List of wars involving Russia
![]() | This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Article contains many entries that do not meet criteria for inclusion in lead. This is an article about wars involving Russia, not an exhaustive list of military engagements involving Russia. (April 2023) |
History of Russia |
---|
![]() |
![]() |
This is a list of wars and armed conflicts involving Russia and its predecessors in chronological order, from the 9th to the 21st century.
The Russian military and troops of its predecessor states in Russia took part in a large number of wars and armed clashes in various parts of the world: starting from the princely squads, opposing the raids of nomads, and fighting for the expansion of the territory of Kievan Rus'. Following the disintegration of Kievan Rus', the emergence of the Principality of Moscow and then the centralized Russian state saw a period of significant territorial growth of the state centred in Moscow and then St. Petersburg during the 15th to 20th centuries, marked by wars of conquest in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, the Volga region, Siberia, Central Asia and the Far East, the world wars of the early 20th century, the proxy wars of the Cold War, and today.
The list includes:
- external wars
- foreign intervention in domestic conflicts
- anti-colonial uprisings of the peoples conquered during the Russian expansion
- princely feuds
- peasant uprisings
- revolutions
Legend of results:
- 128
- 37
- 23
- 5
Kievan Rus'
Date | Conflict | Location | Rus and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
830s | Paphlagonian expedition of the Rusʹ | Rus' Khaganate | ![]() |
Victory[a] | |
860 | Siege of Constantinople (860) | Rus' Khaganate | ![]() |
Victory[a] | |
907 | Rus'–Byzantine War (907) | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Victory[1] | |
920–1036 | Rus'–Pecheneg campaigns | Kievan Rus' | Pechenegs | Various results; eventually victory | |
941 | Rus'–Byzantine War (941) | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Defeat | |
944/945 | Rus'-Byzantine War (944/945) | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Victory[2] | |
964–965 | Sviatoslav's campaign against Khazars | Kievan Rus' | Khazar Khaganate | Victory
| |
967/968–971 | Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Defeat | |
981 | Vladimir the Great's campaign on Cherven Cities | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Victory | |
985 | Vladimir the Great's campaign against Volga Bulgaria | Kievan Rus' | Volga Bulgaria | Military victory, then agreement | |
987 | Rus'–Byzantine War (987) | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Military victory and agreement
| |
1022 | Yaroslav the Wise's attack on Brest | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Defeat | |
1024 | Rus'–Byzantine War (1024) | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Defeat | |
1030 | Yaroslav the Wise's campaign against Chud | Kievan Rus' | Chud | Victory
| |
1030–1031 | Yaroslav the Wise's campaign on Cherven Cities | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Victory | |
1042–1228 | Finnish–Novgorodian wars | Kievan Rus' (until 1136) | Baltic Finnic peoples of Fennoscandia (Yem people) | Various results, mostly victories
| |
1043 | Rus'–Byzantine War (1043) | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Defeat | |
1055–1223 | Rus'–Cuman campaigns | Kievan Rus' | Cumans | Various results, mostly victories | |
1061 | Sosols raid against Pskov | Kievan Rus' | Sosols | Defeat
| |
1132–1445 | Swedish–Novgorodian Wars | Kievan Rus' (until 1136) | ![]()
|
Stalemate after the Black Death | |
1147 | Bolesław IV the Curly's raid on Old Prussians | ![]() |
Old Prussians | Victory | |
1203–1234 | Campaigns of Rus princes against the Order of the Sword (see also Livonian Crusade) | ![]() |
Defeat | ||
1223–1240 | Mongol invasion of Rus'(see also List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Rus') | ![]() |
Decisive defeat
| ||
1240–1242 | Livonian campaign against Rus' (see also Northern Crusades) | Kievan Rus' | Victory
| ||
1268 | Battle of Wesenberg | ![]() |
Both sides claim victory |
Principality of Moscow (1263–1547)
This is a list of wars involving the Principality of Moscow (1263–1547), also known as Muscovy.[b]
Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)
Date | Conflict | Location | Russia and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1552 | Siege of Kazan
![]() |
Tatarstan | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
1552–1556 | Tatar Rebellion | Tatarstan | ![]() |
Tatar rebels | Victory
|
1554–1557 | Ivan the Terrible's Swedish War | Karelia | ![]() |
![]() |
Inconclusive |
1556 | Russian conquest of Astrakhan | Astrakhan | ![]() |
Astrakhan Khanate | Victory
|
1558-1562 | Ivan the Terrible's Livonian Campaign | Livonia | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
1562-1570 | Russo-Lithuanian War | Northern Europe | ![]() |
Polish–Lithuanian union | Victory |
1558–1583 | Livonian War
![]() |
Northern Europe | Defeat | ||
1568–1570 | Astrakhan Expedition | Astrakhan and Azov | ![]() |
Victory
| |
1570–1572 | Ivan the Terrible's Crimean War | European Russia | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
1580–1762 | Russian conquest of Siberia
![]() |
Siberia | ![]()
|
Khanate of Sibir (until 1598)
Native Siberians |
Victory
|
1590–1595 | Boris Godunov's Swedish War | Northern Europe | ![]() |
![]() |
Inconclusive
|
1605–1618 | Polish invasions of Russia
![]() |
Russia | ![]() |
Inconclusive
| |
1606–1607 | Bolotnikov Rebellion
![]() |
Russia | ![]() |
Rebels under Ivan Bolotnikov | Victory
|
1610–1617 | Ingrian War ![]() |
Russia | ![]() |
![]() |
Defeat |
1632–1634 | Smolensk War |
Smolensk | ![]() |
![]() |
Defeat |
1651–1653 | Alexis I's Persian War | North Caucasus | ![]() |
![]() |
Defeat |
1652–1689 | Sino–Russian border conflicts
![]() |
Heilongjiang and Amur | Defeat | ||
1654–1667 | First Northern War | Eastern Europe | ![]() |
Victory | |
1656–1658 | Second Northern War
![]() |
Northern Europe | ![]() |
![]() |
Inconclusive |
1662–1664 | First Bashkir Rebellion | Bashkortostan | ![]() |
Bashkir rebels | Inconclusive; political defeat
|
1670–1671 | Razin's Rebellion
![]() |
Russia | ![]() |
Cossacks under Stepan Razin | Victory
|
1676–1681 | Feodor III's Turkish War | Ukraine | ![]() |
Indecisive[21] | |
1683–1700 | Great Turkish War
![]() |
Eastern Europe |
|
Victory
| |
1700–1721 | Great Northern War
![]() |
Europe |
|
|
Victory against Sweden |
Defeat by Ottoman Empire | |||||
1704–1711 | Third Bashkir Rebellion | Bashkortostan and Tatarstan | ![]() |
Bashkir rebels | Military victory, political defeat
|
1707–1708 | Bulavin Rebellion | Southern Russia | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
1717 | Peter the Great's Khivan War | Khanate of Khiva | ![]() |
![]() |
Defeat
|
1717-1731 | War with Abulhair | Kazakhstan and Siberia | ![]() |
Kazakh Khanate | Victory[22]
|
Russian Empire (1721–1917)
Date | Conflict | Location | Russia and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1722–1723 | Persian Expedition of Peter the Great | Caucasus and northern Iran | ![]() |
Victory | |
1733–1738 | War of the Polish Succession Rhineland
|
Poland | Indecisive | ||
1735–1739 | Russo-Austro-Turkish War | Eastern Europe | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
1735–1740 | Fourth Bashkir Rebellion | Bashkortostan | ![]() |
Bashkir rebels | Victory
|
1740–1748 | War of the Austrian Succession | Europe |
|
Inconclusive | |
Victory against Sweden | |||||
1756–1763 | Seven Years' War ![]() |
Europe and North America | White peace
| ||
1768–1769 | Koliivshchyna Rebellion
|
Ukraine | ![]() |
Haidamaky | Victory
|
1768–1772 | War of the Bar Confederation ![]() |
Poland | ![]() |
Victory | |
1768–1774 | Catherine the Great's First Turkish War
![]() |
Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Mediterranean | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
1773–1775 | Pugachev's Rebellion
![]() |
Russia | ![]() |
|
Victory
|
1787–1792 | Catherine the Great's Second Turkish War
![]() |
Eastern Europe | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
1783-1797 | Syrym Datuly's rebellion | Kazakhstan | ![]() |
Kazakhs | Victory |
1788–1790 | Catherine the Great's Swedish War
![]() |
Finland, western Sweden, and the Baltic Sea | ![]() |
![]() |
Inconclusive |
1792 | Catherine the Great's Polish War | Poland | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
1794 | Kościuszko Uprising
|
Poland | ![]() |
Victory
| |
1796 | Persian Expedition of Catherine the Great | North Caucasus and South Caucasus | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
1799–1802 | War of the Second Coalition
![]() |
Europe |
|
Withdrawal in 1799
| |
1803–1806 | War of the Third Coalition
![]() |
Europe | Defeat | ||
1804–1813 | Alexander I's Persian War
![]() |
North Caucasus, South Caucasus and northern Iran | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
1806–1807 | War of the Fourth Coalition
![]() |
Eastern and Central Europe | Defeat | ||
1806–1812 | Alexander I's Turkish War
![]() |
Romania, Moldova, Caucasus and Black Sea | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
1807–1812 | Anglo-Russian War | Baltic Sea and Barents Sea | ![]() |
![]() |
Inconclusive |
1808–1809 | Finnish War
![]() |
Finland and Sweden | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
1809 | War of the Fifth Coalition | Central Europe | Victory (limited involvement) | ||
1812 | French invasion of Russia
![]() |
Russia | ![]() |
Victory
| |
1813–1814 | War of the Sixth Coalition ![]() |
Europe | Victory | ||
1815 | War of the Seventh Coalition | Europe | Victory | ||
1817–1864 | Caucasian War ![]() |
Caucasus |
|
Victory
| |
1825 | Decembrist revolt
![]() |
Saint Petersburg | ![]() |
Decembrist rebels | Victory
|
1826-1836 | Uprising of Sarzhan Kasimov | Kazakhstan | ![]() |
Kazakhs | Victory |
1826–1828 | Nicholas I's Persian War ![]() |
South Caucasus and northern Iran | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
1827 | Greek War of Independence
![]() |
Greece | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
1828–1829 | Nicholas I's Turkish War ![]() |
Balkans and Caucasus | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
1830–1831 | November uprising
![]() |
Poland | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
1836-1838 | Bukey Horde uprising | Kazakhstan | ![]() |
Kazakhs | Victory
|
1837-1847 | Kenesary's Rebellion | Kazakhstan | ![]() |
Kazakhs | Victory
|
1839–1841 | Second Turko-Egyptian War | Syria and Lebanon | Victory
| ||
1839-1840 | Khivan campaign of 1839 | Central Asia | ![]() |
Khanate of Khiva | Defeat |
1841 | Gurian rebellion | Georgia | ![]() |
Gurian rebels | Victory
|
1842 | Shoorcha rebellion | Tatarstan and Ulyanovsk | ![]() |
Tatar, Mari and Chuvash peasants | Victory
|
1842-1868 | Russian conquest of Bukhara | Central Asia | ![]() |
Emirate of Bukhara | Victory |
1848–1849 | Hungarian Revolution of 1848
![]() |
Hungary | ![]()
|
|
Victory
|
1850-1868 | Russian conquest of Kokand Khanate | Central Asia | ![]() |
Khanate of Kokand | Victory |
1853–1856 | Crimean War
![]() |
Crimea, Balkans, Caucasus, Black Sea, Baltic Sea, White Sea and Far East | ![]() |
Defeat | |
1858 | Mahtra Rebellion | Estonia | ![]() |
Estonian peasants | Victory
|
1861 | Bezdna Revolt | Tatarstan | ![]() |
Peasants | Victory
|
1863–1864 | January Uprising
![]() |
Poland | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
1866 | Polish rebellion in Siberia | Siberia | ![]() |
Polish political exiles | Victory
|
1868-1869 | Uprising in the Ural and Turgai Oblasts | Kazakhstan | ![]() |
Kazakhs | Victory |
1870 | Adai Rebellion | Kazakhstan | ![]() |
Kazakhs | Victory |
1873 | Khivan campaign of 1873 | Central Asia | ![]() |
Khanate of Khiva | Victory |
1877–1878 | Russo-Turkish War
![]() |
Balkans and Caucasus | ![]() |
Victory
| |
1897–1898 | Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) | Crete |
|
![]() |
Victory
|
1899–1901 | Boxer Rebellion
![]() |
China | Eight-Nation Alliance: | Victory | |
1902–1906 | Rebellion in Guria | Georgia | ![]() |
Gurian Republic | Victory
|
1904–1905 | Russo-Japanese War
![]() |
Manchuria, Korean Peninsula and Yellow Sea | ![]() |
![]() |
Defeat |
1905–1907 | Russian Revolution of 1905
![]() |
Russia | ![]() |
![]() Supported by: |
Victory
|
1905–1911 | Persian Constitutional Revolution
![]() |
Iran | Iranian constitutionalists | Victory
| |
1914–1917 | World War I
![]() ![]() ![]() |
Europe and Asia | Allied Powers (see list) | Central Powers: | Defeat, later allied victory[23][24]
|
1917 | February Revolution | Russia | ![]() |
![]() |
Revolution succeeds
|
Russian Republic (1917)
Date | Conflict | Location | Russia and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1917 | October Revolution | Russia | ![]() |
Revolution succeeds
|
Russian SFSR (1917–1922)
Date | Conflict | Location | Russia and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1917–1922 | Russian Civil War |
| |||
1917–1921 | Ukrainian-Soviet War (Ukrainian War of Independence) |
|
Victory
| ||
1917–1920 | Kazakhstan Campaign | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
| |
1918 | Finnish Civil War | Defeat
| |||
1918–1919 | Sochi conflict | ![]() |
Indecisive | ||
1918–1920 | Latvian War of Independence |
Supported by the Allied Powers
merged into the |
Defeat
| ||
1918–1920 | Estonian War of Independence |
|
Defeat
| ||
1918–1919 | Lithuanian–Soviet War | Defeat
| |||
1918–1920 | Georgian-Ossetian Conflict | Defeat
| |||
1919–1921 | Polish–Soviet War | Defeat
| |||
1919–1923 | Turkish War of Independence | Victory
| |||
1920 | Invasion of Azerbaijan | ![]() |
Victory
| ||
1920 | Invasion of Armenia | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
| |
1921 | Invasion of Georgia | ![]() |
Victory
| ||
1921 | Soviet intervention in Mongolia | ![]() |
Victory
| ||
1921–1922 | East Karelian Uprising | ![]() |
Victory
|
Russia and the Soviet Union (1916–1934)
Date | Conflict | Location | Russia and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1916–1934 | Central Asian Revolt
![]() |
Central Asia |
|
Victory
|
Soviet Union (1922–1991)
This is a list of wars involving the Soviet Union (30 December 1922 – 26 December 1991).
Russian Federation (1991–present)
Date | Conflict | Location | Russia and its allies | Opponent(s) | Result for Russia |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991–1993 | Georgian Civil War | Georgia | ![]() Supported by |
![]() |
Victory
|
1991–1992 | South Ossetian War | South Ossetia | ![]() |
Victory
| |
1992–1993 | War in Abkhazia | Abkhazia | Victory
| ||
1992 | Transnistria War
![]() |
Transnistria | ![]()
|
Victory
| |
1992–1997 | Tajikistani Civil War
![]() |
Tajikistan |
Supported by |
|
Victory
|
1994–1996 | First Chechen War
![]() |
Chechnya | ![]() |
Defeat[45]
| |
1999 | War of Dagestan | Dagestan | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
1999–2009 | Second Chechen War
![]() |
Chechnya | ![]() |
Victory
| |
2008 | Russo-Georgian War
![]() |
Georgia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia | ![]() |
Victory
| |
2014–present | Russo-Ukrainian War
![]() |
Ukraine | ![]() Supported by |
![]() Supported by: see List of foreign aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War |
Ongoing
|
2015–present | Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War
![]() |
Syria | Ongoing
| ||
2018–present | Central African Republic Civil War
![]() |
Central African Republic | ![]() |
Ongoing | |
2021–present[49] | Mali War | Mali | Ongoing | ||
2024–present[50] | Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso | Burkina Faso | Ongoing |
See also
- Armed Forces of the Russian Federation – Military forces of the Russian Federation
- History of Russia
- Military history of Russia
- List of wars – Overview of and topical guide to war (Category:Lists of wars)
- List of wars between Russia and Sweden
- List of wars involving Armenia
- List of wars involving Azerbaijan
- List of wars involving Belarus
- List of wars involving Estonia
- List of wars involving Finland
- List of wars and battles involving Galicia–Volhynia
- List of wars involving Georgia (country)
- List of wars involving Kazakhstan
- List of wars involving Kyrgyzstan
- List of wars involving Latvia
- List of wars involving Lithuania
- List of wars involving Moldova
- List of wars involving the Novgorod Republic
- List of wars involving Poland
- List of wars involving Tajikistan
- List of wars involving Turkey
- List of wars involving Ukraine
- List of wars involving Uzbekistan
Notes
- ^ a b The veracity of this conflict is in doubt.
- ^ The Principality of Moscow or Muscovy (1263–1547) evolved out of the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal (existed 12th–13th century), and became the Tsardom of Russia in 1547.[3]
- ^ The title 'Grand Prince of Vladimir' was mostly titular by the early 14th century.
- ^ The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.
- ^ a b c d 1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS
- ^ Disputed: see Russia's role in the War in Abkhazia
- ^ The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, which was headed by the Taliban and governed 90% of Afghanistan, officially declared their neutrality in the conflict, though several Taliban factions went on to fight on the side of the opposition nonetheless.[43]
- ^ For further details, see Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
References
- ^ Janet Martin (2004). Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press. p. 115
- ^ Vilhelm Ludvig Peter Thomsen (2010). The Relations Between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia, and the Origin of the Russian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 25
- ^ "Rusland §3. De tijd van de Mongoolse en Tataarse overheersing; Soezdal §2. Geschiedenis; Moskou §3. Geschiedenis; Ivan [Rusland] § Ivan IV". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 2002.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Martin 2007, pp. 191–192.
- ^ Martin 2007, p. 192.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Martin 2007, p. 191.
- ^ Martin 2007, p. 190.
- ^ a b Ostrowski 1993, p. 89.
- ^ Halperin 1987, p. 73.
- ^ Gorskii, Anton (2001). "К вопросу о составе русского войска на Куликовом поле" (PDF). Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики. 6: 1–9.
- ^ a b Halperin 1987, p. 74.
- ^ Halperin 1987, p. 74–75.
- ^ Shaikhutdinov 2021, p. 106.
- ^ a b c Alef 1983, p. Abstract i.
- ^ Alef 1983, p. 11.
- ^ Halperin 1987, p. 76.
- ^ Гумилев 2023, p. 310.
- ^ a b c Halperin 1987, p. 70.
- ^ a b c Martin 1995, p. 318.
- ^ Пенской 2020, p. 331.
- ^ David R. Stone (2006). A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya. Greenwood. p. 41.
- ^ Terentyev 2022, p. 43.
- ^ Legvold, Robert (2007). Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century and the Shadow of the Past. Columbia University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-231-51217-6.
- ^ Cecil, Hugh; Liddle, Peter (1998). At the Eleventh Hour: Reflections, Hopes and Anxieties at the Closing of the Great War, 1918. Pen and Sword Books. p. 321. ISBN 978-1-78383-992-6.
- ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
- ^ ""Shqiptarët tentuan t'i merrnin të 12 nëndetëset!"- Zbardhet dokumenti sekret i arkivave sovjetike: Si dështoi plani që baza t'i kalonte Traktatit të Varshavës" (in Albanian). Retrieved 21 December 2022.
- ^ "ГОТОВИЛСЯ ЛИ ПЕРЕВОРОТ В АЛБАНИИ? "ДЕЛО Т. СЕЙКО": ВЕРСИИ". libmonster.ru. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ Low, Alfred D. (1976). The Sino-Soviet dispute : an analysis of the polemics. Rutherford [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-1479-5. OCLC 2225938.
- ^ says, yp Xhixh (14 February 2022). ""Shqiptarët tentuan t'i merrnin të 12 nëndetëset!" Zbardhet dokumenti sekret i arkivave sovjetike: Si dështoi plani që baza t'i kalonte Traktatit të Varshavës". Gazeta Tema. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
- ^ a b c "Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Conflict and War :: Soviet Aggression". Retrieved 26 December 2016.
- ^ Kuisong p.29
- ^ Borer, Douglas A. (1999). Superpowers defeated: Vietnam and Afghanistan compared. London: Cass. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-7146-4851-4.
- ^ a b Richard Humphries. "Transnistria: relic of a bygone era", The Japan Times, 8 October 2001. Retrieved 6 August 2014
- ^ "Borderland Europe: Transforming Transnistria?". Archived from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
- ^ "RUSSIA". www.hrw.org.
- ^ Necșuțu, Mădălin (22 January 2021). "BIRN fact-check: what must be done for Russian forces to leave Transnistria?". Balkan Insight.
- ^ Hughes, James and Sasse, Gwendolyn: Ethnicity and territory in the former Soviet Union: regions in conflict. Taylor & Francis, 2002, page 107. ISBN 0-7146-8210-1
- ^ Sabrina Ramet (1999). The radical right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989 Pennsylvania University Press. ISBN 0-271-01810-0. pp. 290ff.
- ^ Maryna Tkachuk. "«Краще згинути вовком, нiж жити псом»?" ["Better to die as a wolf than live as a dog"?]. Ukrayina Moloda. 19 August 2011
- ^ Kumar Rupesinghe and Valery A. Tishkov (1996). "Dynamics of the Moldova Trans-Dniester ethnic conflict (late 1980s to early 1990s)". Archived 10 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. In Ethnicity and power in the contemporary world. United Nations University Press.
- ^ "Mircea Snegur: 'Ne-am achitat cu România cu un MiG 29'". 14 October 2011.
- ^ Американцы боятся белорусских танков. Белоруссия американских санкций не боится // Lenta.ru, 1 марта 2002
- ^ Jonson, Lena (25 August 2006). Tajikistan in the New Central Asia. ISBN 9781845112936. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ Inside Al Qaeda: global network of terror, by Rohan Gunaratna, pg. 169
- ^ "Why the Russian Military Failed in Chechnya". Foreign Military Studies Office. Archived from the original on 15 October 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
- ^ Quinn, Rob (12 December 2017). "Putin Announces Russian Withdrawal From Syria". Newser.com. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
- ^ "Assad and Putin Meet, as Russia Pushes to End Syrian War". New York Times. 21 November 2017.
- ^ "How Russian special forces are shaping the fight in Syria". Washington Post. 29 March 2016.
- ^ "Russian military advisors arrive in Mali after French troop reduction". France24. 7 January 2022
- ^ "Russian troops deploy to Burkina Faso". Reuters. 25 January 2024
Sources
- Terentyev, M. (2022). История завоевания Средней Азии [The history of the conquest of Central Asia] (in Russian). Volume 1. ISBN 978-5-4481-1327-7.
- Виталий, Пенской (2020). Ливонская война: Забытые победы Ивана Грозного 1558-1561 гг. Moscow: Москва. ISBN 978-5-00155-260-4.
- Гумилев, Лев (2023). От Руси к России. Moscow: Москва. ISBN 978-5-17-153845-3.
- Alef, Gustave (1983). "The Battle of Suzdal' in 1445. An Episode in the Muscovite War of Succession (1978)". Rulers and nobles in fifteenth century Muscovy. Part II. London: Variorum Reprints. pp. 11–20. ISBN 9780860781202. (first published in Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte 25 (1978) Berlin.)
- Halperin, Charles J. (1987). Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History. p. 222. ISBN 9781850430575. (e-book).
- Katchanovski, Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nesebio, Bohdan Y.; Yurkevich, Myroslav (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Lanham, Maryland; Toronto; Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 992. ISBN 9780810878471. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
- Kohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars. Revised Edition. Londen/New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781135954949.
- Logan, F. Donald (2005). The Vikings in History. New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). p. 205. ISBN 9780415327565. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023. (third edition)
- Martin, Janet (1995). Medieval Russia: 980–1584. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521362768.
- Martin, Janet (2007). Medieval Russia: 980–1584 (E-book) (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-36800-4.
- Martin, Janet (2009b). "From Kiev to Muscovy: The Beginnings to 1450". In Freeze, Gregory (ed.). Russia: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–30. ISBN 978-0-19-150121-0. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023. (third edition)
- Ostrowski, Donald (1993). "Why did the Metropolitan Move from Kiev to Vladimir in the Thirteenth Century". Christianity and the Eastern Slavs. Volume I: Slavic Cultures in the Middle Ages. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 83–101. ISBN 9780520360198. Retrieved 16 May 2023. doi:10.1525/9780520313606-009
- Shaikhutdinov, Marat (23 November 2021). "3.4 Invasion of Tokhtamysh". Between East and West: The Formation of the Moscow State. Academic Studies Press. pp. 104–107. ISBN 9781644697153.