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Konya

Coordinates: 37°52′N 32°29′E / 37.867°N 32.483°E / 37.867; 32.483
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"Iconium" redirects here. For other uses, see Iconium (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Konya (disambiguation).
Konya
Metropolitan municipality
Right from the beginning: Mevlana Museum, Konya Selimiye Mosque, Alaaddin Hill, Ince Minaret Medrese, Meram Nature Park, Hacıveyiszade Mosque, Alaaddin Monument, Atatürk Museum and Taşköprü
Right from the beginning: Mevlana Museum, Konya Selimiye Mosque, Alaaddin Hill, Ince Minaret Medrese, Meram Nature Park, Hacıveyiszade Mosque, Alaaddin Monument, Atatürk Museum and Taşköprü
Official logo of Konya
Emblem of Konya Metropolitan Municipality[citation needed]
Konya is located in Turkey
Konya
Konya
Location of Konya, Turkey
Coordinates: 37°52′N 32°29′E / 37.867°N 32.483°E / 37.867; 32.483
Country Turkey
RegionCentral Anatolia
ProvinceKonya
Government
 • MayorTahir Akyürek (AKP)
Area
 • Total38,873 km2 (15,009 sq mi)
Elevation
1,016 m (3,333 ft)
Population
 (2016)[1]
 • Total2,161,303
 • Density56/km2 (150/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (FET)
Postal code
42XXX
Area code(+90) 332
Licence plate42
Websitewww.konya.bel.tr

Konya (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈkon.ja]; Greek: Ἰκόνιον, translit. Ikónion, Template:Lang-la) is a major city in south-western edge of the Central Anatolian Plateau and is the seventh-most-populous city in Turkey with a metropolitan population of over 2.1 million. [1] Konya is an economically and industrially developed city[2][3][4] and the capital of Konya Province.

After its conquest by Turkish tribes, Konya became the capital of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum (Anatolia) (1077–1308) and the Karamanids (13th century–1487).

Name

Konya, was known in classical antiquity and during the medieval period as Ἰκόνιον (Ikónion) in Greek (with regular Medieval Greek apheresis Kónio(n)) and as Iconium in Latin. This name is commonly explained as a derivation from εἰκών (icon), as an ancient Greek legend ascribed its name to the "eikon" (image), or the "gorgon's (Medusa's) head", with which Perseus vanquished the native population before founding the city.[5] In some historic English texts, the city's name appears as Konia or Koniah.

History

Ancient history

Hercules Sarcophagus (ca. 250–260 AD) at the Konya Archaeological Museum

Excavations have shown that the region was inhabited during the Late Copper Age, around 3000 BC.[5] The city came under the influence of the Hittites around 1500 BC. Later it was overtaken by the Sea Peoples in around 1200 BC.

The Phrygians established their kingdom in central Anatolia in the 8th century BC. Xenophon describes Iconium, as the city was called, as the last city of Phrygia. The region was overwhelmed by Cimmerian invaders c. 690 BC. It was later part of the Persian Empire, until Darius III was defeated by Alexander the Great in 333 BC. Alexander's empire broke up shortly after his death and the town came under the rule of Seleucus I Nicator. During the Hellenistic period the town was ruled by the kings of Pergamon. As Attalus III, the last king of Pergamon, was about to die without an heir, he bequeathed his kingdom to the Roman Republic. Once incorporated into the Roman Empire, under the rule of emperor Claudius, the city's name was changed to Claudioconium, and during the rule of emperor Hadrianus to Colonia Aelia Hadriana.

According to the Acts of the Apostles, the apostles Paul and Barnabas preached in Iconium during their first Missionary Journey in about 47–48 AD,[6][7][8] having been persecuted in Antioch, and Paul and Silas probably visited it again during Paul's Second Missionary Journey in about 50.[9][10] Their visit to the synagogue of the Jews in Iconium divided the Jewish and non-Jewish communities between those who believed Paul and Barnabas' message and those who did not believe, provoking a disturbance during which attempts were made to stone the apostles. They fled to Lystra and Derbe, cities of Lycaonia. This experience is also mentioned in the Second Letter to Timothy,[11]. 19th century American theologian Albert Barnes suggested that Timothy had been present with Paul in Iconium, Antioch and Lystra.[12] The city became the seat of a bishop, which in ca. 370 was raised to the status of a metropolitan see for Lycaonia, with Saint Amphilochius as the first metropolitan bishop.[13]

In Christian legend, based on the apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla, Iconium was also the birthplace of Saint Thecla, who saved the city from attack by the Isaurians.[13]

Under the Byzantine Empire, the city was part of the Anatolic Theme. During the 8th to 10th centuries, the town and the nearby (Caballa) Kaballah Fortress (Turkish: Gevale Kalesi) were a frequent target of Arab attacks as part of the Arab–Byzantine wars.[13]

Seljuk era

Main article: Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate
Ince Minaret Medrese (1279) in Konya

The Seljuk Turks first raided the area in 1069, but a period of chaos overwhelmed Anatolia after the Seljuk victory in the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, and the Norman mercenary leader Roussel de Bailleul rose in revolt at Iconium. The city was finally conquered by the Seljuks in 1084.[13] From 1097 to 1243 it was the capital of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum.[14] It was briefly occupied by the Crusaders Godfrey of Bouillon (August 1097), and Frederick Barbarossa (May 18, 1190) after the Battle of Iconium (1190). The area was retaken by the Turks.

The name of the town was changed to Konya (in Template:Lang-fa quniya) by Mesud I in 1134.[citation needed]

Established in 1273, the Sufi Mevlevi Order and its Whirling Dervishes are among the renowned symbols of Konya and Turkey.

Konya reached the height of its wealth and influence in the second half of the 12th century when the Seljuk sultans of Rum also subdued the Anatolian beyliks to their east, especially that of the Danishmends, thus establishing their rule over virtually all of eastern Anatolia, as well as acquiring several port towns along the Mediterranean (including Alanya) and the Black Sea (including Sinop) and even gaining a momentary foothold in Sudak, Crimea. This golden age lasted until the first decades of the 13th century.[citation needed]

Many Persians and Persianized Turks from Persia and Central Asia migrated to Anatolian cities either to flee the invading Mongols or to benefit from the opportunities for educated Muslims in a newly established kingdom.[15] By the 1220s, the city of Konya was filled with refugees from the Khwarezmid Empire. Sultan Kayqubad I fortified the town and built a palace on top of the citadel. In 1228 he invited Bahaeddin Veled and his son Rumi, the founder of the Mevlevi order, to settle in Konya.[citation needed]

In 1243, following the Seljuk defeat in the Battle of Köse Dağ, Konya was captured by the Mongols as well. The city remained the capital of the Seljuk sultans, vassalized to the Ilkhanate until the end of the century.[citation needed]

A panoramic view of the city from the Hacıveyiszade Mosque and citadel

Karamanid era

Main article: Karamanids

Following the fall of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate in 1307, Konya was made the capital of a Turkish beylik (emirate); which lasted until 1322 when the city was captured by the neighbouring Beylik of Karamanoğlu. In 1420, the Beylik of Karamanoğlu fell to the Ottoman Empire and, in 1453, Konya was made the provincial capital of Karaman Eyalet.

Ottoman era

Main articles: Ottoman Empire, Karaman Eyalet, and Vilayet of Konya
16th-century Konya carpet, in the collections of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA).

During Ottoman rule, Konya was administered by the Sultan's sons (Şehzade), starting with Şehzade Mustafa and Şehzade Cem (the sons of Sultan Mehmed II), and later the future Sultan Selim II. Between 1483 and 1864, Konya was the administrative capital of Karaman Eyalet. During the Tanzimat period, as part of the vilayet system introduced in 1864, Konya became the seat of the larger Vilayet of Konya which replaced Karaman Eyalet.

Turkish War of Independence

Greeks from Konya.

Konya had a major air base during the Turkish War of Independence. In 1922, the Air Force was renamed as the Inspectorate of Air Forces[16] and was headquartered in Konya.[17][18] The Third Air Wing[19] of the 1st Air Force Command[20] is based at the Konya Air Base. The wing controls the four Boeing 737 AEW&C Peace Eagle aircraft of the Turkish Air Force.[21][22]

Population exchange between Greece and Turkey

In 1923 in the frame of the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the Greeks that inhabited the town of Konya left as refugees and settled in Greece. At the same time a significant influx of Albanians came and settled in the area.[23]

Republic era

Konya was a center for agriculture at the turn of the 20th century.[citation needed] Since the late 20th century, the economy has diversified.

The Meram highway was constructed in 1950.[citation needed]

The first Konya National Exhibition and Fair was held in 1968.[citation needed]

The Koyunoğlu Museum was donated to the city in 1973 and it reopened in a new building.[citation needed]

Government

Konya Metropolitan Governorship

The first local administration in Konya was founded in 1830. This administration was converted into a municipality in 1876.[24] In March 1989, the municipality became a Metropolitan Municipality. As of that date, Konya had three central district municipalities (Meram, Selçuklu, Karatay) and a Metropolitan Municipality.

Geography

Konya is the center of the largest province, the largest plain (Konya Plain) and is among the largest cities in the country. It is the seventh most populated city in Turkey.[25]

Konya City is in the southern part of the[ Central Anatolia Region]]. The land is broad and flat with a lot of lowlands and plateaus. The plateaus are covered with rich steppes, therefore, affecting the agriculture sector. Additionally, the southernmost part of Konya is largely surrounded by the Taurus Mountains.

Lakes

Lake Tuz, known in Turkish as Tuz Golu, is the second-largest lake in all of Turkey. This lake supplies Turkey with a large amount of Turkey's salt demand.

Beysehir Lake is on the western part of Konya and is near the border. It is known to be the largest fresh water lake in Turkey and one of the most important national parks. Beysehir Lake is important for tourism in Konya and attracts thousands of people each year to its 2 beaches and 22 islands for water and mountain sports.

Meke Lake is on the border of the Karapinar province and is considered to be a heavily protected natural area.

Lake Aksehir is on the border of the Afyon Karahisar province and it is famous from "Nasreddin Hodja" stories. The lake also provides a good habitat for famous "Aksehir cherries".

Climate

Konya has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk) under the Köppen classification[26] and a hot summer continental (Dca) or hot summer oceanic (Doa) climate under the Trewartha classification.

Summers temperatures average 30 °C (86 °F). The highest temperature recorded in Konya was 40.6 °C (105 °F) on 30 July 2000. Winters average −4.2 °C (24 °F). The lowest temperature recorded was −26.5 °C (−16 °F) on 6 February 1972. Due to Konya's high altitude and its dry summers, nightly temperatures in the summer months are cool. Precipitation levels are low, but precipitation can be observed throughout the year.

Climate data for Konya (1950 - 2014)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.6
(63.7) 		23.8
(74.8) 		28.9
(84.0) 		31.5
(88.7) 		34.4
(93.9) 		37.2
(99.0) 		40.6
(105.1) 		39.6
(103.3) 		36.1
(97.0) 		31.6
(88.9) 		25.2
(77.4) 		21.8
(71.2) 		40.6
(105.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6) 		7.1
(44.8) 		11.9
(53.4) 		17.5
(63.5) 		22.3
(72.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		30.2
(86.4) 		30.1
(86.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		19.8
(67.6) 		12.9
(55.2) 		6.6
(43.9) 		18.0
(64.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		1.4
(34.5) 		5.7
(42.3) 		11.1
(52.0) 		15.7
(60.3) 		20.2
(68.4) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		18.6
(65.5) 		12.4
(54.3) 		6.1
(43.0) 		1.7
(35.1) 		11.6
(53.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.9
(25.0) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		0.0
(32.0) 		4.5
(40.1) 		8.7
(47.7) 		12.8
(55.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		15.7
(60.3) 		11.1
(52.0) 		6.0
(42.8) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		5.5
(41.9)
Record low °C (°F) −25.8
(−14.4) 		−26.5
(−15.7) 		−15.8
(3.6) 		−8.6
(16.5) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		3.2
(37.8) 		6.0
(42.8) 		6.6
(43.9) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−20.0
(−4.0) 		−22.4
(−8.3) 		−26.5
(−15.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35.9
(1.41) 		28.0
(1.10) 		27.5
(1.08) 		32.3
(1.27) 		43.3
(1.70) 		24.3
(0.96) 		6.6
(0.26) 		5.3
(0.21) 		11.8
(0.46) 		30.1
(1.19) 		32.6
(1.28) 		42.0
(1.65) 		319.7
(12.57)
Average precipitation days 9.8 8.6 8.9 9.4 10.8 6.7 2.3 1.5 3.1 6.3 6.8 9.9 84.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 99.2 124.3 207.7 213.0 279.0 312.0 353.4 347.2 282.0 223.2 156.0 96.1 2,693.1
Percent possible sunshine 32.6 40.9 56.2 53.9 63.3 70.4 78.5 82.3 75.7 64.2 51.4 32.5 58.5
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[27]

Education

Library of Selçuk University in Konya
Nalçacı Avenue in Selçuk, Konya.

Konya hosts the Tactical Training Center Anatolian Eagle, a center for training NATO Allies and friendly Air Forces. Real Like training environment with large area and skilled aggressors provides a training opportunity to reach the maximum combat readiness for Air Force Fighters. Official Web Site

Konya ranks among the nation's top 10 cities for the average score of high school graduates.[citation needed] There are various elementary and secondary schools in the province. The Meram Fen Lisesi is among Turkey's first-tier science high schools.[citation needed]

Konya is one of the few cities[citation needed] to contain more than 100,000 college students. Selçuk University had the largest number of students, 76,080, of any public university in Turkey during the 2008-09 academic year.[28] It was founded in 1975. The other public university is Necmettin Erbakan University which was established in Konya in 2010.[29]

Private colleges in Konya include the KTO Karatay University.[30]

Economy

The 42-floor Seljuk Tower (2006) is the tallest building in Konya

The city ranks among the Anatolian Tigers.[2][3][4] There are a number of industrial parks.[31] In 2012 Konya's exports reached 130 countries.[31] A number of Turkish industrial conglomerates, such as Kombassan Holding, have their headquarters in Konya.[32]

While agriculture-based industries play a role, the city's economy has evolved into a center for the manufacturing of components for the automotive industry; machinery manufacturing; agricultural tools; casting industry; plastic paint and chemical industry; construction materials; paper and packing industry; processed foods; textiles; and leather industry.[31]

Transportation

A TCDD HT65000 on the Ankara–Konya line of the Turkish State Railways
A Škoda 28 T tram produced for the Konya Metropolitan Municipality

Bus

The bus station has connections to a range of destinations, including Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir.

Tram

Konya has a tramway network in the city center, on which the Škoda 28 T trams are being used.[33]

Railway

Konya is connected to Ankara, Eskişehir and Istanbul via the high-speed railway services of the Turkish State Railways.[34][35]

Airport

Konya Airport is a public airport and military airbase that is also used by NATO. In 2006, Konya Airport served 2,924 aircraft and 262,561 passengers.[36]

Notable people

Main sights

Mevlana Museum (1274) is the resting place of the Sufi mystic and poet Rumi in Konya, the capital of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate.
Alâeddin Mosque (1235) in Konya

Sports

Konyaspor is the football club of the city, that appear in Turkish Professional Football League. On May 31, 2017, he won the first national trophy of his history, winning Türkiye Kupası in the final against İstanbul Başakşehir in penalty shootout. The team repeated on 6 August following winning Türkiye Süper Kupası against Turkey's Beşiktaş champion.

Culture

Etli ekmek is a local dish of Konya
Selimiye Mosque (1558) in Konya

Konya was the final home of Rumi (Mevlana), whose tomb is in the city. In 1273, his followers in Konya established the Mevlevi Sufi order of Islam and became known as the Whirling Dervishes. Konya has the reputation of being one of the more religiously conservative metropolitan centers in Turkey. It was once known as the "citadel of Islam" and its inhabitants are still comparatively more devout than those from other cities.[47]

Konya produced Turkish carpets that were exported to Europe during the Renaissance.[48][49] These expensive, richly patterned textiles were draped over tables, beds, or chests to proclaim the wealth and status of their owners, and were often included in the contemporary oil paintings as symbols of the wealth of the painter's clients.[50]

A Turkish folk songs is named Konyalım, Konyalıya Güzel Derler and Konyalım Yaman Çalar Şak Şak Kaşığı, making reference to a loved one from Konya.[51]

The local cuisine of Konya includes dishes made of bulgur wheat and lamb meat.[52] One of the renowned dishes of the city is etli ekmek, which is similar to lahmacun and pizza.[52]

Food:

Etliekmek- flat bread baked with ground meat, peppers, onions, and tomatoes

Pişmaniye- similar to American cotton candy and resembles a fully white ball of yarn

Firun Kebab- over-cooked meat (usually lamb)

Various Candies: Konya is known for their sweets. They are famous for Cezerye, an old Turkish sweet made of carrots.

Tirit- a traditional rice dish that is made with meat and various vegetables.

Tavak Suyu- a tomato broth based soup made with shredded chicken and noodles

Twin towns

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey

Konya is twinned with:

Europe

Americas

Asia

Africa

See also

Further reading

Published in the 19th century
  • "Konia", Handbook for Travellers in Turkey (3rd ed.), London: J. Murray, 1854, OCLC 2145740 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Clément Huart (1897). Konia, la ville des derviches tourneurs (in French). Paris: Leroux.
Published in the 20th century
  • "Konia", The Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1910, OCLC 14782424 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • E. Broadrup (1995). "Konya/Catal Huyuk". International Dictionary of Historic Places. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.
Published in the 21st century
  • C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Konya". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill.
  • "Konya". Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009.

Sources

General
References and notes
  1. ^ a b "Turkey: Major cities and provinces". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2015-02-08.
  2. ^ a b "Financial Times: Reports — Anatolian tigers: Regions prove plentiful". Ft.com. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  3. ^ a b root. "Anatolian Tigers". Investopedia. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  4. ^ a b "Zaman: Anatolian tigers conquering the world". Archived from the original on 2013-08-21. Retrieved 2013-08-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b "Konya". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  6. ^ Acts 13:51
  7. ^ Acts 14:1–5
  8. ^ Acts 14:21)
  9. ^ Acts 16:2
  10. ^ see William Ramsay, Cities of St. Paul, 315–384; F. F. Bruce, Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1977. p. 475.
  11. ^ 2 Timothy 3:10–13
  12. ^ Barnes, A., Barnes' Notes on the Bible, accessed 6 September 2015
  13. ^ a b c d Foss, Clive (1991). "Ikonion". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. London and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 985. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
  14. ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=498oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT76&lpg=PT76&dq=Konya+1134&source=bl&ots=eetN61lCXZ&sig=gte3buxIZIbQEdZAW-eSsb8ww3Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijwriQ9tvdAhUqIMAKHd1tAqk4ChDoAQhDMAs#v=onepage&q=Konya%201134&f=false
  15. ^ Mango, Andrew, Discovering Turkey, Hastings House, 1972, page 61
  16. ^ Turkic:Kuva-yı Havaiye Müfettişliği
  17. ^ "Bir Hata Oluştu". Hvkk.tsk.tr. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Utkan Kocatürk, Atatürk ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi kronolojisi, 1918-1938, Türk Tarîh Kurumu Basımevi, 1983, p. 674.
  19. ^ Ana Jet Üssü or AJÜ
  20. ^ Hava Kuvvet Komutanlığı
  21. ^ Mehmet Kayhan YILDIZ- Hasan BÖLÜKBAŞ- Serdar ÖZGÜR- Tolga YANIK- Hasan DÖNMEZ/ KONYA,(DHA). "TSK yeni yıldızı Barış Kartalı'na kavuştu". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  22. ^ "Turkey takes delivery of military aircraft". TodaysZaman. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "IFMSA Exchange Portal". Exchange.ifmsa.org. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  24. ^ " İhtisab Agalıgi" (Islamic-Ottoman office for public regularity)
  25. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-01-14. Retrieved 2013-12-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  26. ^ "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification - Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions" (PDF). Hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  27. ^ "Meteoroloji" (in Turkish). Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  28. ^ About Turkey and Konya Archived 2014-10-18 at the Wayback Machine, Konya Livestock Congress, 2014
  29. ^ "Konya Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "KTO Karatay Üniversitesi". Karatay.edu.tr. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
  31. ^ a b c "General Overview Of The Konya Economy". En.kto.org.tr. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  32. ^ "History « Kombassan Holding". Kombassan.com.tr. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  33. ^ Template:En icon "Škoda Transportation wins Konya tram contract". Retrieved 2013-09-05.
  34. ^ "Opening of Ankara - Konya fast line completes strategic link". Railway Gazette. 24 August 2011. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  35. ^ "Invensys commissions ERTMS solution on Turkish High Speed Line". European Railway Review. 7 September 2011. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ Template:Tr icon Konya Hava Meydanı Archived 2010-01-13 at the Wayback Machine at DHMİ (State Airports Authority)
  37. ^ Journal Article, Amphilochius of Iconium and Lycaonian Asceticism, PETER THONEMANN, The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 101 (2011), pp. 185-205
  38. ^ Battutah, Ibn (2002). The Travels of Ibn Battutah. London: Picador. pp. 106, 309. ISBN 9780330418799.
  39. ^ Die Soziale Ale Stellung Des Priesters in Griechenland, Demosthenes Savramides, Leiden, E.J.Bril, 1968
  40. ^ Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The ecumenical patriarchate : a history of its metropolitanates with annotated hierarch catalogs. San Bernardino, CA: Borgo Press. p. 100. ISBN 9781434458766.
  41. ^ "Introduction to Orkut". Programmerworld.net. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  42. ^ http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN-113979/konya-museums-and-ruins.html
  43. ^ http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN-113979/konya-museums-and-ruins.html
  44. ^ http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN-113979/konya-museums-and-ruins.html
  45. ^ McLean, B. Hudson (7 August 2018). "Greek and Latin Inscriptions in the Konya Archaeological Museum". British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. Retrieved 7 August 2018 – via Google Books.
  46. ^ http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN-113979/konya-museums-and-ruins.html
  47. ^ "BBC NEWS - Europe - 'Islam problem' baffles Turkey". News.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  48. ^ King, Donald and Sylvester, David. The Eastern Carpet in the Western World, From the 15th to the 17th century, Arts Council of Great Britain, London, 1983, ISBN 0-7287-0362-9. pp. 26-27, 52-57.
  49. ^ Campbell, Gordon. The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts, Volume 1, "Carpet, S 2; History (pp. 187–193), Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0-19-518948-5, ISBN 978-0-19-518948-3 Google books. p. 189.
  50. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2009-10-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  51. ^ "Konyalım". Bekirhoca.com. Retrieved 25 May 2015.[dead link]
  52. ^ a b "Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi". Konya.bel.tr. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  53. ^ Kyoto İle Kardeş Şehir Protokolü İmzalandı, Heyet Japon Parkı'nı Gezdi, Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi (2010)
  54. ^ a b "Rumi Remembered in Birthplace of Shams". Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  55. ^ "PAKISTAN – TURKEY JOINT STATEMENT" (Press release). Islamabad, Pakistan. Pakistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2008-10-31. Archived from the original (HTML) on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2018-03-30.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
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