Jump to content

Ljubljana: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎History: only 5% of Ljubljana population was Catholic in 1597
→‎Education: expanded
Line 383: Line 383:


==Education==
==Education==
===Primary===
{{Expand section|date=February 2011}}
In 1703, the [[Ursulines]] established a girls' school in Ljubljana, which was for over 170 years the only public girls' school in [[Carniola]]. In 1775, after the Austrian Emperor [[Maria Theresa]] proclaimed [[elementary education]] obligatory, Ljubljana got its [[normal school#Europe|normal school]], intended as a learning place for teachers. In 1805, the first state [[music school]] was established in Ljubljana. In the time of [[Illyrian Provinces]], "''école primaire''", a unified four-year elementary school program with a greater emphasis on Slovene, was introduced. The first public schools, unrelated to religious education, appeared in 1868. Nowadays, there are over 50 public elementary schools with over 20,000 pupils in Ljubljana.<ref name="InNumbers"/><ref name="University of Ljubljana"/> This also includes an [[international school|international]] elementary school for foreign pupils. There are two private elementary schools: a [[Waldorf education|Waldorf]] elementary school and a [[Catholic school|Catholic]] elementary school. In addition, there are several elementary music schools.

===Secondary===
[[File:Realka-Ljubljana.JPG|thumb|left|The first complete Realschule was established in Ljubljana in 1871.]]

In 1563, in the period of [[Reformation]], upon a proposal by [[Primož Trubar]], the [[Carniolan Estates' School]] (1563–1598) was established. Its teaching languages were mainly Latin and Greek, but also German and Slovene, and it was open for both sexes and all social strata. In 1597, Jesuits established the [[Jesuit College, Ljubljana|Jesuit College]] (1597–1773), intended to transmit general education. In 1703 In 1773, secondary education became governed by the state. A number of reforms were implemented in the 19th century. They gave more emphasis on general knowledge and separated public secondary schools from religious education. In 1910, there were 29 secondary schools in Ljubljana, among them classical and real gymnasiums and [[Realschule]]s (technical secondary schools).

Now there are ten public and three private grammar schools in Ljubljana. The public ones divide into general [[gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums]] and [[Gymnasium (school)#Former Yugoslavia|classic]] gymnasiums, the latter offering Latin and Greek as foreign languages. Some of the general ones offer internationally-oriented European departments, and some offer sport departments, allowing students to more easily adjust their sport and school obligations. All of them are free, but the number of students they can accept is limited. The private secondary schools include a Catholic grammar school and a Waldorf grammar school. There are also professional grammar schools in Ljubljana, offering economical, technical, or artistic subjects (visual arts, music). All of them last four years and conclude with a [[matura]] exam.

===Tertiary===
[[File:Ljubljana by Martin - 05.JPG|thumb|The main building of the [[University of Ljubljana]], formerly the seat of the Carniolan Parliament]]
[[File:Ljubljana by Martin - 05.JPG|thumb|The main building of the [[University of Ljubljana]], formerly the seat of the Carniolan Parliament]]
Students make up one-seventh of Ljubljana's population, giving the city a youthful character.<ref name="University of Ljubljana">{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-lj.si/en/about_university_of_ljubljana/university_of_ljubljana.aspx |title=University of Ljubljana |first=|last=University of Ljubljana |work=uni-lj.si |year=2011 [last update] |accessdate=5 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Université Ljubljana">{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-lj.si/en/about_university_of_ljubljana/ul_history.aspx |title=UL history |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> The [[University of Ljubljana]], Slovenia's most important and Ljubljana's only university, was founded in 1919.<ref name="Histo5"/><ref name="University of Ljubljana"/> On foundation, the University comprised five faculties: law, philosophy, technology, theology and medicine. The seat of the university was in the central [[Congress Square]] of Ljubljana in a building that had served as the State Mansion of Carniola from 1902 to 1918. The building was first designed in 1902 by [[Jan Vladimír Hráský]], and was later remodelled by a [[Czech people|Czech]] architect from [[Vienna]], [[Josip Hudetz]]. As of 2010, it has 23 faculties and three academies. These offer Slovene-language courses in (among other subjects) medicine, [[applied science]]s, arts, law and administration.<ref name="Université Ljubljana II">{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-lj.si/en/about_university_of_ljubljana/statues_of_ul.aspx |title=Statutes of UL |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> The university has close to 64,000 students and some 3,500 teaching faculty.<ref name="University of Ljubljana"/>
During the French occupation of the Slovene Lands, in 1810–11, central schools started to operate in Ljubljana, offering study of medicine, surgery, architecture, law, and theology. The [[University of Ljubljana]], Slovenia's most important and Ljubljana's only university, was founded in 1919.<ref name="Histo5"/><ref name="University of Ljubljana"/> On foundation, the University comprised five faculties: law, philosophy, technology, theology and medicine. The seat of the university was in the central [[Congress Square]] of Ljubljana in a building that had served as the State Mansion of Carniola from 1902 to 1918.

In 2011, the University had 23 faculties and three academies, located in different parts of Ljubljana. They offer Slovene-language courses in medicine, [[applied science]]s, arts, law, administration, and other subjects.<ref name="Université Ljubljana II">{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-lj.si/en/about_university_of_ljubljana/statues_of_ul.aspx |title=Statutes of UL |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> The university has close to 64,000 students and some 3,500 teaching faculty.<ref name="University of Ljubljana"/> Students make up one-seventh of Ljubljana's population, giving the city a youthful character.<ref name="University of Ljubljana">{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-lj.si/en/about_university_of_ljubljana/university_of_ljubljana.aspx |title=University of Ljubljana |first=|last=University of Ljubljana |work=uni-lj.si |year=2011 [last update] |accessdate=5 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Université Ljubljana">{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-lj.si/en/about_university_of_ljubljana/ul_history.aspx |title=UL history |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref>


===Libraries===
In 2004, the [[National and University Library of Slovenia]], located in Ljubljana, had 1,169,090 books in all.<ref name="InNumbers"/> In 2006, the 55 [[primary education|primary schools]] had 20,802 pupils and the 32 secondary schools had 25,797.<ref name="InNumbers"/><ref name="University of Ljubljana"/>
The first libraries in Ljubljana were monastery libraries. The first public library was the [[Carniolan Estates' Library]], established in 1569 by Primož Trubar. In the 17th century, the [[Jesuit library, Ljubljana|Jesuit Library]] collected numerous works, particularly about mathematics. In 1707, the [[Seminary Library, Ljubljana|Seminary Library]] was established. It is the first and oldest public scientific library in Slovenia. Around 1774, after the dissolution of Jesuits, the [[Lyceum Library, Ljubljana|Lyceum Library]] formed from the remains of the [[Jesuit Library, Ljubljana|Jesuit Library]] and several monastery libraries. It was succeded by the [[National and University Library of Slovenia]], the [[national library]], which contained 1,288,832 books in 2010. The [[City Library of Ljubljana]], established in 2008, is the largest Slovenian general public library. It contains 1,394,000 books and comprises several units in Ljubljana. 5 general libraries and over 100 specialised libraries exist in Ljubljana.<ref name="InNumbers"/>


==Science==
==Science==

Revision as of 10:30, 9 May 2012

Ljubljana
City
View from the Ljubljana Castle towards the north
View from the Ljubljana Castle towards the north
Flag of Ljubljana
Flag
Coat of arms of Ljubljana
Coat of arms
CountrySlovenia Slovenia
MunicipalityCity Municipality of Ljubljana
First mention1112–1125
Town rightsaround 1220
Government
 • mayorZoran Janković (Zoran Janković List)
Area
 • Total163.8 km2 (63.2 sq mi)
Elevation
[1]
centroid: 295 m (968 ft)
Population
 (1 January 2011)[2]
 • TotalIncrease 272,220
 • Density1,662/km2 (4,300/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
1000
Area code01 (1 if calling from abroad)
Vehicle RegistrationLJ
Websitewww.ljubljana.si

Ljubljana (Slovene: [lʲubˈlʲana] ⓘ; German: Laibach, Italian: Lubiana, Latin: Labacum or Aemona)[3] is the capital of Slovenia[4] and its only centre of international importance.[5] It is located in the centre of the country in the Ljubljana Basin, and is the centre of the City Municipality of Ljubljana. With approximately 272,000 inhabitants, it classifies as the only Slovenian large town.[5] Throughout its history, it has been influenced by its geographic position at the crossroads of the Slavic world with the Germanic and Latin cultures.

For centuries, Ljubljana was the capital of the historical region of Carniola,[6] and in the 20th century it became the cultural, educational, economic, political and administrative centre of Slovenia, independent since 1991.[4] Its transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific and research institutions and cultural tradition are contributing factors to its leading position.

Name and symbol

The origin of the city's name is unclear. In the Middle Ages, both the river and the town were also known by the German name Laibach, which was in official use until 1918. For most scholars, the problem has been in how to connect the Slovene and the German names. A common folk etymology has traditionally connected the name to the Slovene word ljubljena 'beloved'.[citation needed] The origin from the Slavic -ljub 'to love, like' was in 2007 supported as the most probable by the linguist Tijmen Pronk, a specialist in comparative Indo-European linguistics and Slovene dialectology from the University of Leiden.[7] He supported the thesis that the name of the river derived from the name of the settlement.[8] The linguist Silvo Torkar, who specialises in Slovene personal and place names,[9] argued at the same place for the thesis that the name Ljubljana derives from Ljubija, the original name of the Ljubljanica River flowing through it, itself derived from the Old Slavic male name Ljubovid, "the one of a kind appearance". The name Laibach, he claimed, was actually a hybrid of German and Slovene and derived from the same personal name.[10]

The symbol of the city is the Ljubljana Dragon. It is depicted on the top of the tower of the Ljubljana Castle in the Ljubljana coat-of-arms and on the Ljubljanica-crossing Dragon Bridge ([Zmajski most] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), often regarded as the most beautiful bridge produced by the Vienna Secession.[11] It symbolises power, courage, and greatness.

There are several explanations on the origin of the Ljubljana Dragon. According to the celebrated Greek legend, the Argonauts on their return home after having taken the Golden Fleece found a large lake surrounded by a marsh between the present-day towns of Vrhnika and Ljubljana. It is there that Jason struck down a monster. This monster has become the dragon that today is present on the city coat of arms and flag.[12] It is historically more believable that the dragon was adopted from Saint George, the patron of the Ljubljana Castle chapel built in the 15th century. In the legend of Saint George, the dragon represents the old ancestral paganism overcome by Christianity. According to another explanation, related to the second, the dragon was at first only a decoration above the city coat of arms. In Baroque, it became part of the coat of arms and in the 19th and especially the 20th century, it outstripped the tower and other elements.

History

Template:Historical information needed

Excavated remains of the southeastern part of the former Roman settlement Iulia Aemona at the location NUK II
Ljubljana in the 18th century
Celebration during the Congress of Ljubljana, 1821
The 1895 Ljubljana earthquake destroyed much of the city center, enabling an extensive renovation program.
The oldest film recordings of Ljubljana (1909), with a depiction of streets, the Ljubljana tram, and a celebration. Salvatore Spina Company, Trieste.[13]

Around 2000 BC, the Ljubljana Marshes in the immediate vicinity of Ljubljana were settled by people living in pile dwellings. These lake-dwelling people lived through hunting, fishing and primitive agriculture. To get around the marshes, they used dugout canoes made by cutting out the inside of tree trunks. Their archeological remains, nowadays in the Municipality of Ig, have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site since June 2011, in the common nomination of six Alpine states.[14]

Later, the area remained a transit point for numerous tribes and peoples, among them Illyrians, followed by a mixed nation of Celts and Illyrians called the Iapydes, and then in the 3rd century BC a Celtic tribe, the Taurisci.[15]

Around 50 BC, the Romans built a military encampment that later became a permanent settlement called Iulia Aemona.[16] This entrenched fort was occupied by the Legio XV Apollinaris.[17] In 452, it was destroyed by the Huns under Attila's orders,[16] and later by the Ostrogoths and the Lombards.[18] Emona housed 5,000–6,000 inhabitants and played an important role during numerous battles. Its plastered brick houses, painted in different colours, were already connected to a drainage system.[16] In the 6th century, the ancestors of the Slovenes moved in. In the 9th century, the Slovenes fell under Frankish domination, while experiencing frequent Magyar raids.[19]

Not much is known about the area during the settlement of Slavs in the period between the downfall of Emona and the Early Middle Ages. The area reappears in written sources in the 12th century. It was long thought that the first mention of Ljubljana dated to 1144. However, an even older mention has been found in the Udine Cathedral Archive on a parchment sheet named Nomina defunctorum (Names of the Dead). It dates from 1112 to 1125 and mentions the nobleman Rudolf of Tarcento, a laywer of the Patriarchate of Aquileia, who had bestowed a canon with 20 farmsteads beside the castle of Ljubljana (castrum Leibach) to the Patriarchate.[20][21][22]

When exactly Ljubljana acquired its town rights is not known,[23] but it was no later than 1220.[24] At the time, the lords of Ljubljana Castle were from the Spanheim family, whereas the surrounding agrarian estate belonged to different noblemen, even counts.[21][23] The town was composed of three districts: Old Square ([Stari trg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), New Square ([Novi trg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) and "Town" ([Mesto] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) (around the Romanesque church of Saint Nicholas).[23] The first-mentioned is thought to have obtained the right to hold a market at around 1200, which does not necessarily mean that it is the oldest district among the three.[23]

In 1270, Carniola and in particular Ljubljana was conquered by King Ottokar II of Bohemia.[19] When he was in turn defeated by Rudolph of Habsburg,[18] the latter took the town in 1278.[19] Due to Rudolf's pledge, Ljubljana was under the administration of the Counts of Gorizia from 1279 until 1335,[23] and became the capital city of Carniola. Then it came under Habsburg rule again and was renamed Laibach. It would belong to the House of Habsburg until 1797.[18]

In the 15th century, Ljubljana became recognised for its art, particularly painting and sculpture. After an earthquake in 1511, the city was rebuilt in Renaissance style and a new wall was built around it.[25] The Diocese of Ljubljana was established in 1461 and the Church of St. Nicholas became a cathedral.[19] The Franciscans settled in Ljubljana in 1491, replacing Minorites.

In the 16th century, the population of Ljubljana numbered 5,000, 70% of whom spoke Slovene as their first language, with most of the rest using German.[25] The Protestant Reformation gained ground in the city. Several important Lutheran preachers, who set the foundations to the Slovene literature and nation, lived and worked in Ljubljana, including Primož Trubar, Adam Bohorič and Jurij Dalmatin. Around the same time, the first secondary school, public library and printing house opened in Ljubljana.[25]

In 1597, Jesuits arrived in the city, followed in 1606 by Capuchins, to eradicate Protestantism. Only 5% of all the residents of Ljubljana at the time were of Catholic confession, so it took quite a while to make it again Catholic. Jesuits organised the first theatrical productions in the town, fostered the development of Baroque music and organised Catholic schools, among them the Jesuit college, which was the first institution of higher education in the territory of nowadays Slovenia. In the middle and the second half of the 17th century, foreign architects built and renovated numerous monasteries, churches, and palaces in Ljubljana and introduced the Baroque architecture. In 1702, the Ursulines settled in the town, where, the following year, they opened the first public school for girls in the Slovene Lands. Some years later, the construction of the Ursuline Church of the Holy Trinity started.

The Napoleonic interlude saw Ljubljana as "Laybach" become, from 1809 to 1813, the capital of the Illyrian Provinces.[18][26] In 1815, the city became Austrian again and from 1816 to 1849 was the administrative centre of the Kingdom of Illyria in the Austrian Empire. In 1821 it hosted the Congress of Laibach, which fixed European political borders for years to come.[27] The first train arrived in 1849 from Vienna and in 1857 the line was extended to Trieste.[26]

In 1895, Ljubljana, then a city of 31,000, suffered a serious earthquake measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale. Some 10% of its 1,400 buildings were destroyed, although casualties were light. During the reconstruction that followed, a number of districts were rebuilt in Vienna Secession style.[26] Public electric lighting appeared in the city in 1898. The rebuilding and subsequent quick modernization of the city were led by the mayor Ivan Hribar.[26] In 1918, following the end of World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the region joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.[18][28] In 1929, Ljubljana became the capital of Drava Banovina, a Yugoslav province.[29]

In 1941, during World War II, Fascist Italy occupied the city, and on 3 May 1941 made "Lubiana" the capital of an Italian "Provincia di Lubiana" with the former Yugoslav general Leon Rupnik as mayor. After the Italian capitulation, Nazi Germany with SS-general Erwin Rösener and Friedrich Rainer took control in 1943[28] but formally the city remained the capital of an Italian province until 9 May 1945. In Ljubljana, the occupying forces established strongholds and command centres of Quisling organisations, the Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia under Italy and the Home Guard under German occupation. The city was surrounded by over 30 kilometres (19 mi) of barbed wire to prevent co-operation between the underground resistance movement (Liberation Front of the Slovenian People) within the city and the Yugoslav Partisans (Partizani) who operated outside the fence. Since 1985, a commemorative path has ringed the city where this iron fence once stood.[30]

After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, part of Communist Yugoslavia, a status it retained until 1991, when Slovenia became independent. Ljubljana remained the capital of Slovenia, which entered the European Union in 2004.[28]

Ljubljana has been struck through its history not only by earthquakes but also by floods, the latest taking place in 2010.[31] Southern and western parts of the city are more flood-endangered than northern parts.[32]

Geography

Map of Ljubljana centre
The Šmarna Gora Hill, the highest hill in Ljubljana, with the peak Grmada reaching 676 m (2,218 ft)
Koseze Pond is used for rowing, fishing, and ice skating in winter.

The city, with an area of 163.8 square kilometres (63.2 sq mi), is situated in central Slovenia in the Ljubljana Basin between the Alps and the Karst. Ljubljana is located some 140 kilometres (87 mi) west of Zagreb, 520 kilometres (320 mi) northwest of Belgrade, 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Venice, 350 kilometres (220 mi) southwest of Vienna and 400 kilometres (250 mi) southwest of Budapest.[33] The extent of Ljubljana has changed considerably in the past 30 years, mainly because some of the nearby settlements have merged with Ljubljana.[34]

The city stretches out on an alluvial plain dating to the Quaternary era. The nearby, older mountainous regions date back to the Mesozoic (Triassic) or Paleozoic.[35] A number of earthquakes have devastated Ljubljana, including in 1511 and 1895.[27]

The centroid of Ljubljana has an altitude of 295 metres (968 ft)[1] The city centre, located along the Ljubljanica River, has an altitude of 298 metres (978 ft).[36] The Ljubljana Castle, which sits atop the Castle Hill (Grajski grič) south of the city centre, has an altitude of 366 metres (1,201 ft), and the highest point of the city, called Grmada, reaches 676 metres (2,218 ft), seven metres more than the nearby Šmarna Gora peak, a popular hiking destination.[37][38]

The main watercourses in Ljubljana are the Ljubljanica, the Sava, the Gradaščica, the Mali graben, the Iška and the Iščica Rivers. Next to the eastern border of the city, the Ljubljanica, the Sava, and the Kamniška Bistrica Rivers flow together.[39][40] The lowest point of Ljubljana, with an altitude of 261 metres (856 ft), is located at the confluence.[36]

There are two major ponds in Ljubljana.[41] The Koseze Pond is located in the District of Šiška and the Tivoli Pond is located in the southern part of the Tivoli Park.[42] The Koseze Pond is home to a number of rare plant and animal species and is a popular place of meeting and recreation.[43] The Tivoli Pond is a shallow pond with a small volume that was originally used for boating and ice skating, but has been abandoned over the years and is now used only for fishing.[44] Both are part of the Tivoli–Rožnik Hill–Šiška Hill Landscape Park in the western part of the city.[41]

Climate

Ljubljana's climate is Oceanic (Köppen climate classification "Cfb"), bordering on a Humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification Cfa),[citation needed] with continental characteristics such as warm summers and moderately cold winters. July and August are the warmest months with daily highs generally between 25 and 30 °C (77 and 86 °F), and January is the coldest month with the temperatures mostly oscillating around 0 °C (32 °F). The city experiences 90 days of frost per year, and 11 days with temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F). The precipitation is relatively evenly distributed throughout the seasons, although winter and spring tend to be somewhat drier than summer and autumn. Yearly precipitation is about 1,400 mm (55 in), making Ljubljana one of the wettest European capitals. Thunderstorms are very common from May to September and can occasionally be quite heavy. Snow is common from December to February; on average, there are 48 days with snow cover recorded each winter season. The city is known for its fog, which is recorded on average on 64 days per year, mostly in autumn and winter, and can be particularly persistent in conditions of temperature inversion.[45] In summer, the weather in the city is under the influence of Mediterranean air currents, so the summers are sunny and warm.

Climate data for Ljubljana
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14
(57) 		19
(66) 		23
(73) 		30
(86) 		31
(88) 		38
(100) 		39
(102) 		35
(95) 		31
(88) 		29
(84) 		20
(68) 		16
(61) 		39
(102)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2
(36) 		5
(41) 		10
(50) 		15
(59) 		20
(68) 		24
(75) 		27
(81) 		26
(79) 		22
(72) 		15
(59) 		8
(46) 		4
(39) 		15
(59)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4
(25) 		−4
(25) 		0
(32) 		4
(39) 		9
(48) 		12
(54) 		14
(57) 		14
(57) 		11
(52) 		6
(43) 		2
(36) 		−1
(30) 		5
(41)
Record low °C (°F) −27
(−17) 		−28
(−18) 		−16
(3) 		−5
(23) 		−3
(27) 		4
(39) 		7
(45) 		4
(39) 		1
(34) 		−2
(28) 		−11
(12) 		−15
(5) 		−28
(−18)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 88
(3.5) 		89
(3.5) 		76
(3.0) 		98
(3.9) 		121
(4.8) 		133
(5.2) 		113
(4.4) 		127
(5.0) 		142
(5.6) 		151
(5.9) 		131
(5.2) 		114
(4.5) 		1,383
(54.4)
Average precipitation days 6.6 4.4 6.3 9.3 9.0 10.0 9.0 7.8 9.5 9.5 11.6 9.1 102.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 46.5 84.8 127.1 162.0 210.8 222.0 260.4 229.4 162.0 114.7 57.0 37.2 1,713.9
Source 1: www.arso.gov.si[verification needed]
Source 2: Hong Kong Observatory.[46]

Cityscape

Architecture

Despite the appearance of large buildings, especially at the city's edge, Ljubljana's historic centre remains intact; there, Baroque and Vienna Secession styles mix. The city was strongly influenced by the Austrian fashion, in particular in the style of Graz and Salzburg.

After the 1511 earthquake, Ljubljana was rebuilt in a Baroque style following the model of a Renaissance city; after the quake in 1895, which severely damaged the city, it was once again rebuilt, this time in a Vienna Secession style. The city architecture is thus a mix of styles. The large sectors built after the World War II often include a personal touch by the Slovene architect Jože Plečnik.

Ljubljana Castle dominates the hill over the river Ljubljanica. Built in the 12th century, the castle (like the castle at Kranj) was a residence of the Margraves, later the Dukes of Carniola.[47] Aside from the castle, the main architectural works in the city are St. Nicholas Cathedral, St. Peter's Church, the Franciscan Church of the Annunciation, the Triple Bridge and the Dragon Bridge.

Near the Town Hall, on Town Square, is a replica of the Robba fountain, in Baroque style. The original has been moved into the National Gallery in 2006. Resembling the fountain on Rome's Piazza Navona, Robba's fountain is decorated with an obelisk at the foot of which are three figures in white marble symbolising the three chief rivers of Carniola. It is the work of Francesco Robba, who designed numerous other Baroque statues in the city. Ljubljana's churches are equally marked by this style that gained currency following the 1511 earthquake.[48]

For its part, Vienna Secession features prominently on Prešeren Square and on the Dragon Bridge. Among the important influences on the town was the architect Jože Plečnik, who designed several bridges, including the Triple Bridge, as well as the National Library.[49] Nebotičnik is a notable high-rise.

Main sights

Template:Section-diffuse

Ljubljana Castle

Ljubljana Castle

Ljubljana Castle (Ljubljanski grad) is a medieval castle located at the summit of the hill that dominates the city centre. The area surrounding today's castle has been continuously inhabited since 1200 BC.[50] The castle's Outlook Tower dates to 1848; this was inhabited by a guard whose duty it was to fire cannons warning the city in case of fire or announcing important visitors or events, a function it still holds today.[50] Today, it is a tourist attraction. Cultural events and weddings also take place there.[51] Since 2006, a funicular has linked the city centre to the castle atop the hill.[52]

Saint Nicholas Cathedral

Saint Nicholas Cathedral

Saint Nicholas Cathedral serves the Archdiocese of Ljubljana. Easily identifiable due to its green dome and twin towers, it is located on Cyril and Methodius Square (Ciril-Metodov trg) by the nearby Ljubljana Central Market and the Town Hall.[53] The Diocese of Ljubljana was set up in 1461.[53] Between 1701 and 1706, the Jesuit architect Andrea Pozzo designed the Baroque church with two side chapels shaped in the form of a Latin cross.[53] The dome was built in the centre in 1841.[53] The interior is decorated with Baroque frescos painted by Giulio Quaglio between 1703–1706 and 1721-1723.[53] In the 20th century, a historical depiction of Slovene history to commemorate 1250th anniversary of Christianity in Slovenia

Dragon Bridge

The Dragon Bridge (Zmajski most) was built between 1900 and 1901, when the city was part of Austria-Hungary. Designed by a Dalmatian architect who studied in Vienna and built by an Austrian engineer, the bridge is considered one of the finest works in the Vienna Secession style.[11][54] Some residents nicknamed the bridge "mother-in-law" in reference to the fearsome dragons on its four corners.[55]

Čop Street

Čop Street, seen from the Prešeren Statue

Čop Street ([Čopova ulica] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) is a major thoroughfare in the center of Ljubljana. The street is named after Matija Čop, an early 19th-century literary figure and close friend of the Slovene Romantic poet France Prešeren. It leads from the Main Post Office ([Glavna pošta] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) on Slovenian Street ([Slovenska cesta] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) to Prešeren Square ([Prešernov trg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) and is lined with bars and stores, including the oldest McDonald's restaurant in Slovenia. It is a pedestrian zone is and regarded as the capital's central promenade.

Congress Square

Congress Square is one of the most important centres of the city. It was built in 1821 for ceremonial purposes such as Congress of Ljubljana after which it was named. Since then it became an important centre for political ceremonies, demonstrations and protests, such as the ceremony at creation of Kingdom of Yugoslavia, ceremony of liberation of Belgrade, protests against Yugoslav authority in 1988 etc. The square also houses several important buildings, such as University of Ljubljana, Slovenian Philharmonic, Ursuline Church of the Holy Trinity, Slovenska matica. In 2010 and 2011 it has been heavily renovated and is now mostly closed to road traffic on ground area, however there are five floors for commercial purposes and a parking lot located underground.[56]

Tivoli Park

File:Tivoli park.jpg
Jakopič Promenade in Tivoli Park

The Tivoli Park ([Park Tivoli] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) is the largest park in Ljubljana.[57][58] The park was designed in 1813 by the French engineer Jean Blanchard and now covers approximately 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi).[57] The park was laid out during the French imperial administration of Ljubljana in 1813 and named after the Parisian Jardins de Tivoli.[57] At the edge of Tivoli Park is a fish pond, dating back to 1880. On one side of the pond is a small botanic garden, on the other side is a children's playground. Between 1921 and 1939, it was renovated by the Slovene architect Jože Plečnik, who designed a broad central promenade, called the Jakopič Promenade ([Jakopičevo sprehajališče] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) after the leading Slovene impressionist painter Rihard Jakopič.[57][58] It has three main avenues, planted with chestnut-trees. Within the park, there are different types of trees, flower gardens, several statues, and fountains.[57][58] Several notable buildings stand in the Park, among them the Tivoli Castle, the National Museum of Contemporary History and the Tivoli Sports Hall.[57]

Butchers' Bridge

File:Sculptures on Butchers' Bridge.jpg
Sculpture on Butcher's Bridge

The Butchers' Bridge ([Mesarski most] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) is a footbridge crossing the river Ljubljanica. It connects Ljubljana Central Market and the Petkovšek embankment. It is decorated with the works by the Slovenian sculptor Jakov Brdar and completes the plans of the Slovene architect Jože Plečnik from the 1930s. It was officially opened on July 10, 2010.

Shortly after the opening of the bridge padlocks of couples in love started appearing on its steel wires, symbolizing declarations of eternal love, a phenomenon similar to the one on the Parisian Pont des Arts.

Demographics

In 1869, Ljubljana had about 22,600 inhabitants,[59] a figure that grew to almost 60,000 by 1931.[28]

At the 2002 census, 39.2% of Ljubljana residents were Roman Catholic; 30.4% were believers who did not belong to a religion, unknown or did not reply; 19.2% were atheist; 5.5% were Eastern Orthodox; 5.0% were Muslim; and the remaining 0.7% were Protestant or belonged to other religions.[60]

Around 84% of the population speak Slovene as their native language. The second most-spoken language is Bosnian, with Serbian holding third place.[61]

Demographic evolution[59][62][63][64]

1600 1700 1754 1800 1846 1869 1880 1890 1900 1910 1921 1931 1948 1953 1961 1971 1981 1991 2002 2010
6,000 7,500 9,400 10,000 18,000 22,593 26,284 30,505 36,547 41,727 53,294 59,768 98,599 113,340 135,366 173,853 224,817 258,873 267,008 271,885

Government

The city of Ljubljana is governed by the City Municipality of Ljubljana (MOL), which is led by the city council. The president of the city council is called mayor. Members of the city council and the mayor are elected in the local election, held every four years. Among other roles, the city council drafts the municipal budget, and is assisted by various boards active in the fields of health, sports, finances, education, environmental protection and tourism.[65] The municipality is subdivided into 17 districts represented by district councils. They work with the municipality council to make known residents' suggestions and prepare activities in their territories.[66][67]

Between 2002 and 2006, Danica Simšič was mayor of the municipality.[68] Since the municipal elections of 22 October 2006 until his confirmation as a deputy in the National Assembly of Slovenian in December 2011, Zoran Janković, previously the managing director of the Mercator retail chain, was the mayor of Ljubljana. In 2006, he won 62.99% of the popular vote.[69] On 10 October 2010, Janković was re-elected for another four-year term with 64,79% of the vote. From 2006 until October 2010, the majority on the city council (the Zoran Janković List) held 23 of 45 seats.[69] On 10 October 2010, Janković's list won 25 out of 45 seats in the city council. From December 2011 onwards, when Janković's list won the early parliamentary election, the deputy mayor Aleš Čerin was decided by him to lead the municipality. Čerin did not hold the post of mayor.[70] After Janković had failed to be elected as the Prime Minister in the National Assembly, he participated at the mayoral by-election on 25 March 2012 and was elected for the third time with 61% of the vote. He retook the leadership of the city council on 11 April 2012.[71]

Public order in Ljubljana is enforced by the Ljubljana Police Directorate ([Policijska uprava Ljubljana] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).[72] There are five areal police stations and four sectoral police stations in Ljubljana.[73] Public order and municipal traffic regulations are also supervised by the city traffic wardens ([Mestno redarstvo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).[74] Ljubljana has a quiet and secure reputation.[73][75]

Economy

File:Wtcslovenia.jpg
World Trade Center Ljubljana

Industry remains the most important employer, notably in the pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals and food processing.[27] Other fields include banking, finance, transport, construction, skilled trades and services and tourism. The public sector provides jobs in education, culture, health care and local administration.[27]

The Ljubljana Stock Exchange ([Ljubljanska borza] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), purchased in 2008 by the Vienna Stock Exchange,[76] deals with large Slovenian companies. Some of these have their headquarters in the capital: for example, the retail chain Mercator, the oil company Petrol d.d. and the telecommunications concern Telekom Slovenije.[77] Over 15,000 enterprises operate in the city, most of them in the tertiary sector.[78]

Numerous companies and over 450 shops are located in the BTC City, the largest business, shopping, recreational, entertainment and cultural centre in Europe. It is visited each year by 21 million people.[79][80] It occupies an area of 475,000 square metres (5,110,000 sq ft) in the Moste District in the eastern part of Ljubljana.[81][82][83]

Culture

Alternative scene

File:Metelkova mesto (2).jpg
The Barn, part of the cultural centre at Metelkova Street

A revival of culture started in Ljubljana with the emergence of subcultures in 1980s, organised around two student organisations, the Students' Cultural and Art Centre (ŠKUC) and the Students' Cultural Forum Society (ŠKD Forum).[84] This caused an influx of young people to the city centre, caused political and social changes, and led to the establishment of new art centres.[85] On Metelko Street (Metelkova ulica) there is a social centre dedicated to alternative culture, set up in a renovated former Austro-Hungarian barracks.[86] This lively street has numerous clubs and concert halls that play various types of music, mainly alternative rock. The Museum of Contemporary Art, a part of the Museum of Modern Art, has been opened to the public on Metelko Street since 26 November 2011.[87] Another alternative culture centre is located in the former Rog factory. In addition, the Kino Šiška Centre for Urban Culture and a few other cultural organisations in the Šiška Cultural Quarter form a venue for alternative music performances and other avant-garde arts.

Entertainment and performing arts

The front of the Opera and Ballet Theatre
The Slovenian National Theatre

The Slovenian Philharmonics is the central music institution in Ljubljana and Slovenia. It organises classical music concerts of domestic and foreign performers as well as educates youth. It was established in 1701 as part of Academia operosorum Labacensis and is among the oldest such institutions in Europe. The Slovene National Opera and Ballet Theatre also resides in Ljubljana, presenting a wide variety of domestic and foreign, modern and classic, opera, ballet and concert works. It serves as the national opera and ballet house. Numerous music festivals are held in Ljubljana, chiefly in European classical music and jazz, for instance the Ljubljana Summer Festival ([Ljubljanski poletni festival] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), and Trnfest.

Theatre and dance have a rich tradition in Ljubljana. Independent theatre production started in Ljubljana in 1960s and reached a climax in 1980s. In addition to the main houses, with the SNT Drama Ljubljana as the most important among them, a number of small producers are active, involved primarily in physical theatre (e.g. Betontanc) and street theatre (e.g. Ana Monró Theatre). A popular form is puppetry, mainly performed in the Ljubljana Puppet Theatre. The modern dance was presented in Ljubljana for the first time at the end of the 19th century and developed rapidly since the end of 1920s. It has been intimately linked to the development in Europe and the United States. The premises of the Ljubljana Dance Theatre are the only venue dedicated to contemporary dance in Ljubljana. Despite this, there's a vivid happening in the field. Several folk dance groups are active in the city too.

The cinema in Ljubljana appeared for the first time at the turn of the 19th to 20th century, and quickly gained popularity among the residents. After World War II, the Cinema Company Ljubljana, later named Ljubljana Cinematographers, was established and managed a number of already functioning movie theaters in Ljubljana, including the only Yugoslav children's theater. A number of cinema festivals took place in 1960s, and a cinematheque opened its doors in 1963. With the advent of television, video, and recently the Internet, most cinema theaters in Ljubljana closed, and the cinema mainly moved to Kolosej, a multiplex in the BTC City. It features twelve screens, including an IMAX 3D screen. The remaining theaters are Kino Komuna, Kinodvor, where art movies are accompanied by events, and the Slovenian Cinematheque.

Each year, over 10,000 cultural events take place in the city. Among these are ten international festivals of theatre, music and art generally.[27] The main cultural venues are Križanke, the Cankar Hall, and the Exhibition and Convention Centre. During the Week of the Book, starting each year on the World Book Day, events and book selling take place at Congress Square. On the eve of the International Workers' Day, a celebration with a bonfire takes place on the Rožnik Hill. An antique flea market takes place every Sunday in the old city.[88]

Museums and art galleries

File:ModernaGalerija-Ljubljana.JPG
The front of the Museum of Modern Art

Ljubljana has numerous art galleries and museums. In 2010, there were 14 museums and 56 art galleries in Ljubljana.[89] There is for example an architecture museum, a railway museum, a school museum, a sports museum, a museum of modern art, a museum of contemporary art, a brewery museum, the Slovenian Museum of Natural History and the Slovene Ethnographic Museum.[88] The National Gallery ([Narodna galerija] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), founded in 1918,[28] and the Museum of Modern Art ([Moderna galerija] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) exhibit the most influential Slovenian artists. In 2006, the museums received 264,470 visitors, the galleries 403,890 and the theatres 396,440.[89]

Sports

Ljubljana Marathon, 2006
The Tacen Whitewater Course on the Sava

Ljubljana's ice hockey clubs are HD HS Olimpija, ŠD Alfa, HK Slavija and HDD Olimpija Ljubljana. They all compete in the Slovenian Hockey League; HDD Olimpija Ljubljana also takes part in the Austrian Hockey League.[90] The basketball teams are KD Slovan, ŽKD Ježica Ljubljana and KK Union Olimpija. The latter, which has a green dragon as its mascot, hosts its matches in the 13,000-seat Arena Stožice since 2010.

The city's football teams which play in the Slovenian PrvaLiga are Interblock Ljubljana[91] and NK Olimpija Ljubljana. There are two stadiums in the city. Bežigrad Stadium, which was built according to the plans of Jože Plečnik and is closed since 2008, was the home of the NK Olimpija Ljubljana dissolved in 2004. The much larger Stožice Stadium, opened since August 2010 and located in Stožice Sports Park, is the home of the NK Olimpija Ljubljana established in 2005, and the main stadium of the Slovenia national football team.

Each year since 1957, on 8–10 May, the traditional recreational March along the Path of Remembrance and Comradeship has taken place to mark the liberation of Ljubljana on 9 May 1945.[92] The last Sunday in October, the Ljubljana Marathon is run on the city streets. It attracts several thousand runners each year.[93]

The Tacen Whitewater Course, located on a polygon on the Sava, eight kilometers northwest of the city centre, hosts a major international canoe/kayak slalom competition almost every year, examples being the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in 1955, 1991, and 2010.[94]

Ski sports started to develop in the area of the nowadays Ljubljana already before World War II.[95] Since the 1940s,[95] a ski slope has been in use in Gunclje,[96] in the northwestern part of the city.[97] It is 600 metres (2,000 ft) long and has two ski lifts, its maximum incline is 60° and the difference in height from the top to the bottom is 155 metres (509 ft).[96] Five ski jumping hills stand near the ski slope.[95] Several Slovenian Olympic and World Cup medalists trained and competed there.[95][98] In addition, the Arena Triglav complex of six jumping hills is located in the Šiška District.[99][100]

Education

Primary

In 1703, the Ursulines established a girls' school in Ljubljana, which was for over 170 years the only public girls' school in Carniola. In 1775, after the Austrian Emperor Maria Theresa proclaimed elementary education obligatory, Ljubljana got its normal school, intended as a learning place for teachers. In 1805, the first state music school was established in Ljubljana. In the time of Illyrian Provinces, "école primaire", a unified four-year elementary school program with a greater emphasis on Slovene, was introduced. The first public schools, unrelated to religious education, appeared in 1868. Nowadays, there are over 50 public elementary schools with over 20,000 pupils in Ljubljana.[89][101] This also includes an international elementary school for foreign pupils. There are two private elementary schools: a Waldorf elementary school and a Catholic elementary school. In addition, there are several elementary music schools.

Secondary

The first complete Realschule was established in Ljubljana in 1871.

In 1563, in the period of Reformation, upon a proposal by Primož Trubar, the Carniolan Estates' School (1563–1598) was established. Its teaching languages were mainly Latin and Greek, but also German and Slovene, and it was open for both sexes and all social strata. In 1597, Jesuits established the Jesuit College (1597–1773), intended to transmit general education. In 1703 In 1773, secondary education became governed by the state. A number of reforms were implemented in the 19th century. They gave more emphasis on general knowledge and separated public secondary schools from religious education. In 1910, there were 29 secondary schools in Ljubljana, among them classical and real gymnasiums and Realschules (technical secondary schools).

Now there are ten public and three private grammar schools in Ljubljana. The public ones divide into general gymnasiums and classic gymnasiums, the latter offering Latin and Greek as foreign languages. Some of the general ones offer internationally-oriented European departments, and some offer sport departments, allowing students to more easily adjust their sport and school obligations. All of them are free, but the number of students they can accept is limited. The private secondary schools include a Catholic grammar school and a Waldorf grammar school. There are also professional grammar schools in Ljubljana, offering economical, technical, or artistic subjects (visual arts, music). All of them last four years and conclude with a matura exam.

Tertiary

The main building of the University of Ljubljana, formerly the seat of the Carniolan Parliament

During the French occupation of the Slovene Lands, in 1810–11, central schools started to operate in Ljubljana, offering study of medicine, surgery, architecture, law, and theology. The University of Ljubljana, Slovenia's most important and Ljubljana's only university, was founded in 1919.[28][101] On foundation, the University comprised five faculties: law, philosophy, technology, theology and medicine. The seat of the university was in the central Congress Square of Ljubljana in a building that had served as the State Mansion of Carniola from 1902 to 1918.

In 2011, the University had 23 faculties and three academies, located in different parts of Ljubljana. They offer Slovene-language courses in medicine, applied sciences, arts, law, administration, and other subjects.[102] The university has close to 64,000 students and some 3,500 teaching faculty.[101] Students make up one-seventh of Ljubljana's population, giving the city a youthful character.[101][103]

Libraries

The first libraries in Ljubljana were monastery libraries. The first public library was the Carniolan Estates' Library, established in 1569 by Primož Trubar. In the 17th century, the Jesuit Library collected numerous works, particularly about mathematics. In 1707, the Seminary Library was established. It is the first and oldest public scientific library in Slovenia. Around 1774, after the dissolution of Jesuits, the Lyceum Library formed from the remains of the Jesuit Library and several monastery libraries. It was succeded by the National and University Library of Slovenia, the national library, which contained 1,288,832 books in 2010. The City Library of Ljubljana, established in 2008, is the largest Slovenian general public library. It contains 1,394,000 books and comprises several units in Ljubljana. 5 general libraries and over 100 specialised libraries exist in Ljubljana.[89]

Science

The first society of the leading scientists and public workers in Carniola was the Dismas Fraternity (Latin:[Societas Unitorum] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), formed in Ljubljana in 1688.[104] In 1693, the Academia Operosorum Labacensium was founded and lasted with an interruption until the end of the 18th century. The next academy in Ljubljana has been the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, established only in 1938.

Transport

Ljubljana Bus Station and the building of the Ljubljana Railway Station in the background
Railway near the central workshop in Moste
File:Tramvaj Ljubljana.JPG
Tram 13, Zalog Street
Bicycles in Ljubljana

Air

Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport (IATA code LJU), located 26 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of the city, has flights to numerous European destinations. Among the companies that fly from there are Adria Airways, Air France, Brussels Airlines, EasyJet and Finnair. The destinations are mainly European.[105] This airport has superseded the original Ljubljana airport, in operation from 1933 until 1963.[106][107] It was located in the Municipality of Polje (nowadays the Moste District), on a plain between Ljubljanica and Sava next to the railroad in Moste.[107] There was a military airport in Šiška from 1918 until 1929.[108]

Rail

In the Ljubljana Rail Hub, the Pan-European railway corridors V (the fastest link between the North Adriatic, and Central and Eastern Europe)[109] and X (linking Central Europe with the Balkans)[110] and the main European lines (E 65, E 69, E 70) intersect.[111] All international transit trains in Slovenia drive through the Ljubljana hub, and all international passenger trains stop there.[112] The area of Ljubljana comprises six passenger stations and nine stops.[113] For passengers, the Slovenian Railways company offers the possibility to buy a daily or monthly city pass that can be used to travel between them.[114] The Ljubljana railway station is the central station of the hub. The Ljubljana Moste Railway Station is the largest Slovenian railway dispatching place. The Ljubljana Zalog Railway Station is the central Slovenian switchyard.[112] There are a number of industrial rails in Ljubljana.[115] At the end of 2006,[116] the Ljubljana Castle funicular started to operate. The rail goes from Krek Square (Krekov trg) near the Ljubljana Central Market to Ljubljana Castle. It is especially popular among tourists. The full trip lasts 60 s.

Roads

Ljubljana is located in the center of the Slovenian motorway cross,[117] which comprises the motorway route heading from east to west, in line with the Pan-European Corridor V, and the motorway route heading in the north–south direction, in line with the Pan-European Corridor X.[118] The city is linked to the southwest by the A1-E70 to the Italian cities of Trieste and Venice and the Croatian port of Rijeka.[119] To the north, A1-E57 leads to Maribor, Graz and Vienna. To the east, A2-E70 links it with the Croatian capital Zagreb, from where one can go to Hungary or important cities of the former Yugoslavia, such as Belgrade.[119] To the northwest, A2-E61 goes to the Austrian towns of Klagenfurt and Salzburg, making it an important entry point for northern European tourists.[119] A toll sticker system has been in use on the Ljubljana Ring Road since 1 July 2008.[120][121] The center of the city is more difficult to access especially in the peak hours due to long arteries with traffic lights and a large number of daily commuters.[122] The strict city center has been closed for motor traffic since September 2007, except for residents with permissions.

The public motorised road transport in Ljubljana was originally a tram system completed in 1901.[123] It was in use from September 1901 until July 1928, when it was replaced with buses. Due to the financial loss of the bus traffic, the buses were abolished in 1930 and replaced with trams in 1931.[123] In the post World War II era, the tram system was taken out of service, as it took up a lot of space in an era when automobiles were becoming increasingly more important.[124] In Ljubljana, the tram's end came in December 1958.[124] In its final years, the system reached length of over 21 kilometers.[citation needed] Soon after the last day of operation, the tracks were dismantled and the cars were transferred to Osijek and Subotica.[citation needed] There are plans to reintroduced the tram lines in the future.

The city bus network, run by the Ljubljana Passenger Transport (LPP) company, is Ljubljana's most used means of public transport. The fleet is relatively modern. The number of dedicated bus lines is limited, which can cause problem in the peak hours when traffic becomes congested.[125] Bus rides may be paid with the Urbana payment card (also used for the funicular) or with a mobile phone. Sometimes, the buses are called trole (referring to overhead lines), harking back to the 1951–71 days when Ljubljana had trolleybus (trolejbus) service.[126] There were five trolleybus lines in Ljubljana, until 1958 alongside the tram.[124] The Ljubljana Bus Station, the Ljubljana central bus hub, is located in the immediate vicinity to the Ljubljana railway station. There are numerous taxi companies in the city.[127]

Another mean of public road transport in the city centre is the Cavalier ([Kavalir] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), an electric and environment-friendly vehicle. It has been operated by LPP since May 2009. There are two such vehicles in Ljubljana. The ride is free and there are no stations, because it can be stopped anywhere. It can carry up to five passengers; most of them are elderly people and tourists.[128] The Cavalier drives in the car-free zone in the Ljubljana downtown. The first line links Čop Street, Wolf Street and Hribar Embankment, whereas the second links Town Square, Upper Square, and Old Square.[129] There is also a tourist road train in Ljubljana, linking Cyril and Methodius Square in the city centre with the Ljubljana Castle.[130]

There is a considerable amount of bicycle traffic in Ljubljana and it is also possible to rent a bike. Since May 2011, the Bicikelj, a self-service bicycle rental system offers the residents and visitors of Ljubljana 300 bicycles and 600 parking spots at 31 stations in the wider city centre area. The daily number of rentals is around 2,500.[131][132] There was a possibility to rent a bike even before the establishment of Bicikelj.[133] On some of the main streets cycling is forbidden, e.g. on part of Slovenian Street (Slovenska cesta). Through years, the prohibitions have been partially abolished by marking cycle lanes on the road or on the pavement.[134][135]

Water

The river transport on the Ljubljanica and the Sava was the main means of cargo transport in the city and out of it until the mid-19th century, when railroads were built. Today, Ljubljanica is used by a number of tourist ships, with wharfs under the Butchers' Bridge, at Fish Square, at Court Square, at Breg, at the Poljane Embankment and elsewhere.

Healthcare

File:Klinicni center Ljubljana.jpg
The main entrance to the University Medical Centre Ljubljana

Ljubljana has a rich history of discoveries in medicine and innovations in medical technology. The majority of secondary and tertiary care in Slovenia takes place in Ljubljana. The University Medical Centre Ljubljana is the largest hospital centre in Slovenia. The Faculty of Medicine (University of Ljubljana) and the Ljubljana Institute of Oncology are other two central medical institutions in Slovenia. The Community Health Centre Ljubljana is the largest health centre in Slovenia. It comprises 7 units at 11 locations. Since 1986, Ljubljana is part of the WHO European Healthy Cities Network.[136]

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovenia

Twin towns — Sister cities

Ljubljana is twinned with:[137]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Statistični letopis Republike Slovenije 2002: Ozemlje in podnebje" (PDF) (in English and Slovene). Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 7 February 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  2. ^ "Data on the selected settlement: Ljubljana (municipality Ljubljana)". Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  3. ^ Libri Antichi Libri Rari. "Città di stampa dei LIBRI ANTICHI dei LIBRI VECCHI dei LIBRI RARI". Osservatoriolibri.com. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  4. ^ a b Vuk Dirnberk, Vojka. Statistični portret Slovenije v EU 2010 (PDF) (in Slovene and English). Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. ISSN 1854-5734. Retrieved 2 February 2011. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ^ a b "Small and Medium-Size Towns as the Basis of Polycentric Urban Development" (PDF). Geodetski vestnik. Vol. 52, no. 2. Association of Surveyors of Slovenia. 2008. p. 303. ISSN 0351-0271. {{cite news}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  6. ^ Mehle Mihovec, Barbka (19 March 2008). "Kje so naše meje?". Gorenjski glas (in Slovene). Gorenjski glas. Retrieved 7 August 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  7. ^ "Dr T.C. (Tijmen) Pronk". Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, University of Leiden. 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  8. ^ Pronk, Tijmen (2007). "The Etymology of Ljubljana – Laibach". Folia Onomastica Croatica. 16. Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts: 185–191. ISSN 1330-0695.
  9. ^ "Dr. Silvo Torkar" (in Slovene). Fran Ramovš Institute of the Slovenian Language. Retrieved 24 April 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  10. ^ Pronk, Tijmen. "The Etymology of Ljubljana – Laibach" (PDF) (in Slovene). Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts: 257–273. ISSN 1330-0695. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  11. ^ a b C Abdunur (2001). ARCH'01: Troisième conferénce internationale sur les ponts en arc. Presses des Ponts. p. 124. ISBN 2-85978-347-4. Cite error: The named reference "ARCH124" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  12. ^ "Dragon, the Symbol of Ljubljana". Retrieved 31 October 2009.
  13. ^ "Dokumenti Slovenskega gledališkega in filmskega muzeja]" (in Slovene). 16–19. Slovenski gledališki in filmski muzej [Slovenian Theatre and Film Museum]. 1980: 128. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  14. ^ "Prehistoric Pile Dwellings Listed as UNESCO World Heritage". Government Communication Office. 28 June 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |newsletter= ignored (help)
  15. ^ "First settlers". Retrieved 31 October 2009.
  16. ^ a b c "The Times of Roman Emona". Retrieved 31 October 2009.
  17. ^ Template:Fr icon Hildegard Temporini and Wolfgang Haase, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. de Gruyter, 1988. ISBN 3-11-011893-9. Google Books, p.343
  18. ^ a b c d e Daniel Mallinus, La Yougoslavie, Éd. Artis-Historia, Brussels, 1988, D/1988/0832/27, p. 37-39.
  19. ^ a b c d "Ljubljana in the Middle Ages". Retrieved 31 October 2009.
  20. ^ Peter Štih (2010). Castrum Leibach: the first recorded mention of Ljubljana and the city's early history: facsimile with commentary and a history introduction. City Municipality of Ljubljana. ISBN 978-961-6449-36-6. COBISS 252833024
  21. ^ a b "850-letnico Ljubljane smo praznovali prepozno. Ljubljana je starejša" (in Slovene). MMC RTV Slovenia. 14 December 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  22. ^ "Historian Finds New Oldest Mention of Ljubljana". Slovenian Press Agency. 14 December 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
  23. ^ a b c d e Darinka Kladnik (2006). "Ljubljana Town Hall" (PDF). Ljubljana Tourist Board. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  24. ^ Marija Verbič (1967). "700 let Novega trga v mestu Ljunbljani". Kronika: časopis za slovensko krajevno zgodovino. 15 (2).
  25. ^ a b c "Renaissance and Baroque". Retrieved 31 October 2009.
  26. ^ a b c d "Ljubljana in the 18th and 19th Centuries". Retrieved 31 October 2009.
  27. ^ a b c d e "Introducing Ljubljana". Retrieved 31 October 2009.
  28. ^ a b c d e f "The Turbulent 20th Century". Retrieved 31 October 2009.
  29. ^ "Dans la Yougoslavie des Karageorgévitch" (in French). Retrieved 30 July 2008.
  30. ^ Template:Sl icon Template:En icon "The Path of Remembrance and Comradeship" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
  31. ^ "Vodna ujma minuli konec tedna ohromila dobršen del Slovenije" (in Slovene). Ljubljanske novice. Retrieved 20 September 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  32. ^ Dobravc, Mina (2007). "Ocena ogroženosti mestne občine Ljubljana zaradi poplav" (PDF) (in Slovene). p. 7. Retrieved 20 September 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  33. ^ Approximate road distances calculated through Google Earth.
  34. ^ "Največja naselja po številu prebivalcev: Ljubljana" (in Slovene). Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. 1 January 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  35. ^ "Geological Map of Slovenia". Retrieved 30 July 2008.
  36. ^ a b "Ljubljana, glavno mesto" (PDF). Statistics and Analysis Service, Information Centre, City Administration, City Municipality of Ljubljana. 2006. Retrieved 7 February 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ "Settlements: Ljubljana". Geopedia.si. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  38. ^ Burger, Boštjan. "Šmarna gora". Slovenia-Landmarks. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  39. ^ "Settlements: Ljubljana". Geopedia.si. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  40. ^ "Površinske vode" (in Slovene). Municipality of Ljubljana. Retrieved 5 February 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  41. ^ a b Lešnik, Aleksandra (23 September 2003). Poročilo: Inventarizacija dvoživk (Amphibia) v Krajinskem parku Tivoli, Rožnik in Šišenski hrib (PDF) (in Slovene). Centre for Cartography of Fauna and Flora. pp. 8–9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  42. ^ "Tivolski ribnik". Kamnaizlet.si (in Slovene). PVA, d. o. o. Retrieved 8 February 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  43. ^ "Dobimo se na Koseškem bajerju" (in Slovene). 5 May 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  44. ^ Krelj, Živa (2007). Ekološki status ribnika Tivoli (PDF) (in Slovene and with an abstract in English). Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  45. ^ "ARSO". Retrieved 10 September 2009.
  46. ^ Climatological Information for Ljubljana, Slovenia, accessed 31 March 2012.
  47. ^ Ljubljana Calling/Sightseeing/Ljubljana Castle[dead link]
  48. ^ "Baroque Ljubljana". Archived from the original on 27 June 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
  49. ^ "Jože Plečnik (1872-1957)". Retrieved 31 October 2009.
  50. ^ a b "Ljubljanski grad / Ljubljana Castle". Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
  51. ^ "Festival Ljubljana". Retrieved 30 July 2008.
  52. ^ "5 Years of the Funicular Railway to the Castle". City Municipality of Ljubljana. 28 December 2011.
  53. ^ a b c d e "Stolnica (Cerkev sv. Nikolaja) / The Cathedral (Church of St. Nicholas)". Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
  54. ^ "Zmajski most / Dragon Bridge". Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
  55. ^ Robin McKelvie, Jenny McKelvie (2005). Slovenia: The Bradt Travel Guide. Robin McKelvie. p. 84. ISBN 1-84162-119-6.
  56. ^ "Zgodbe, ki so se dogajale na Kongresnem trgu" (in Slovene). Radiotelevizija Slovenija. Retrieved 9 October 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  57. ^ a b c d e f Slovenia.Info (2011 [last update]). "Ljubljana, Park Tivoli, Rožnik and Šišenski hill - Cultural and Historical Heritage - Slovenia - Official Travel Guide -". slovenia.info. Retrieved 5 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  58. ^ a b c LjubljanaLife.com (2011 [last update]). "Tivoli Park Ljubljana | Slovenia - Ljubljana Life". ljubljana-life.com. Retrieved 5 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  59. ^ a b Pipp, Lojze (1935). "Razvoj števila prebivalstva Ljubljane in bivše vojvodine Kranjske". Kronika slovenskih mest (in Slovene). No. 2. City Municipality of Ljubljana. {{cite news}}: More than one of |number= and |issue= specified (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  60. ^ "Population by religion, municipalities, Slovenia, Census 2002". Retrieved 5 August 2008.
  61. ^ Statistični urad RS "Population by language usually spoken in the household (family), municipalities, Slovenia, 2002 Census". Retrieved 4 September 2011. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  62. ^ Bohnec Kogoj, Maja (2011). Raba tal in spreminjanje meje Mestne občine Ljubljana (PDF) (in Slovene). Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  63. ^ Šorn, Mojca (2007). Življenje Ljubljančanov med drugo svetovno vojno (in Slovene). Institute of Modern History. ISBN 978-961-6386-12-8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  64. ^ Mestna naselja v Republiki Sloveniji (PDF) (in Slovene and English). Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. 2004. p. 53. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  65. ^ "Boards of the City Council". Retrieved 31 July 2008. [dead link]
  66. ^ "District authorities". Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  67. ^ "Spremembe in dopolnitve statuta Mestne občine Ljubljana". Official Gazette (in Slovene). {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  68. ^ "Danica Simšič 2002". City Municipality of Ljubljana. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  69. ^ a b "The Mayor of the City of Ljubljana". Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  70. ^ "Čerin ljubljansko občino trenutno vodi v neskladju s statutom". Dnevnik.si (in Slovene). 1 February 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  71. ^ "Janković Sworn In as Ljubljana Mayor Again". English Service: News. Slovenian Press Agency. 11 April 2012.
  72. ^ "Police directorate Ljubljana". Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  73. ^ a b "Varnostne razmere na območju Mestne občine Ljubljana v obdobju 2005 - 2010" (PDF) (in Slovene). Police Directorate of Ljubljana, Ministry of the Interior, Republic of Slovenia. 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  74. ^ "City traffic wardens". City Municipality of Ljubljana. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
  75. ^ "Precautions to take" (in French). Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  76. ^ "Austrians Buy Ljubljana Stock Exchange". Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  77. ^ "Ljubljanska borza d.d." Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  78. ^ "Ljubljana: economic center of Slovenia". Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  79. ^ "BTC City, Ljubljana". Ljubljana.info. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
  80. ^ "Ljubljana Life: BTC City". Lifeboat Limited. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
  81. ^ "20 let od otvoritve prve trgovine na območju BTC CITY Ljubljana". Kapital (in Slovene). Kapital Publishing Company. 4 October 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  82. ^ Martinek, Tomaž (2007). Zgodovina nakupovalnih centrov (in Slovene). Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  83. ^ Šulin, Anja (2007). Preobrazba industrijskih območij v Mestni občini Ljubljana (PDF) (in Slovene). Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana. Retrieved 22 December 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  84. ^ B. Lengel, Laura (2000). "Video as Civic Discourse in Slovenia and the Former Yugoslavia: Strategies of Visualization and the Aesthetics of Video in the New Europe: Ljubljana's Alternative or Subculture(e/al) Movement". Culture and Technology in the New Europe: Civic Discourse in Transformation. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 198–202. ISBN 978-1-56750-466-8.
  85. ^ Dawisha, Karen; Parrot, Bruce (2008). "Democratization in Slovenia–The Second Stage". In P. Ramet, Sabrina (ed.). Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia at Peace and at War: Selected Writings, 1983–2007. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 227. ISBN 978-3-03735-912-9.
  86. ^ "Metelkova mesto alternative culture centre". Retrieved 31 July 2008. [dead link]
  87. ^ "AKC Metelkova mesto". Retrieved 31 July 2008. [dead link]
  88. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation at line 961: bad argument #3 to 'format' (string expected, got nil).
  89. ^ a b c d "Ljubljana in Figures". City Municipality of Ljubljana. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  90. ^ "Hokejske Selekcije Olimpija" (in Slovenian). Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  91. ^ "NK Interblock". Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  92. ^ "Thousands Join Ljubljana Hike". Retrieved 1 November 2008. [dead link]
  93. ^ "13th Ljubljana marathon – record participation!". Retrieved 1 November 2008. [dead link]
  94. ^ "Tacen White Water Slalom Course". Retrieved 21 February 2009.
  95. ^ a b c d "Zgodovina". Sports Club Dolomiti. Retrieved 5 January 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  96. ^ a b "Osnovni podatki smučišča". Alpski poligon Gunclje (in Slovene). Retrieved 5 February 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  97. ^ "Smučišče". Alpski poligon Gunclje (in Slovene). Retrieved 5 February 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  98. ^ "Primož Peterka – prvi Slovenec, ki je preskočil magično mejo". Ventilator besed – revija za kulturo in izobraževanje (in Slovene). 14 October 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  99. ^ "Revija smučarskih skokov v Mostecu" (in Slovene). Sports Society of Ljubljana. 9 June 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  100. ^ "Vabilo na prireditve ob dnevu Četrtne skupnosti Šiška in evropske dnevu sosedov" (PDF) (in Slovene). District Community of Šiška. 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  101. ^ a b c d University of Ljubljana (2011 [last update]). "University of Ljubljana". uni-lj.si. Retrieved 5 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  102. ^ "Statutes of UL". Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  103. ^ "UL history". Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  104. ^ "Lavric AHAS 6 | Umetnostnozgodovinski inštitut Franceta Steleta". Umzg.zrc-sazu.si. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  105. ^ "Aerodrom Ljubljana, d.d." Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  106. ^ "7622: Ljubljana - Staro letališče". Register of the Cultural Heritage of Slovenia (in Slovene). Ministry of Culture, Slovenia. Retrieved 16 January 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  107. ^ a b "Staro Ljubljansko letališče: Zgodovina" (in Slovene). Retrieved 16 January 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  108. ^ Zajec, Anja (2010). Sprejem in odprava potnikov na Letališču Jožeta Pučnika Ljubljana (PDF). B&B education and training. pp. 8–9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  109. ^ "Slovenia, a Country at the Crossroads of Transport Links". Government Communication Office, Republic of Slovenia. 2000. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  110. ^ Siarov, Veselin. Ahmed, Moustafa (1999). "Corridor X – Case Study" (PDF). 1. CODE–TEN. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  111. ^ "Extent of PRI". Network Statement of the Republic of Slovenia 2009. 2007. p. 25. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  112. ^ a b LUZ, d. d. (2010). Državni prostorski načrt za Ljubljansko železniško vozlišče (PDF) (in Slovene). {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  113. ^ Brkić, Tanja (7 August 2008). "SŽ: Železniška postajališča niso zadovoljivo opremljena". Dnevnik.si (in Slovene). {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  114. ^ "City pass". Slovenian Railways.
  115. ^ "0800.03: Imenik železniških postaj, daljinar in kažipot za prevoz blaga po progah SŽ" (PDF) (in Slovene). Holding Slovenske železnice. 16 April 2004. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  116. ^ Urban Rail (2007). "Ljubljana's funicular tram". Retrieved 13 September 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  117. ^ Andrej, Černe (2004). "Pomen prometa za ljubljansko mestno aglomeracijo" (PDF). Dela (in Slovene and with an abstract in English) (22). Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana: 78. ISSN 0354-0596. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  118. ^ "National motorway construction program (NMCP) in Slovenia (financing, impact on national economy and realisation)" (PDF). Highways: cost and regulation in Europe. 2004. {{cite conference}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help); Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  119. ^ a b c Michelin, Slovénie, Croatie, Bosnie-Herzégovine, Serbie, Monténégro, Macédoine, Cartes et guides n°736, Michelin, Zellik, Belgium, 2007, ISBN 978-2-06-712627-5
  120. ^ "Travel Report: Slovenia". Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. 17 January 2012.
  121. ^ "Slovenian Vignettes (Toll Stickers)". Tourist Association Portorož. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  122. ^ Kozina, Jani (2010). (in Slovene). ZRC Publishing House. pp. 69–71. ISBN 978-961-254-235-1 http://books.google.com/books?id=kBPvhxipCM4C&lpg=PA9&ots=DYU1hY3y0f&dq=prometna%20dostopnost%20v%20sloveniji&hl=sl&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q=prometna%20dostopnost%20v%20sloveniji&f=false. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  123. ^ a b "110 let mestnega potniškega prometa" (in Slovene). Municipality of Ljubljana. 6 September 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  124. ^ a b c Nebec, Damjan (2010). Analiza plačilnega sistema v LPP (PDF) (in Slovene and with a German abstract). B&B education and training. pp. 10–11. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  125. ^ "Situtation per mode of transport". Study on Strategic Evaluation on Transport Investment Priorities under Structural and Cohesion funds for the Programming Period 2007-2013 (PDF). ECORYS Nederland BV. 2006. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  126. ^ Pataky, Nenad (17 November 2010). "Izgubljena Ljubljana". Dnevnik (in Slovene). {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  127. ^ "Taxi". Retrieved 31 July 2008. [dead link]
  128. ^ "'The Cavalier' on the Streets of Ljubljana". Ljubljana.si. City Municipality of Ljubljana. 30 March 2011.
  129. ^ "Naj vas zapelje Kavalir". Ljubljana.si (in Slovene). City Municipality of Ljubljana. 13 May 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  130. ^ "Turistični vlakec na Ljubljanski grad". Slovenia.info (in Slovene). Retrieved 24 April 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  131. ^ "Ljubljana Rent-a-Bike Network Gaining in Popularity". STA. 24 July 2011.
  132. ^ "Ljubljana Launches Public Bike Project". STA. 14 May 2011.
  133. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation at line 961: bad argument #3 to 'format' (string expected, got nil).
  134. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation at line 961: bad argument #3 to 'format' (string expected, got nil).
  135. ^ "Ljubljanska kolesarska mreža (okt. 2010): Pobude za izboljšave v Ljubljanski kolesarski infrastrukturi, str. 2" (PDF). Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  136. ^ "Organizacijske enote v sestavi: Odsek za zdravje" (in Slovene). City Municipality of Ljubljana. 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  137. ^ "Pobratena mesta in članstvo v zvezah". Retrieved 19 November 2009.
  138. ^ Innovatif. "Ljubljana in Beograd sta podpisala sporazum o pobratenju mest". Ljubljana.si. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  139. ^ "Bratislava City - Twin Towns". © 2003-2008 Bratislava-City.sk. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
  140. ^ daenet d.o.o. "Sarajevo Official Web Site: Sister cities". Sarajevo.ba. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
  141. ^ "Official portal of City of Skopje - Skopje Sister Cities". © 2006-2009 City of Skopje. Retrieved 14 July 2009. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  142. ^ "Tbilisi Municipal Portal - Sister Cities". © 2009 - Tbilisi City Hall. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
  143. ^ "Zagreb sister cities". Retrieved 29 November 2007.

Template:Link GA Template:Link GA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljubljana&oldid=491564797"