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Education in Shanghai

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Education in Shanghai includes five years of primary education, four years of junior secondary education, and three years of senior secondary education, as well as higher education, including universities and colleges.

Tertiary education and research

Further information: List of universities and colleges in Shanghai and List of universities in China

Shanghai is an international center of research and development and as of 2022, it was ranked third globally and second in the whole Asia & Oceania region (after Beijing) by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index.[1] It is also a major center of higher education in China. As of 2023, Shanghai had 68 universities and colleges, ranking first in East China region as a city with most higher education institutions.[2]

Shanghai has many highly ranked educational institutions,[3][4] with 15 universities listed in 147 Double First-Class Universities ranking second nationwide among all cities in China (after Beijing). A number of China's most prestigious universities appearing in the global university rankings are based in Shanghai, including Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Tongji University, East China Normal University, Shanghai University, East China University of Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai International Studies University, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai Maritime University, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai Conservatory of Music, and Shanghai University of Sport.[4][5][6] Some of these universities were selected as "985 universities" or "211 universities" since the 90s by the Chinese government in order to build world-class universities.[7][8]

Fudan University

Shanghai is a seat of two members (Fudan University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University) of the C9 League, an alliance of elite Chinese universities offering comprehensive and leading education,[9] and these two universities are ranked consistently in the Asia top 10, [10][11] and in the global top 100 research comprehensive universities according to the most influential university rankings in the world such as QS Rankings, Shanghai Rankings, Times Higher Education Rankings and U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking.[12][13][14][4]

The other two members of the "Project 985", Tongji University and East China Normal University, are also based in Shanghai and internationally; they are regarded as one of the most reputable Chinese universities by the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings where they ranked 150–175th globally.[15] The city is also home to the Shanghai University of Sport, which consistently ranks the best in China among universities specialized in sports.[16] As of 2023, Shanghai University of Sport ranks #1 in Asia and #36 globally according to the "Global Ranking of Sport Science Schools and Departments 2023" released by Shanghai Ranking.[17]

The city has many Chinese–foreign joint education institutes [zh], such as the Shanghai University–University of Technology Sydney Business School since 1994, the University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute since 2006, and New York University Shanghai—the first China–U.S. joint venture university—since 2012.[18][19] Fudan University established a joint EMBA program with Washington University in St. Louis in 2002 which has since consistently been ranked as one of the best in the world.[20][21] In 2012, NYU Shanghai was established in Pudong by New York University in partnership with East China Normal University as the first Sino-US joint venture university. In 2013 the Shanghai Municipality and the Chinese Academy of Sciences founded the ShanghaiTech University in the Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park in Pudong. This new research university is aiming to be a first-class institution on a national and international level.[22] The cadre school China Executive Leadership Academy in Pudong is also located in Shanghai, as well as the China Europe International Business School.

The city government's education agency is the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission.

The city is also a seat of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, China's oldest think tank for the humanities and social sciences. It is the largest one outside the capital of Beijing after the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS).[23]

Historically Shanghai was a center of higher education. In 1949 it, which at the time held 1.43% of the people in the country, had 41 institutions of higher education, 20% of the country's total number of such.[24]

Primary and secondary education

Shanghai Jiao Tong University Library

The city government's education agency is the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission.

Children with foreign passports are permitted to attend any public school in Shanghai. Prior to 2007 they were permitted to attend 150 select public schools. In 2006 about 2,000 non-Chinese nationals under 18 years of age attended Shanghai public schools.[25] Students with Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (HSK) above 3 or 4 may attend public schools using Mandarin Chinese as the medium of instruction, while students below HSK 3–4 may attend international divisions of public schools or private international schools.[26]

Shanghai ranked first in the 2009 and 2012 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), a worldwide study of academic performance of 15-year-old students conducted by the OECD. Shanghai students, including migrant children, scored highest in every aspect (math, reading and science) in the world. The study concludes that public-funded schools in Shanghai have the highest educational quality in the world.[27][28] Critics of PISA results counter that, in Shanghai and other Chinese cities, most children of migrant workers can only attend city schools up to the ninth grade, and must return to their parents' hometowns for high school due to hukou restrictions, thus skewing the composition of the city's high school students in favor of wealthier local families.[29]

The 2010 census shows that out of Shanghai's total population, 22.0% had a college education, double the level from 2000, while 21.0% had high school, 36.5% middle school, and 1.35% primary school education. 2.74% of residents age 15 and older were illiterate.[30]

As of 2011 Shanghai has more than 930 kindergartens, 1,200 primary and 850 middle schools. Over 760,000 middle schools students and 871,000 primary school students are taught by 76,000 and 64,000 teaching staff respectively.[31]

The city government has a financing scheme meant to spread resources to lower income areas by collecting taxes from all areas and then redistributing the money according to need.[32]

History

In the late Qing Dynasty, school districts were introduced into Shanghai, allowing for communities to set local education policies and making education more common. By 1936, 59% of children total were enrolled in educational institutions; of those enrolled in school, about two-thirds were boys and the rest were girls. Grace C. L. Mak and Leslie N. K. Lo, authors of "Education," wrote that education in the city was "way ahead the rest of China" in 1949 although those standards would have been "weak" in 1996.[24] Virtually all children of primary school age in urban areas in the city were enrolled in school by 1958, and by 1983 the same went for children of those ages in rural areas of Shanghai Municipality.[24] Shanghai was the first city in the country to implement 9-year mandatory education consisting of elementary school and junior high school.[33] The city previously designated "key schools" or favored schools which received more resources than others, but ended the system in 1994.[34]

A third party management system called "entrusted management", in which low performing schools received outside management, was given trials in 2005 and permanently established in 2007.[35]

In September 2021 the Shanghai authorities will begin requiring children in primary and secondary to study Xi Jinping thought. Additionally, from that date primary schools will no longer have final examinations about the English language.[36]

International schools

As of 2019 Shanghai had about 20 international schools.[37] As of 2015 Shanghai has the largest number of international schools of any city in China.

Schools for children of foreign residents include:[38]

Kindergartens for children of foreign residents include:[38]

  • OISCA Shanghai Japanese Kindergarten
  • Shanghai Angel Kindergarten
  • Shanghai Utsukushigaoka Montessori Kindergarten
  • Toshin International Kindergarten
  • Tiny Tots International Pre-School and Kindergarten

Other international schools include:

Defunct:

References

  • Zhang, Minxuan, Jinjie Xu, and Chuangyuan Sun. "Effective Teachers for Successful Schools and High Performing Students: The Case of Shanghai" (Chapter 9). In: Lee, Sing Kong, Wing On Lee, and Ee Ling Low (editors). Educational Policy Innovations: Levelling Up and Sustaining Educational Achievement. Springer Science & Business Media, 27 October 2013. ISBN 9814560081, 9789814560085. Start: p. 143.

Notes

  1. ^ "Leading science cities by the numbers". Nature. 25 November 2022. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-02881-8. PMID 36434184. S2CID 253966881.
  2. ^ "全国普通高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". hudong.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-12-28.
  3. ^ "All 30 Universities in Shanghai | Rankings 2022". UniversityGuru. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  4. ^ a b c "US News Best Global Universities in Shanghai". U.S. News & World Report. 26 October 2021.
  5. ^ "Top 10 institutions in Shanghai_Nature Index 2020 Science Cities". natureindex.com. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  6. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
  7. ^ "Shanghai 985 Project Universities list". China's University and College Admission System. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  8. ^ "Shanghai 211 Project Universities | Study in China | CUCAS". cucas.cn. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  9. ^ "Eastern stars: Universities of China's C9 League excel in select fields". Times Higher Education (THE). 17 February 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  10. ^ "Asia University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 13 June 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  11. ^ "QS Asia University Rankings 2023 – Overall". Top Universities. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  12. ^ "Shanghai". Top Universities. 30 November 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  13. ^ "Best universities in Shanghai". Student. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  14. ^ "World University Rankings – 2020 | China Universities in Top 1000 universities | Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2020 | Shanghai Ranking – 2020". Shanghairanking.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  15. ^ "World Reputation Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 25 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  16. ^ "Ranking of Chinese Sport Science Universities". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  17. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Sport Science Schools and Departments". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
  18. ^ He, Qi (13 June 2018). "Program offers global degrees – Chinadaily.com.cn". China Daily. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  19. ^ Wang, Wei; Lu, Zihua (30 October 2018). 上海中外合作办学走过25年 已在各区遍地开花. Xinmin Evening News (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  20. ^ "Business school rankings from the Financial Times". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  21. ^ "Executive MBA in Shanghai | WashU Olin Business School". olin.wustl.edu. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  22. ^ Rouhi, Maureen (19 January 2015). "ShanghaiTech Aims To Raise The Bar For Higher Education In China" Archived 19 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved on 19 November 2015.
  23. ^ "上海社会科学院". 10 September 2019. Archived from the original on 10 September 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  24. ^ a b c Mak, Grace C. L. and Leslie N. K. Lo. "Education" (Chapter 15). In: Yeung, Y. M. and Sung Yun-wing (editors). Shanghai: Transformation and Modernization Under China's Open Policy. The Chinese University Press, 1996. ISBN 9622016677, 9789622016675. Start: p. 135. CITED: p. 378.
  25. ^ "Neighborhood Schools Open to Foreign Kids " (Archive). Shanghai Daily at China.org.cn. 9 December 2006. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  26. ^ Lau, Jessie. "Shanghai international schools are priced beyond the reach of many expats Archived 14 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine" (print title: "International schools out of reach for many"). South China Morning Post. Sunday 13 September 2015. Retrieved on 14 September 2015.
  27. ^ Dillon, Sam (7 December 2010). "In PISA Test, Top Scores From Shanghai Stun Experts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  28. ^ "How China is winning the school race". BBC. 11 October 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  29. ^ Gao, Helen (23 January 2014), "Shanghai Test Scores and the Mystery of the Missing Children" Archived 19 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times. For Schleicher's response to these criticisms see his post, "Are the Chinese Cheating in PISA Or Are We Cheating Ourselves?" on the OECD's website blog, Education Today, 10 December 2013. Archived 17 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ 上海市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 [Shanghai sixth national census in 2010 Communiqué on Major Data]. Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau. 3 May 2011. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
  31. ^ "General Aspects of Shanghai Education". Seaie.org. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  32. ^ Liang, Xiaoyan, Huma Kidwai, Minxuan Zhang, and Yinan Zhang. How Shanghai Does It: Insights and Lessons from the Highest-Ranking Education System in the World.World Bank Publications, 8 April 2016. ISBN 1464807914, 9781464807916. p. 60. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0790-9.
  33. ^ Zhang, Xu, and Sun, p. 143.
  34. ^ Liang, Xiaoyan, Huma Kidwai, Minxuan Zhang, and Yinan Zhang. How Shanghai Does It: Insights and Lessons from the Highest-Ranking Education System in the World.World Bank Publications, 8 April 2016. ISBN 1464807914, 9781464807916. p. 60-61. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0790-9.
  35. ^ Liang, Xiaoyan, Huma Kidwai, Minxuan Zhang, and Yinan Zhang. How Shanghai Does It: Insights and Lessons from the Highest-Ranking Education System in the World.World Bank Publications, 8 April 2016. ISBN 1464807914, 9781464807916. p. 61. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0790-9.
  36. ^ Matsuda, Naoki (2021-08-14). "English out, Xi Jinping Thought in at Shanghai schools". Nikkei Shimbun. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
  37. ^ "Education in Shanghai". City of Shanghai. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
  38. ^ a b "List of 36 schools for children of foreigners". Shanghai Municipality. 2020-09-15. Retrieved 2022-02-19.
  39. ^ "Специализированные структурные образовательные подразделения МИД России (заграншколы МИД России) (официальные сайты)" (in Russian). Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2014-11-11. Archived from the original on 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2019-07-11.

Further reading

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