation War) in East Pakistan and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, resulting in the secession of East Pakistan, which formed the independent state of Bangladesh.
Government and politics
Form of government
Pakistan is a federal republic with a semi-presidential system; with four autonomous provinces, two territories, and de facto control of two regions in the northernmost part of the country.
The bicameral legislature comprises a 100-member Senate and a 342-member National Assembly. The president is the Head of State and the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. Elections for the president are determined by the outcome of an electoral college. The prime minister is usually the leader of the largest party in the National Assembly. Each province has a Provincal Assembly, which in turn selects a Chief Minister and a Provincial Governor nominated by the Chief Minister.
Political history
Pakistan has been ruled by both democratic and military governments. The first decade was marred with political unrest and instability resulting in frequent collapses of civilian democratic governments. From 1947 to 1958, as many as seven Prime Ministers of Pakistan either resigned or were ousted. This political instability paved the way for Pakistan’s first military takeover. On October 7, 1958, Pakistan’s civilian and first President Iskander Mirza, in collaboration with General Mohammad Ayub Khan, abrogated Pakistan’s constitution and declared martial law.
General Ayub Khan was the president from 1958 to 1969 and General Yahya Khan from 1969 to 1971. Civilian rule continued from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, but he was deposed by General Zia-ul-Haq. General Zia conducted a referendum in the country in 1985, and subsequently became the president of Pakistan. He also conducted open elections and Muhammad Khan Junejo was elected as Prime Minister on March 24, 1985. General Zia was killed in a plane crash in 1988, after which Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan. She was the youngest woman ever to be elected the Head of Government and the first woman to be elected as the Head of Government of a Muslim country. Her government was followed by that of Nawaz Sharif, and the two leaders alternated until the military coup by General Pervez Musharraf in 1999. Since the resignation of President Rafiq Tarar in 2001, Musharraf has been the President of Pakistan.
National parliamentary elections were held in October 2002, with the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) winning a plurality of seats in the National Assembly of Pakistan, and Zafarullah Khan Jamali of that party emerging as Prime Minister. However, Jamali resigned on June 26, 2004. PML-Q leader Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain became interim Prime Minister, and was succeeded by Finance Minister and former Citibank Vice President Shaukat Aziz, who was elected Prime Minister on August 27, 2004 by a National Assembly vote of 191 to 151.
Political parties
Before and during the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the largely secular and centrist All India Muslim League supported the creation of Pakistan, while the religious parties such as the Shi'a Conference, Jamiat-e-Ulema-e-Hind, and leaders such as Maulana Abul Kalam Azad opposed the creation of Pakistan and supported a united South Asia.
The liberal, leftist Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) emerged as a major political player during the 1970s. During the 1980s, a new political, anti-feudal movement was started by unorthodox and educated urban dwellers of Sindh, most prominently Karachi, now known as the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM).
Currently, the largest party in Parliament is the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) and the second largest is the Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians (PPPP), a sub-party of the PPP. The PML-Q obtained a plurality in the October 2002 elections. Besides these major players, there are several other political parties active in Pakistan.
Foreign relations
Pakistan has been an active member in the United Nations (UN), the Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO) and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO). Pakistan is also an important member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC). Pakistan has used the OIC as a forum for Enlightened Moderation[5], its plan to promote a renaissance and enlightenment in the Islamic world. Besides the OIC, Pakistan is a member of the South Asian union of SAARC. The Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO) is another major regional organisation seeking to promote socio-economic development. Pakistan's status as the only Islamic nation to be a declared nuclear power plays a significant role in international affairs.
Foreign relations with the United States have seen both positive and negative aspects throughout the history of Pakistan. In the early 1950s, Pakistan's leaders called the country the United States "most allied ally in Asia"[6]. During the Soviet-Afghan war in the 1980s and following the September 11 attacks, Pakistan remained a crucial ally. However, between crises relations have soured with sanctions being applied by the United States, once during the 1965 war with India and again following Pakistan's nuclear tests in 1998.
Pakistan has had difficult relations with neighbouring arch-rival India with the two countries fighting three wars. The long-running border dispute over Kashmir resulted in war in 1947 and 1965. A third war was fought alongside the Bangladeshi Liberation War in 1971. India's decision to conduct nuclear tests in 1998 immediately prompted Pakistan to test its own. India and Pakistan have come to the verge of a nuclear war since then.
Provinces and territories
Pakistan comprises four provinces, two territories, and also administers parts of Kashmir. The provinces are further subdivided into a total of 105 districts.
Provinces:
- Balochistan and NWFP also have Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA) which are expected to be developed into regular districts.
Territories:
Pakistani-administered portions of the Kashmir region:
Geography and climate
Pakistan has a total area of 803,940 square kilometres or 310,403 square miles (land area of 778,720 km² or 300,666 sq. mi), approximately the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom.
To Pakistan's east is India, which has a 2,912 kilometre (1,809 mi) border with Pakistan. To the west is Iran, which has a 909 kilometre (565 mi) border with Pakistan. To Pakistan's northwest lies Afghanistan, with a shared border of 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi). China is towards the northeast and has a 523 kilometre (325 mi) border with Pakistan. To the south is the Arabian Sea, with 1,046 kilometres (650 mi) of coastline.
Pakistan has many different types of climate and scenery. Along the flat, southern coast, there are sandy beaches, lagoons, and mangrove swamps. At the opposite end of the country are the icy peaks of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush mountain ranges, many of them over 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) high and covered in snow and glaciers, including K2 and Nanga Parbat. Northern Pakistan also has many areas of preserved moist temperate forest. Linking these two areas and running the length of the country is the Indus River and its many tributaries. To the west of the Indus are the dry, hilly deserts of Balochistan; to the east are the rolling sand dunes of the Thar Desert. Most areas of Punjab and parts of Sindh, are fertile plains where agriculture is of great importance.
Pakistan’s climate varies as much as its scenery with very cold winters and hot summers in the north and a mild maritime-influenced climate in the south. The central part of the country has extremely hot summers, with temperatures rising to 45ºC (113ºF), followed by very cold winters, often falling below freezing in the north.
All of Pakistan receives very little rain, ranging from less than 250 millimetres to more than 1,250 millimetres (9.8 - 49.2 in), mostly brought by the south-westerly monsoon winds during the late summer. However, the monsoons are unreliable because in some years they bring a lot of rain and in other years very little rain. Much of the rain is lost through evaporation because it falls at the hottest time of the year. This results in a water shortage for crops; a problem Pakistan has solved by constructing many dams on the rivers to store water and release it when the farmers need it in the fields. In many drier areas, water wells have been sunk to ease the water shortage problem.
Wildlife
The wide variety of landscapes and climates in Pakistan allows for a wide variety of wild animals and birds. In the south, there are crocodiles in the murky waters at the mouth of the Indus River whilst on the banks of the river, there are boars, deer, porcupines, and small rodents. In the sandy scrublands of central Pakistan, jackals, hyenas, wild cats, panthers, and leopards roam in search of food. In the north, some of the rarest animals in the world can be seen in the mountains and valleys. They include Marco Polo sheep and Urial sheep; Markhor and Ibex goats with long, curved horns; black and brown Himalayan bears; and the very rare Snow Leopard. The clear blue skies abound with hawks, falcons, and eagles.
In recent years the government has become concerned with the number of wild animals being killed for fur and leather trading. Some species of animals were in danger of being wiped out altogether because hunters had killed so many of them. In 1981, Parliament passed a law banning the hunting of wild animals and birds but many people ignored the law. Due to this negligence, the government has established several wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves[7] where animals can live in safety from hunters. These special parks have towers and hideouts to enable people to observe the animals without disturbing or harming them.
Another rare species is the Indus River Dolphin, a blind cetacean which inhabits the area where the Punjab rivers meet the Indus. There are believed to be about 1,000 Indus Dolphins remaining and they are protected in two major sanctuaries.
Tourism
Pakistan's culture, people, and landscape are very diverse. Pakistanis pride themselves on their tradition of hospitality ("mehman-nawazi") to guests. Tourism is a growth industry in Pakistan. Pakistan has in the past been invaded and occupied by many different peoples, including Huns, Persians, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and various Eurasian groups, all of which left differences in culture among the various ethnic groups in matters such as dress, food, and religion. Pakistan also contains the ruins of ancient places such as Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Kot Diji, Thatta, Bhambore, Taxila (Gandhara), and Mehrgarh.
There are many tourist attractions in Pakistan. In the north, some of the highest mountains in the world attract mountaineers and adventurers from around the world. The Northern Areas of Pakistan are one of the most scenic places to be found with many old army fortresses, towers, and other architecture. Among the most beautiful valleys in this area are Chitral and Hunza. The Kalasha valley (Wadi-e-Kalash) in Chitral is famous for its small community called Kalasha who follow pre-Islamic animist religions. The Kalasha claim descent from the army of Alexander the Great.
In the east, the Punjab province offers a view into the many different civilisations that settled there. Lahore is Pakistan's cultural capital and a historic city. There are many examples of Islamic Mughal architecture, such as the Badshahi Masjid and the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore. Pakistan's film industry, Lollywood is also based there.
Economy
Pakistan, a developing country, is the sixth most populous in the world and has faced a number of challenges on the political and economic fronts. Although it was a very poor country when it became independent in 1947, in the 1960s Harvard economists proclaimed it to be a model of economic development. In each of its first four decades, Pakistan's economic growth rate was better than the global average, but imprudent policies led to a slowdown in the late 1990s.
Since then, the Pakistani government has instituted wide-ranging reforms, and economic growth has accelerated in the current century. Pakistan's economic outlook has brightened and its manufacturing and financial services sectors have experienced rapid expansion. The growth of the non-agricultural sectors has changed the structure of the economy, and agriculture now only accounts for roughly 1/5 of the gross domestic product (GDP). There has been a great improvement in its foreign exchange position and a rapid growth in hard currency reserves in recent years.
In the fiscal year that ended June 30, 2005, Pakistan's GDP growth rate was 8.4% which is the second-highest, following China, among the ten most populous countries in the world[8].
Pakistan's service sector accounts for 53% of the country's GDP. Wholesale and retail trade is 30% of this sector. Shopping is a popular pastime for many Pakistanis, especially among the well-to-do and the thirty-million strong middle class. Karachi is especially known for the great contrast in shopping experiences, from burgeoning bazaars to modern multistorey shopping malls.
Sports
The official sport of Pakistan is field hockey, although cricket is the most popular sport in the country. Field hockey and squash are also popular sports within the country. Suprisingly, Formula One racing is becoming quite exciting in Pakistan after its initial race in 2005.
On an international level, Pakistan has competed in the Summer Olympics many times; and at the the Winter Olympics once, in 2006. Hockey has been Pakistan's most successful sport at the Olympiads. Pakistan has won the gold in hockey three times (1960, 1968, 1984). Pakistan has also won the Hockey World Cup 4 times (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994).[9]
The national cricket team has won the Cricket World Cup once, in 1992, and co-hosted the games twice, in 1987 and 1996. They also won the Australasia Cup in 1986, 1990, and 1994.
Pakistan has also competed at the Summer Olympics in field hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and shooting. At the Winter games, they have sent just two participants, both in alpine skiing.
Demographics
Population statistics
Pakistan has the world's sixth largest population, more than Russia, but less than Brazil; because of Pakistan's high growth rate, it is expected to surpass Brazil in population in the year 2020. Population projections for Pakistan are relatively difficult because of the apparent differences in the accuracy of each census and the inconsistencies between various surveys related to fertility rate. However it is likely that the rate of growth peaked in 1980s[10].
According to the Population Reference Bureau (PRB) 2005 World Data Sheet, the population of Pakistan was 162,400,000 on July 1, 2005. The fertility rate was 34 per thousand and the death rate was 10 per thousand. The rate of natural increase was 2.4%. Pakistan also had a high infant mortality rate of 85 per thousand births. Pakistan's population is estimated to be around 166,300,000 in 2006.
Religion
Census data indicates that more than 98% of the population are Muslims of whom nearly 80% are Sunni Muslims and 20% are Shi'a Muslims. Most of the Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi school, with a small number following the Hanbali school represented by Wahabis and Ahl-e-Hadith. The Hanafi school is divided into the Barelvi and Deobandi schools. The majority of Pakistani Shi'a Muslims belong to the Ithna 'ashariyah school with a significant minority of Nizari Khoja Ismailis (Aga Khanis) and Mustaali Dawoodi Bohras.
The non-Muslim population mainly comprises of Christians (1% of the population) and Hindus (1%), Qadianis, Buddhists, Jews, Sikhs, Zoroastrians, and Animists (mainly the Kalash in Chitral). Pakistan's religious demographics have been significantly influenced by the movement of populations in 1947 (in which millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India) and the wars in Afghanistan (resulting in millions of refugees who have become permanent residents). Pakistan holds significance for Sikhism with the birthplace of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, and many Sikh holy sites located there. Mahayana Buddhism, the form of Buddhism practiced by most Buddhists, originated in Pakistan.
Languages
Urdu and English are both recognised as the official languages of Pakistan. English is used by the government, corporate businesses, and the educated urban elite. Most universities use English as the medium of instruction for degree courses. Urdu is the lingua franca of the people, being widely spoken as a second language, although it is the mother tongue of only 7.57% of the population, mainly Muhajirs (Muslim refugees from India after 1947), while an unknown percentage of Punjabis in urban areas appear to be switching to the usage of Urdu as well.
Additionally, nearly all Pakistanis speak mutually-intelligible regional Indo-Iranian languages of the Indo-European family. The most widely spoken is Punjabi, followed by Pashto, Sindhi, and Balochi. Other Indo-European languages spoken in Pakistan include Siraiki, Dari, Hindko, Pothohari, Gujarati, Shina, Wakhi, Kashmiri, Marwari, Khowar, Memoni, and many others. In addition, small groups of non-Indo-European languages are also spoken, including Brahui, a Dravidian language, and Burushaski, a language isolate.
Ethnic groups
According to the latest census,[11] the population comprises several main ethnic groups - Punjabis (44.15% of the population), Pashtuns (15.42%), Sindhis (14.1%), Seraikis (10.53%), Muhajirs (7.57%), Balochis (3.57%), and others (4.66%). Smaller ethnic groups, such as Turwalis, Kafiristanis, Hindko, Brahui, Kashmiris, Khowar, and Shina, are mainly found in the northern parts of the country. Pakistan's census does not include the sizeable refugee population from neighbouring Afghanistan, who are found mainly in the NWFP and Baluchistan. From the 1980s, Pakistan has accommodated over three million Afghan refugees - the largest refugee population in the world, including Pashtuns, Tajiks, Turkmen and Hazaras. If Afghan refugees were added to the official population, total figures would alter the percentages of Pashtuns and the category of others. Most of the Afghan refugees have permanently settled in Pakistan due to continuing violence in Afghanistan. A large number of Bengali, Arab, Burmese and African Muslim refugees are concentrated in Karachi whilst hundreds of thousands of Iranian migrants are scattered throughout the country. There are also communities of Chinese, Arab and Greek descent.
Society and culture
Pakistan has a rich and unique culture, and has actively preserved its established traditions throughout history. Prior to the Islamic invasion, many Punjabis and Sindhis were Hindu and Buddhist. This later changed during the expansion of Islam through Pakistan by the Ummayad General Muhammad bin Qasim and later by Mahmud of Ghazni and others. Many cultural practices, foods, monuments, and shrines have been inherited from the rule of Muslim Mughal and Afghan emperors in all of southern Asia. Shalwar kameez, the Pakistani national dress, is one of the clothing styles inherited from these rich cultural roots. Women wear brightly coloured shalwar kameez with embroidery for special occasions such as weddings while men often wear solid coloured shalwar kameez, usually with a sherwani, a coat that goes over the shalwar kameez.
Pakistani society is largely multilingual and multicultural. Religious practices of various faiths are an integral part of everyday life in society. Education is highly regarded by members of every socio-economic stratum. Traditional family values are highly respected and considered sacred, although urban families have grown into a nuclear family system, owing to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional joint family system. The past few decades have seen emergence of a middle class in cities such as Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Sukkur, Peshawar, Gujrat, Abbottabad, and Multan. The northwestern part of Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan, is highly conservative and dominated by centuries-old regional tribal customs.
Holidays
Holidays and festivals in Pakistan tend to be of a secular nature or a religious nature. Amongst the secular holidays are Pakistan Day (March 23), Independence Day (August 14), Defence of Pakistan Day (September 6), the anniversaries of the birth (December 25) and death (September 11) of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and Allama Iqbal Day (November 9). Labour Day (also known as May Day) is also observed in Pakistan on May 1.
Several important festivals are celebrated by Pakistani Muslims of during the year. The main one is Ramadan, (the ninth month of the Islamic calendar), when people remember the month in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad first received God’s advice on how to lead a good life. Ramadan lasts for 29 or 30 days (depending on the moon sighting), during which Muslims fast between sunrise and sunset. People say extra prayers and try to read the whole of the Qur’an. The end of Ramadan is marked by the festival of Eid ul-Fitr which starts with special prayers and is a time for feasting and visiting family and friends and for children to receive new clothes, presents, and sweets.
Every year, thousands of Pakistanis travel to Mecca to join other Muslims from across the world in performing the Hajj pilgrimage. Many of the pilgrims are assisted by the government, which provides free plane and ship tickets to Saudi Arabia. Closely associated with the Hajj is the festival of Eid ul-Adha, when Muslims sacrifice an animal in remembrance of the actions of the Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham). The meat is shared with friends, family, and less fortunate people. People wear their best clothes and go to the mosque for special prayers. Both Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha are public holidays, when schools, shops, and offices are closed. A third Eid is the Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi, in the third month (Rabi' al-awwal) of the Islamic Calendar, which celebrates the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad.
The Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, and Christians of Pakistan also celebrate their own festivals and saints' days. Sikhs come from across the world to visit the shrine of Guru Nanak at Hassan Abdal in the Attock District of Punjab. There are also several regional and local festivals, such as the Punjabi festival of Basant, which marks the start of spring and is celebrated by people flying kites.
Media
Until the 1990s, the government-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (radio) were the dominant media outlets in Pakistan. However the past decade has seen the emergence of several private TV channels (news and entertainment) such as Geo TV, Indus TV, Mashriq, Hum, ARY, and Aaj. As of 2005, there were about fifty Pakistani television channels operating. Traditionally, the bulk of TV shows have been plays or soap operas - some of them critically acclaimed. Various American, European, and Asian television channels and movies are available to a majority of the population via cable and satellite.
Pakistani music is rich and represented by a wide variety of forms. It ranges from traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to more modern forms that try to fuse traditional Pakistani music with western music. The Qawwali maestro, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, was internationally renowned for a form of music which synchronised Qawwali with Western music. Pakistan has produced many renowned Ghazal singers such as Mehdi Hassan, Farida Khanum, Abida Parveen, and Iqbal Bano. Popular forms of music also prevail, the most notable being film music. In addition to this are the diverse traditions of folk music in all provinces. The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces has also rekindled Pashto and Persian music in Pakistan. Peshawar has become a hub for Afghan musicians and a distribution centre for Afghan music abroad. Afghan singers have become famous throughout the North-West Frontier Province and some have even married within the local population, strengthening the ethnic kinship of the Pashtuns on both sides of the Durand line.
A small indigenous movie industry is based in Lahore, commonly known as Lollywood. Movies made in Bollywood, India's movie industry, are banned in Pakistan but pirated discs are easily available and therefore Indian film stars are quite popular in Pakistan as well.
Globalization
Increasing globalization has increased the influence of "Western culture" in Pakistan. Pakistan ranks 46th in the world on the Kearney/FP Globalization Index[12]. Many Western restaurant chains, such as McDonald's and Kentucky Fried Chicken, have established themselves in Pakistan, and are found in the major cities.
A large Pakistani diaspora exists in the West. Whereas Pakistanis in the United States, Canada and Australia tend to be professionals, the majority of them in the United Kingdom, Germany and the Scandinavian nations are from a working-class rural background. Pakistan has more expatriates than any other Muslim country, with a large number living in the Middle East. Pakistani emigrants and their children influence Pakistan culturally and economically, keeping close ties with their roots by regularly returning to and investing in Pakistan.
See also
Notes
- ^ World Gazetteer population estimate for 2006
- ^ The status of the Kashmir region is disputed between India and Pakistan with the two countries and China administering parts of the region separately. The 1948 UN ceasefire froze the positions of Indian and Pakistani held territory with a de facto border called the Line of Control.
- ^ Now or Never pamphlet
- ^ BBC webpage on the controversy surrounding the Aryan Invasion Theory
- ^ President Musharraf on Enlightened Moderation
- ^ Pakistan: The Most Allied Ally in Asia
- ^ Wildlife Sanctuaries of Pakistan
- ^ Asian Development Bank data
- ^ Bharatiya Hockey
- ^ Feeney and Alam, 2003
- ^ Census results for languages of Pakistan
- ^ Kearney Foreign Policy Globalization Index
References
- Banuazizi, Ali and Weiner, Myron. The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. Syracuse University Press. August 1988. ISBN 0815624484.
- Halliday, Fred. State and Ideology in the Middle East and Pakistan. Monthly Review Pr. Feb 1998. ISBN 0853457344.
- Hammond Incorporated. Hammond Greater Middle East Region: Including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Libya, and Turkey. American Map Corporation. August 2002. ISBN 0843718277.
- Hilton, Isabel. "Letter from Pakistan: The Pashtun Code". The New Yorker. December 03, 2001. [13]
- Insight Guides, Halliday, Tony and Ikram, Tahir. Insight Guide Pakistan. Apa Productions. January 1998. ISBN 0887297366.
- Malik, Hafeez. Pakistan: Founders' Aspirations and Today's Realities. Oxford University Press, USA. May 2001. ISBN 0195793331.
- Malik, Iftikhar H. "Religious Minorities in Pakistan". Minority Rights Group International. September 2002. ISBN 1897693699. [14]
- Najim, Adil. "Pakistan and Democracy". The News International Pakistan. May 06, 2004. [15]
- Rooney, John. Shadows in the dark: A history of Christianity in Pakistan up to the 10th century. Christian Study Centre. January 1984. ASIN B0006EPRFS.
- Sharif, Shuja. "Musharraf's Administration And Pakistan's Economy". Contemporary Review. Mar 31, 2005. 129-134.
- Wolpert, Stanley. Jinnah of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, USA. May 1984. ISBN 0195034120.
- General Pervez Musharraf-President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
- Pak History: Historical Facts on Pakistan and South Asia
- Statehood in South Asia
- Strategic Insights, Volume III, Issue 10 (October 2004)
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