Kumbakonam

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Kumbakonam (Tamil: கும்பகோணம்) (kumpakōṇam), also spelt as Coombaconum in the records of British India, is a town and a special grade municipality in the Thanjavur district in the southeast Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located 40 kilometres from Thanjavur and 273 kilometres from Chennai and is the headquarters of the Kumbakonam taluk of Thanjavur district. The town is bounded by two rivers, the Kaveri River to the north and Arasalar River to the south. According to the 2001 census, Kumbakonam has a population of 140,021 and has a strong Hindu majority; but it also has sizeable Muslim and Christian populations.

Kumbakonam dates back to the Sangam period and was ruled by the Early Cholas, Pallavas, Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas, Pandyas, the Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Thanjavur Nayaks and the Thanjavur Marathas. It rose to be a prominent city between the 7th and 9th centuries AD, when it served as a capital of the Medieval Cholas. The town reached the zenith of its prosperity during the British Raj when it was a prominent centre of European education and Hindu culture; and it acquired the cultural name, the "Cambridge of South India". In 1866, Kumbakonam was officially constituted as a municipality, which today comprises of 45 wards, making it the second largest municipality in Thanjavur district.

Kumbakonam is known as the "temple town" due to the prevalence of a number of temples here and is noted for its Mahamaham festival which attracts people from all over the globe. The main products produced are brass, bronze, copper and lead vessels, silk and cotton cloths, pottery, sugar, indigo and rice.

Etymology

The name "Kumbakonam", roughly translated in English as the "Jug's Corner",[1] is believed to be an allusion to the mythical pot, the Sanskrit kumbha of the Hindu god Brahma, which according to Hindu legend, contained the seed of all living beings on earth.[2] The kumbha is believed to have been displaced by a pralaya or deluge and ultimately came to rest at the spot where the town of Kumbakonam now stands.[2] This event is now commemorated in the Mahamaham festival held every 12 years.[2] Kumbakonam is also known as Baskarashetram[3] and Kumbam[4] from time immemorial and as Kudanthai in ancient times.[5] Kumbakonam is also spelt as Coombaconum in the records of British India.[6] Kumbakonam was also formerly known by the Tamil name of Kudamukku.[7]

Kumbakonam is also identified with the Sangam age settlement of Kudavayil.[8] Winslow, in his 1862 Tamil-English dictionary, associates negative connotations with Kumbakonam.[4] However, Winslow, later, apologized for his erroneous claim.[4] In common parlance, "Kumbakonam Brahmin" is also used as a slang term to refer to a "refined fraud".[9]

History

The region around Kumbakonam was inhabited as early as the Sangam Age (3rd century BC to 3rd century AD). The present-day Kumbakonam is believed to be the site of the ancient town of Kudavayil where the Early Chola king Karikala held his court.[8] Kumbakonam is identified with the town of Malaikūrram[10] which had served as the Chola capital as early as the 7th century[2] and with the town of Solamaligai which had also served as a Chola capital.[7] Kumbakonam was the site of a battle between the Pallava king Sri Vallabha and the then Pandya king in 859[11] and between the Pandya king Srimara Pandya and a confederacy of the Cholas and Gangas.[7]

Kumbakonam came into limelight during the rule of the Medieval Cholas who ruled from the 9th century AD to the 12th century AD. The town of Pazhaiyaarai, 8 kilometres from Kumbakonam was the capital of the Chola Empire in the 9th century.[12][13]

Following the decline of the Chola kingdom, Kumbakonam was conquered by the Pandyas in 1290.[14] Following the demise of the Pandya kingdom in the 14th century, Kumbakonam was conquered by the Vijayanagar Empire.[14]Krishnadevaraya, the emperor of Vijayanagara visited the town in 1524 and is believed to have bathed in the famous Mahamaham tank during the Mahamaham festival.[14] Kumbakonam was ruled by the Madurai Nayaks and the Thanjavur Nayaks from 1535 to 1673 when it fell to the Marathas.[15] Each of these foreign dynasties had a considerable impact on the demographics and culture of the region.[16][17][18][19][20] When the Vijayanagar Empire fell in 1565, there was a mass influx of poets, musicians and cultural artists from the kingdom.[20][21]

According to the chronicles of the the Hindu monastic institution, the Kanchi matha, the matha was temporarily transferred to Kumbakonam in the 1780s following an invasion of Kanchipuram by Hyder Ali of Mysore.[4][22][23][24] When Tipu Sultan invaded the east coast of South India in 1784, Kumbakonam bore the brunt of his invasion.[15][25] The produce fell sharply and the economy collapsed.[15][25] Kumbakonam did not recover from the calamity till the beginning of the 19th century.[25]

Sri Ramamswamy temple, Kumbakonam, ca 1847

Kumbakonam was eventually ceded to the British East India Company in 1799 by the Thanjavur Maratha ruler Serfoji II[15] and reached the zenith of its prosperity in the late 19th and early 20th century[26] when it emerged as an important center of Brahminism,[27] Hindu religion and European education in the Madras Presidency.[15] The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 fostered trade contacts with the United Kingdom.[15] In 1877, railway lines were completed linking Kumbakonam with the ports of Madras, Tuticorin and Nagapattinam.[15]The Tanjore district court was established in Kumbakonam in 1806 and functioned from 1806 to 1863.[28]

Kumbakonam continued to grow even after India's independence though it fell behind the nearby town of Thanjavur in terms of population and administrative importance.[29] The population growth rate began to fall sharply after 1981.[26] This decline has been attributed to limited land area and lack of industrial potential.[26] On July 16, 2004, a devastating fire in the Saraswathi English medium school killed more than 80 children.[30][31]

Geography

A 1955 map of Kumbakonam municipality and surrounding areas

Kumbakonam is located at 10°58′N 79°25′E / 10.97°N 79.42°E / 10.97; 79.42.[32] It is situated 273 km south of Chennai,[33] 96 km east of Tiruchirappalli, and about 40 km north-east of Thanjavur.[34] It lies in the region called the "Old delta" which comprises the north-western taluks of Thanjavur district that have been naturally irrigated by the waters of the Cauvery and its tributaries for centuries in contrast to the "New Delta" comprising the southern taluks that were brought under irrigation by the construction of the Grand Anicut canal and the Vadavar canal in 1934.[35][36] It has an average elevation of 24 metres (78 ft). The town is bounded by two rivers, the Kaveri River on the north and Arasalar River on the south.[7]

Although the Cauvery delta is usually hot, the climate of Kumbakonam and other surrounding towns is generally healthy[37] and moderate.[38] Kumbakonam is cooler than Madras, the capital of Tamil Nadu.[39] The maxiumum temperature in summer is about 40 degrees Celsius while the minimum temperature is about 20 degrees Celsius.[40] Kumbakonam receives an annual rainfall of 114.78 centimetres every year.[41] The region is covered with mainly alluvial or black soil which is conducive for rice cultivation.[35] Other crops grown in Kumbakonam include mulberry, cereals and sugarcane.[42][43]

The flora of the Cauvery Delta mostly comprises palm trees.[35] The town of Kumbakonam is surrounded by extensive paddy fields.[35] Methods of irrigation were considerably improved following the opening of the Mettur Dam in 1934.[15][35] The fauna of the Cauvery Delta is limited to cattle and goats.[42] The town is situated at the western flank of the Kumbakonam-Shiyali ridge which runs along the Kollidam river[44] basin separating the Ariyalur-Pondicherry depression from the Nagapattinam depression.[45][46] This granular ridge projects further eastwards penetrating the Pondicherry depression and forms a hard layer of cretaceous rock underneath the sedimentary top soil.[46][47]

Residential areas make up 32.09% of the town's total area while commercial enterprises and industrial units make up 2.75 and 1.21 percent respectively.[48] The non-urban portion of the town constitutes about 44.72 percent of the total area.[48] Kumbakonam has a total of 45 slums with a population of 49,117.[49] The town has around 141 kilometres of roads, 544 municipal roads[50] making up 122.29 kilometres.[51] There are also around 18.71 kilometres of state highways running through Kumbakonam.[51] Over 87% of the municipal roads are paved.[51] The town gets its water supply mainly through the Valayapettai headworks across the river Cauvery and the Kudithangi headworks across the river Coleroon.[52]

Temples

See also: Temples of Kumbakonam

Kumbakonam is known for its temples and mathas. There are around 188 Hindu temples within the municipal limits of Kumbakonam.[26] Apart from these, there several thousand temples around the town thereby giving the town the sobriquets temple town[2] and City of temples.[53] The most important temples present in Kumbakonam are the Sarangapani temple, the Kumbeswara temple and the Ramaswamy temple.

The Sarangapani temple was constructed by Nayak kings in the 15th century and is twelve storeys high.[54] The Ramaswamy temple, which has scenes from the Hindu epic Ramayana depicted on its walls,[54] was constructed by the Nayak ruler Raghunatha Nayak in the 16th century.[55] Its principal idol of Lord Rama is made from a single piece of saligrama.[54] The Kumbeswara temple is considered to be the oldest Saivite shrine in the town.[56] It was constructed by the Medieval Cholas in the 7th century AD.[57] At the centre of this temple, lies the Mahamaham tank where pilgrims from all parts of India bathe once every 12 years during the Mahamaham festival.[26][56] The temple of Nagesvara has a separate shrine for the Sun god Surya who is believed to have worshipped the God Shiva at this place.[58] Kumbakonam has one of the few temples dedicated to the Hindu god Brahma.[2]

Kumbakonam also has a number of Hindu monastic institutions or mathas. The Sri Sankara mutt of Kanchipuram was moved to Kumbakonam during the reign of Pratap Singh[22] and remained in Kumbakonam until the 1960s. There are also two Vellalar mutts in the nearby towns of Dharmapuram and Thiruppanandal[59] and a Raghavendra mutt in Kumbakonam.[60] There is also a branch of the Vaishnavite Ahobila mutt in Kumbakonam.[61].

The Thirupureswarar temple of Patteeswaram,[62] the Oppliyappan Sannadhi,[62] the Swamimalai Murugan temple[62] and the Airavateswarar temple at Darasuram[63] are located in the vicinity of Kumbakonam. The famous architechtural temple MelakadamburKarakoil is 8km nearby Gangaikondacholapuram

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1871 44,444—    
1881 50,098+12.7%
1891 54,307+8.4%
1901 59,673+9.9%
191164,647+8.3%
192160,700−6.1%
193162,317+2.7%
194167,008+7.5%
195191,648+36.8%
196192,581+1.0%
1971113,130+22.2%
1981132,832+17.4%
1991139,449+5.0%
2001140,021+0.4%
Mahamaham festival at Kumbakonam, c.a. 1921

According to the 2001 census, Kumbakonam has a population of 140,021.[26][64] The male population is 69,607 while the female population is 70,414.[64] Kumbakonam has a literacy rate of 86.36% with a female literacy rate of 76.76%.[26] It stands eleventh among 148 municipalities in terms of population.

Kumbakonam has a strong Hindu majority; but it also has sizeable Muslim and Christian populations.[65] Among Hindus, Kallars,[16][66] Thondaimandala Mudaliars,[67] Brahmins[68][69] and Dalits[65][70] are the numerically dominant Tamil-speaking groups.[68] Brahmins are more numerous and affluent in Kumbakonam than in other parts of Tamil Nadu.[27][69][71] There are also large populations of Moopanars,[16] Vanniyars,[16] Konars[66] and Nadars.[66] Amongst Muslims, the Sunnis are dominant. However, there is also a significant Shia minority. Most of the Muslims are Marakkayars or Labbays.[65] The majority of Muslims in Kumbakonam are involved in commerce or maritime trade.[72] Kumbakonam also has a large population of Protestant Christians largely due to the efforts of the German missionary Christian Friedrich Schwarz.[65] The Catholics in Kumbakonam are mainly affiliated to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumbakonam which was separated from the Archdiocese of Pondicherry in 1899.[73][74]

The population of Kumbakonam is predominantly Tamil-speaking. The commonly used dialects is the Central Tamil dialect[75]. There are significant minorities speaking Thanjavur Marathi,[76]Telugu,[16][19] Kannada[16][76] and Saurashtrian as their mother tongue.[16][67][77]

Municipal administration and politics

Municipality officials
Chairperson
Su. Pa. Tamizhazhagan[78]
Municipal Commissioner
Poongodi Arumaikkan[79]

The Kumbakonam municipality was officially constituted in the year 1866.[15][50] Initially, the municipality exercised its jurisdiction over an area of 7.68 km2 and its affairs were administered by a town-level committee or municipal committee.[50] Later it was constituted special-grade municipality[80] and currently, exercises its authority over an area of 12.58 km2[50] out of the town's total area of 64.02 km2.[48] It comprises 45 wards [50] and is the second biggest municipality in Thanjavur district.[26]

A flag mast with the CPI (M) electoral symbol at Darasuram near Kumbakonam

The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning and the Computer Wing.[81] All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the supreme executive head.[81] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 45 members, one each from each of the 45 wards.[50] The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson who is assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.[82]

Kumbakonam is a part of the Kumbakonam Legislative Assembly constituency and elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years.[83][84] Despite being a hub of militant Communism in the 1950s,[15] Kumbakonam voted for the Indian National Congress in the first five state elections held between 1952 and 1977.[84][85][86][87][88][89][90] The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam won the elections in 1977[90] and between 1977 and 1989, the seat was alternatively held by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or the Indian National Congress.[90][91][92] Since 1989, barring an interregnum of five years between 1991 to 1996,[93] the seat has been held by Ko. Si. Mani of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[94][95][96][97] Kumbakonam was a part of the Kumbakonam Lok Sabha constituency from 1952 till 1977, when the constituency was disbanded.[84][98] The assembly segments in the erstwhile Kumbakonam Lok Sabha constituency were included in the Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency and have remained so ever since.[83]

Economy

The important products of Kumbakonam include brass, bronze, copper and lead vessels, silk and cotton cloths, sugar, indigo and pottery.[28] Kumbakonam is considered to be the chief commercial centre for the Thanjavur region.[99] As of 1991, around 30% of the population was engaged in economic activity.[100] Rice production is an important activity in Kumbakonam.[100] Of 194 industrial units in Kumbakonam, 57 are rice and flour mills.[100] Kumbakonam is also a leading producer of betel leaves and nuts; the betel leaves produced in Kumbakonam are ranked amongst the best in the world in terms of quality.[100][101] The A. R. R. Agencies, a leading manufacturer of arecanut slices has its factory in Kumbakonam.[102] The main administrative offices of T. S. R. & Co., a cosmetic company, are also based in Kumbakonam.[103] Kumbakonam is also famous for its metal works.[100] The Tamil Nadu Handicraft Development Corporation had been established in the nearby town of Swamimalai in order to train bronze artisans.[100] Kumbakonam is an important silk-weaving centre and more than 5,000 families were employed either directly or indirectly in silk weaving.[100] Silk weaved in Kumbakonam is regarded as one of the finest in the subcontinent.[104] They are largely used in the manufacture of Thirubuvanam silk sarees.[100] Kumbakonam was also an important salt-manufacturing area during British rule.[105] In recent times, Kumbakonam has emerged as an important manufacturer of fertilizers.[15]

Apart from its manufactures, tourism is also a major source of income for the town. The Hindu temples[106][107][108] and colonial-era buildings have been recognised for their tourism potential.[109] The 12th-century Airaveswarar temple in the town of Darasuram near Kumbakonam is an UNESCO World Heritage Site.[110] Kumbakonam is also frequented by art collectors interested in handloom cloth and other curios.[111] Banks such as the Bank of Baroda,[112] State Bank of India,[112] Tamilnad Mercantile Bank,[112] Canara Bank,[112] Indian Bank,[112] Indian Overseas Bank,[112] Bank of India,[112] Union Bank of India,[112] Corporation Bank,[112] Lakshmi Vilas Bank,[112] ICICI Bank,[113] ING Vysya Bank,[114] Karur Vysya Bank,[112] Punjab National Bank,[112] Syndicate Bank[112] and Vijaya Bank have their branches in Kumbakonam. The City Union Bank was founded in Kumbakonam in 1904 as the Kumbakonam Bank Limited[115] and is based in Kumbakonam.

Transport and communication

Kumbakonam is well-connected by road and rail with the rest of India. The nearest international airport is at Tiruchirapalli, which is 94 kilometres from Kumbakonam.[116] The nearest seaport is located at Nagapattinam whch is about 50 kilometres away. There are regular government and private bus services to Chennai,[63][99] Thanjavur,[63][99] Tiruchirapalli,[99] Chidambaram,[63] Nagapattinam,[63] Coimbatore,[63] Madurai,[63] Pondicherry,[63][99] and Tirunelveli.[50] The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) operates daily services from Bangalore to Kumbakonam.[99][117][118] On March 1, 1972, the Cholan Roadways Corporation was established by the Government of Tamil Nadu[119] with its headquarters in Kumbakonam in order to improve transportation facilities in the districts of central Tamil Nadu.[120] The organisation acquired the buses earlier owned by private operators - Sri Ramavilas Service, Raman and Raman Limited and Sathi Vilas.[119] On July 1, 1997, the organization was renamed Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, Kumbakonam and presently forms division no. 1 of the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation.[119][120] The corporation runs a reconditioning unit and a tyre re-threading unit in Kumbakonam.[120] Kumbakonam is connected by rail with most important towns and cities in India.[99] The Mysore-Kumbakonam Express which has been recently extended to Mayiladuthurai connects Kumbakonam with Mysore.[121] The train also halts at Bangalore on its way to Mysore and back.[122] The Tiruchirapalli-Kumbakonam passenger train connects Kumbakonam with Tiruchirapalli[121] while the Chidambaram passenger train runs regular services between Kmbakonam and Chidambaram.[63] The Rock Fort Express plies between Chennai and Kumbakonam on a regular basis.[63]

The traditional modes of transportation are bullock carts. It is recorded that as late as the 1950s, landlords and rich farmers travelled mostly by bullock carts with the exception of rare long journeys which they undertook by buses or motor vehicles.[123] Kumbakonam has an efficient local bus transportation system. The mofussil bus stand is located in the south-east of Kumbakonam and is situated just opposite to the Arignar Anna Bus Stand where the long-distance buses are stationed.[99] There are occasional ferries that transport people and goods across the Cauvery.[124] Till the beginning of the 20th century, students of the Government Arts College used to cross the Cauvery on coracle ferries in order to attend college.[124]

Education

Kumbakonam emerged as an important centre of education in the late 19th century and was known as the "Cambridge of South India".[125] The Government Arts College, established in Kumbakonam in 1867, is one of the oldest educational institutions in the Madras Presidency.[126] It was originally started as a provincial school on October 19, 1854 before being upgraded to a government college in 1867.[126][127] It was affiliated to the Madras University in 1877.[28] One of the early principals of the college was William Archer Porter, a Cambridge Wrangler, who was instrumental in its elevation to a government college.[126] He is also credited with framing the college's acclaimed educational policy.[128] In 1881, it became a full-fledged college and high school courses were ceased to be taught.[128] Notable faculty members included U. V. Swaminatha Iyer[129] while the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan who studied from 1904 until 1906 when he dropped out, was one of its noted pupils.[126] The Government Arts College for Women was started in 1963[130][131] and had a total strength of 2,597 pupils in February 2006.[132] The college offers 11 undergraduate courses and one post-graduate course and is affiliated to the Bharathidasan University.[132] Other notable colleges in Kumbakonam include Idhya Colleges of Arts and Sciences, Annai College of Arts and Sciences and Arasu Engineering College.[133] The Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy has a satellite campus based in Kumbakonam where arts and sciences are taught.[133]

The Native High School, founded in 1876,[134] and the Town High School, one of whose students was Srinivasa Ramanujan, were some of the oldest schools in the Madras Presidency.[135] At present, there a total of 36 government and private schools in Kumbakonam.[136]

See also

Notes

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References

  • International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, Volume 5 of International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylore & Francis. 1996. ISBN 1884964052, ISBN 9781884964053. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  • The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1908, Vol 16. Clarendon Press. 1908.
  • P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1920). South Indian shrines: illustrated. Madras Times Printing and Pub. Co.
  • Om Gupta (2006). Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Gyan publishing House. ISBN 8182053897, ISBN 9788182053892.
  • B. N. Krishnamurti Sharma (2000). A history of the Dvaita school of Vedānta and its literature: from the earliest beginnings to our own times. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 8120815750, ISBN 9788120815759.
  • V. Vriddhagirisan (1942). The Nayaks of Tanjore. Annamalai University.
  • "Conversion of City Corporate Plan to Business Plan for Kumbakonam municipality" (PDF). Commissioner of Municipal Administration, Government of Tamil Nadu.
  • Kathleen Gough (1981). Rural Society in Southeast India. Cambridge University Press.
  • Proceedings of the Indian Colloquium on Micropalaeontology and Stratigraphy. Dept. of Geology, University of Lucknow. 1972.
  • Ambujam Anantharaman (2006). Temples of South India. East West books. ISBN 8188661422, ISBN 9788188661428.
  • Country Guides - India. Lonely Planet. 2007. ISBN 1741043085, ISBN 9781741043082. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)

Further reading

  • Students' Britannica India, Volume 1. Popular Prakashan. 2000. p. 259. ISBN 0852297602, ISBN 9780852297605.

External links

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