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This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Standard German on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Standard German in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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The charts below show the way International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Standard German language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-de}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Standard German phonology and German orthography § Grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences for a more thorough look at the sounds of German.

Consonants
			Examples	English approximation
DE	AT	CH	Examples	English approximation
b			bei^[1]	ball
ç			ich, durch; China (DE)	hue
d			dann^[1]	done
f			für, von, Phänomen	fuss
ɡ			gut^[1]	guest
h			hat	hut
j			Jahr, Yo-Yo	yard
k			kann, Tag,^[2] cremen, sechs	cold
l			Leben	last
l̩			Mantel, Möbel, edel	bottle
m			Mann	must
m̩			Atem	rhythm
n			Name	not
n̩			beiden, küssen, bitten	suddenly
ŋ			lang	long
p			Person, ab^[2]	puck
pf			Pfeffer	roughly like cupful
ʁ	r		reden^[3]	DE: French rouge AT, CH: red (Scottish)
s			lassen, Haus, groß	fast
ʃ			schon, Stadt, Champagner, Ski	shall
t			Tag, und, Stadt^[2]	tall
ts			Zeit, Platz, Potsdam, Celle	cats
tʃ			Matsch, Cello	match
v			was, Vase^[1]	vanish
x			nach	loch (no lock–loch merger)
z			Sie, diese^[1]	zebra
ʔ			beamtet^[4] ([bəˈʔamtət])	the glottal stops in uh-oh!
Non-native consonants
dʒ			Dschungel^[1]^[5]	jungle
ʒ			Genie, Rouge, Entourage^[1]^[5]	pleasure
Stress
ˈ			Bahnhofstraße ([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə])	as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/
ˌ			Bahnhofstraße ([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə])	as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/

Vowels
			Examples	English approximation
DE	AT	CH	Examples	English approximation
Monophthongs
a			alles, Kalender	father, but short
aː			aber, sah, Staat	father, but long
ɛ			Ende, hätte	bet
ɛː			spät, wählen^[6]	RP hair
eː			eben, gehen, Meer	mate
ɪ			ist, bitte	sit
iː			liebe, Berlin, ihm	seed
ɔ			Osten, kommen	off
oː			oder, hohe, Boot	RP law
œ			öffnen	somewhat like hurt, but short
øː			Österreich, Möhre, adieu	somewhat like heard
ʊ			und	push
uː			Hut, Kuh	food
ʏ			müssen, Ypsilon	somewhat like cute
yː			über, Mühe	somewhat like few
Diphthongs
aɪ			ein, Kaiser, Haydn, Verleih	high
aʊ			auf, Haus	vow
ɔʏ			Euro, Häuser	roughly like choice
Reduced vowels
ɐ		ər	immer^[3]	nut or sofa (but not balance)^[7] CH: Scottish butter
ə			Name	balance (but not sofa)^[7]
Semivowels
ɐ̯		r	Uhr^[3]	DE, AT: sofa CH: Scottish far
i̯			Studie	yard
u̯			aktuell	would
Non-native vowels
ãː			Gourmand, Engagement, Restaurant, Chance^[8]	French Provence
ɛ̃ː			Pointe^[8]	French quinze
ɛɪ			Mail^[9]	roughly like face
õː			Garçon^[8]	French Le Monde
ɔʊ			Code^[9]	American goat
œ̃ː			Parfum^[8]	French emprunte
œːɐ̯		øːr	hörbar^[10]	roughly like RP bird
Shortened vowels
ã			engagieren^[8]	French chanson
ɛ̃			impair^[8]	French vingt-et-un
e			Element^[11]	roughly like dress
i			Italien^[11]	teach, but short
o			originell^[11]	RP thought, but short
õ			foncé^[8]	French Mont Blanc
œ̃			Lundist^[8]	French vingt-et-un
ø			Ökonom^[11]	somewhat like hurt
u			Universität^[11]	truth, but short
y			Psychologie^[11]	like meet, but short and with the lips rounded

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, z, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, s, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.
^ ^a ^b ^c In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.
^ ^a ^b ^c Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the syllable coda is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]
^ Initial vowels are usually preceded by [ʔ], except in Swiss Standard German.
^ ^a ^b Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (Hall 2003, p. 42). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.
^ In Northern Germany, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ to [eː].
^ ^a ^b As several other Germanic languages, Standard German has mid [ə] and open [ɐ] schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such as balance, cannon and chairman and the latter variably in sofa, China (especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also in ago and again, but one needs to remember that Standard German [ɐ] has no such free variation and is always open, just as [ə] is always mid. In some English dialects, /ʌ/ in words such as nut and strut is a perfect replacement for Standard German [ɐ], but the latter is an unstressed-only vowel that can also appear in open syllables, which generally cannot be said about English /ʌ/.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] (Mangold 2005, p. 65).
^ ^a ^b The diphthongs /ɛɪ, ɔʊ/ occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as okay. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to [eː, oː] (or [e, o] in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word okay can be pronounced as either [ɔʊˈkɛɪ] or [oˈkeː].
^ [œːɐ̯] or [øːr] is the German rendering of the English NURSE vowel /ɜːr/. It also appears in certain French surnames, e.g. Vasseur (Krech et al. 2009, pp. 64, 142).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f [e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] (Mangold 2005, p. 65).

Bibliography

Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
Hove, Ingrid (2002). Die Aussprache der Standardsprache in der Schweiz. Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN 978-3-484-23147-4.
Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
Moosmüller, S.; Schmid, C.; Brandstätter, J. (2015). "Standard Austrian German" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (3): 339–348. doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055.

[fortislenis-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, z, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, s, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.

[devoicing-2] In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.

[r-allophones-3] Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the syllable coda is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]

[4] Initial vowels are usually preceded by [ʔ], except in Swiss Standard German.

[postalveolarlenis-5] Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (Hall 2003, p. 42). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.

[6] In Northern Germany, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ to [eː].

[schwas-7] As several other Germanic languages, Standard German has mid [ə] and open [ɐ] schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such as balance, cannon and chairman and the latter variably in sofa, China (especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also in ago and again, but one needs to remember that Standard German [ɐ] has no such free variation and is always open, just as [ə] is always mid. In some English dialects, /ʌ/ in words such as nut and strut is a perfect replacement for Standard German [ɐ], but the latter is an unstressed-only vowel that can also appear in open syllables, which generally cannot be said about English /ʌ/.

[nasalV-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] (Mangold 2005, p. 65).

[middiphthongs-9] The diphthongs /ɛɪ, ɔʊ/ occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as okay. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to [eː, oː] (or [e, o] in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word okay can be pronounced as either [ɔʊˈkɛɪ] or [oˈkeː].

[10] [œːɐ̯] or [øːr] is the German rendering of the English NURSE vowel /ɜːr/. It also appears in certain French surnames, e.g. Vasseur (Krech et al. 2009, pp. 64, 142).

[shorttense-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f [e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] (Mangold 2005, p. 65).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

@@ Line 297: / Line 297: @@
 | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|e}}</big>
 | {{lang|de|'''E'''l'''e'''ment}}<ref name="shorttense">{{IPA|[e, i, o, ø, u, y]}}, the short versions of the long vowels {{IPA|[eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː]}}, are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in ''jedoch'' {{IPA|[jeˈdɔx]}}, ''soeben'' {{IPA|[zoˈʔeːbn̩]}}, ''vielleicht'' {{IPA|[fiˈlaɪçt]}} etc. In casual speech short {{IPA|[e, i, o, ø, u, y]}} preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a {{IPA|[ʔ]}}) may be replaced with {{IPA|[ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ]}}, e.g. {{IPA|[jɛˈdɔx]}}, {{IPA|[fɪˈlaɪçt]}} ({{harvnb|Mangold|2005|p=65}}).</ref>
-| dr'''e'''ss
+| ''roughly like'' dr'''e'''ss
 |-
 | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|i}}</big>

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Revision as of 14:11, 17 January 2019

See also

Notes

Bibliography