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User:Linshee/List of recognized minority languages by country and territory

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List of countries/regions[edit]

Country Official national Official regional Recognized minority[a] National
 Abkhazia[b] Abkhaz; Russian[1] Abkhaz[1]
 Afghanistan None (de facto: Pashto, Dari)[c]
 Albania Albanian[2] Greek; Macedonian; Aromanian
 Algeria Arabic[3] Arabic; Tamazight[3][4]
 Andorra Catalan[5]
 Angola Portuguese[6]
 Antigua and Barbuda English[7]
 Argentina None (de facto: Spanish)
 Armenia Armenian Assyrian; Greek; Kurdish; Russian; Ukrainian[10] Armenian (state language)[11]
 Republic of Artsakh[b] Armenian; Russian
 Australia None (de facto: English)
 Austria German Burgenland Croatian (parts of Burgenland), Hungarian (parts of Burgenland), Slovene (parts of Carinthia)[10] Slovene, Czech; Hungarian, Slovak; Romani; Serbian German (state language)
 Azerbaijan Azerbaijani Azerbaijani (state language)[12]
Country Official language Regional language Minority language National
 Bahamas English
 Bahrain Arabic
 Bangladesh Bengali Bengali
 Barbados English
 Belarus Belarusian; Russian
 Belgium Dutch, French, German[13]
 Belize English Spanish (border with Mexico and Guatemala)
 Benin French
 Bhutan Dzongkha
 Bolivia[14] Spanish; 37 other languages
 Bosnia and Herzegovina None (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian all have de facto status)[15] Albanian; Czech; German; Hungarian; Italian; Ladino; Polish; Romani; Romanian; Ruthenian; Slovak; Slovene; Turkish; Ukrainian; Yiddish[10]
 Botswana English, Tswana Tswana
 Brazil Portuguese[16] Portuguese
 Brunei Malay; English
 Bulgaria Bulgarian
 Burkina Faso French Fula; Jula; More
 Burundi[37][38] French; Kirundi; English Kirundi
Country Official language Regional language Minority language National
 Cambodia Khmer
 Cameroon English; French
 Canada English; French
 Cape Verde Portuguese Cape Verdean Creole
 Central African Republic French Sango
 Chad Arabic; French
 Chile None (Spanish has de facto status) (Languages of ethnic groups are official in their territories)[39] Spanish
 China Mandarin Chinese Mongolian; Uyghur; Tibetan; Zhuang; Kazakh; Korean
 Christmas Island English, Mandarin Chinese, Malay
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands English, Cocos Malay
 Colombia Spanish (Languages of ethnic groups are official in their territories)[40]
 Comoros Arabic; Comorian; French
 DR Congo French Lingala; Kikongo Swahili; Tshiluba
 Congo French Lingala; Munukutuba
 Cook Islands English, Cook Islands Māori
 Costa Rica Spanish Indigenous languages;[41] Limonese Creole[42]
 Croatia Croatian Czech; German; Hungarian; Boyash Romanian; Istro-Romanian; Italian; Ruthenian; Serbian; Slovak; Slovene; Ukrainian[10] Italian (Istria County); Romani (non-territorial); Slovene (non-territorial)
 Cuba Spanish
 Cyprus Greek;[43] Turkish[43] Armenian;[44] Cypriot Maronite Arabic[44][10]
 Czech Republic Czech[l]; Slovak[l] Belarusian[m] ; Bulgarian[m]; Croatian[m]; German[m]; Greek[m]; Hungarian[m]; Polish[m]; Romani[m]; Russian[m]; Rusyn[m]; Serbian[m]; Ukrainian[m]; Vietnamese[m]; ECRML: Moravian Croatian; German; Polish; Romani; Slovak Czech
Country Official language Regional language Minority language National
 Denmark Danish Faroese (in the Faroe Islands); Kalaallisut (in Greenland) German[10] (in Southern Jutland)
 Djibouti Arabic; French
 Dominica English
 Dominican Republic Spanish
Country Official language Regional language Minority language National
 East Timor Portuguese;[45] Tetum[45]
 Ecuador[46] Spanish; Quechua (official language of intercultural relation) Kichwa (official minority language); Shuar (official minority language)
 Egypt Arabic Coptic Egyptian Language
 El Salvador Spanish
 Equatorial Guinea French; Portuguese; Spanish
 Eritrea Tigrinya
 Estonia Estonian
 Eswatini (Swaziland) English; Swazi
 Ethiopia Afar; Amharic; Oromo; Somali; Tigrinya Afar; Amharic; Benshangul; Gumuz; Harari; Kunama; Oromo; Sidamo; Somali; Tigrinya
Country Official language Regional language Minority language National
 Fiji English; Fijian; Fiji Hindi
 Finland Finnish; Swedish Inari Sami; Karelian; North Sami; Romani; Russian; Skolt Sami; Swedish; Tatar; Yiddish Finnish; Swedish
 France French[47] Corsican language (in Corsica) Franco-Provençal
Country Official language Regional language Minority language National
 Gabon French
 Gambia English
 Georgia Georgian
 Germany German[48] Danish (in Schleswig-Holstein); Lower Sorbian (in Brandenburg); North Frisian (in Schleswig-Holstein); Saterland Frisian (in Lower Saxony); Upper Sorbian (in Saxony); German Sign Language; Low German Danish; Lower Sorbian; North Frisian; Romani;[49] Upper Sorbian ECRML: Danish; Low German; Lower Sorbian; North Frisian; Romani; Sater Frisian; Upper Sorbian
 Ghana English Fante; Asante Twi; Akuapem Twi; Adangme (in Greater Accra); Dagaare (in the Upper West Region); Dagbani (in the Northern Region); Ewe (in the Volta Region); Ga (in the Greater Accra); Gonja (in the Northern Region); Kasem (in the Upper East Region); Nzema (in the Western Region)
 Greece Greek
 Grenada English
 Guatemala Spanish
 Guinea French
 Guinea-Bissau Portuguese
 Guyana English
Country Official language Regional language Minority language National
 Haiti French; Haitian Creole
 Honduras Spanish Garifuna (on the Caribbean Coast); English (in the Bay Islands); Miskito (in Eastern Honduras)
 Hungary Hungarian[50] ECRML: Armenian; Beás; Bulgarian; Croatian; German; Greek; Polish; Romani; Romanian; Ruthenian; Serbian; Slovak; Slovene; Ukrainian Croatian;[51] German;[51] Romanian;[51] Serbian;[51] Slovak;[51] Slovene;[51]
Country Official language Regional language Minority language National
 Iceland Icelandic; Icelandic Sign Language[citation needed]
 India Hindi as official language; Indian English as subsidiary official language 22 Languages see Languages of India None
 Indonesia Indonesian Javanese[52] Indonesian
 Iran Persian
 Iraq Arabic; Kurdish[53] Armenian recognized; Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (in Assyrian areas)[ Iraqi Turkmen (in Turkmen areas); Kurdish[citation needed]
 Ireland[54] Irish; English Irish
 Israel Hebrew Arabic
 Italy Italian French (Aosta Valley); Friulian (Friuli Venezia Giulia); German (South Tyrol, Friuli Venezia Giulia); Ladin (South Tyrol, Trentino); Slovene (Trieste, Gorizia, Friuli Venezia Giulia); Albanian;[55] Catalan;[55] Croatian;[55] Franco-Provençal;[55] Friulian;[55] French;[55] German;[55] Greek;[55] Ladin;[55] Occitan;[55] Sardinian;[55]
Italian Sign Language;[56] Italian Tactile Sign Language[56]

|  Ivory Coast | French | | | |-

! Country ! Official language ! Regional language ! Minority language ! National |- |  Jamaica | English | | | Jamaican Patois |- |  Japan | None (Japanese has de facto status) | | | Japanese |- |  Jordan | Arabic | | | |-

! Country ! Official language ! Regional language ! Minority language ! National |- |  Kazakhstan | Kazakh; Russian | | | Kazakh |- |  Kenya | English | | | Swahili |- |  Kiribati | English | | | Kiribati |- |  North Korea | Korean | | | |- |  South Korea | Korean; Korean Sign Language | | | |- |  Kosovo[b] | Albanian; Serbian | Turkish | | Albanian (nationwide); Serbian (Northern Kosovo) |- |  Kuwait | Standard Arabic | | | Kuwaiti Sign Language; Kuwaiti Arabic; Kuwaiti Persian |- |  Kyrgyzstan | Kyrgyz; Russian | | | Kyrgyz |-

! Country ! Official language ! Regional language ! Minority language ! National |- |  Laos | Lao | | | |- |  Latvia | Latvian[61][62] | | | |- |  Lebanon | Arabic | Arabic | Armenian | Arabic; English; French |- |  Lesotho | Sotho; English | | | Sotho |- |  Liberia | English | | | |- |  Libya | Arabic | | | |- |  Liechtenstein | German | | | |- |  Lithuania | Lithuanian | | | |- |  Luxembourg | French; German; Luxembourgish | | | Luxembourgish |-

! Country ! Official language ! Regional language ! Minority language ! National |- |  Madagascar | French; Malagasy | | | Malagasy |- |  Malawi | English; Chichewa | | | Chichewa |- |  Malaysia | Malay[n] | Regional/State dialects | | Malay |- |  Maldives | Dhivehi | | | |- |  Mali | French | Tamazight (Azawad district) | | |- |  Malta | Maltese; English | | | Maltese |- |  Sovereign Military Order of Malta[b] | Italian | | | |- |  Marshall Islands | English | | | Marshallese |- |  Mauritania | Arabic | | | Arabic; Fula; Soninke; Wolof |- |  Mauritius | English | | | French |- |  Mexico | None (Spanish has de facto status) | | | None (Spanish has de facto status) |- |  Micronesia | English | Chuukese (in Chuuk State); Kosraean (in Kosrae State)' Pohnpeian (in Pohnpei State); Yapese (in Yap State) | | |- |  Moldova | Romanian | Gagauz; Russian; Ukrainian | | |- |  Monaco[64] | French | | | |- |  Mongolia | Mongolian | | | |- |  Montenegro | Montenegrin | Albanian; Bosnian; Croatian; Romani[10] | | |- |  Morocco | Arabic; Tamazight | | | Arabic |- |  Mozambique | Portuguese | | | |- |  Myanmar (Burma) | Burmese | Chin; Kachin; Karen; Karenni; Mon; Rakhine; Shan | | |-

!Country ! Official language ! Regional language ! Minority language ! National |- |  Namibia[65] | English | German; Oshiwambo | | Afrikaans |- |  Nauru | English; Nauruan | | | |- |    Nepal | Nepali[66] | | | all languages spoken as the mother tongue in Nepal[67] |- |  Netherlands | Dutch | English (in Curaçao, Sint Maarten, Sint Eustatius, Saba); Papiamento (in Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire); West Frisian (in Friesland) | Dutch Low Saxon; Dutch Sign Language; Limburgish; Sinte Romani; Yiddish; ECRML: Frisian; Limburgish; Lower Saxon; Romani; Yiddish | |- |  New Zealand | English; Maori; New Zealand Sign Language | | | |- |  Nicaragua | Spanish | | | |- |  Niger | French | | | Arabic; Hausa; Fulfulde; Gulmancema; Kanuri; Zarma; Tamazight |- |  Nigeria | English | | | Hausa; Yoruba; Igbo; Tiv |- |  Niue | English; Niuean | | | |- |  Norfolk Island | English; Norfuk[68] | | | |- |  North Macedonia | Macedonian; Albanian[69] | | | |- |  Northern Cyprus[b] | Turkish | | | |- |  Norway | Norwegian; Sami[70] | Northern Sami (in Kautokeino, Karasjok, Gáivuotna, Kåfjord, Nesseby, Porsanger, Tana, Tysfjord) | Kven; Scandoromani; ECRML: Kven/Finnish; Lule Sami; North Sami; Romanes; Romani; South Sami | Bokmål (written); Nynorsk (written); Sami[70] |-

! Country ! Official language ! Regional language ! Minority language ! National |- |  Oman | Arabic | | | |-

! Country ! Official language ! Regional language ! Minority language ! National |- |  Pakistan | Urdu; English | | | Urdu |- |  Palau | English; Palauan | Sonsorolese (in Sonsorol); Tobian (in Hatohobei); Japanese (in Angaur) | | |- |  Palestine | None (Arabic has de facto status) | | | |- |  Panama | Spanish | | | |- |  Papua New Guinea | English; Hiri Motu; PNG Sign Language; Tok Pisin | | | |- |  Paraguay | Spanish; Guaraní | | | |- |  Peru | Spanish; Aymara; Quechua | | | |- |  Philippines | Filipino; English | Aklanon (in the Visayas); Bikol (in Luzon); Cebuano (in the Visayas and Mindanao); Chavacano (in Mindanao); Hiligaynon (in the Visayas); Ibanag (in Luzon); Ilocano (in Luzon, official in La Union[71]); Ivatan (in Luzon); Kapampangan (in Luzon); Kinaray-a (in the Visayas); Maguindanao (in Mindanao); Maranao (in Mindanao); Pangasinan (in Luzon); Sambal (in Luzon); Tagalog (in Luzon); Tausug (in Mindanao); Waray (in the Visayas); Yakan (in Mindanao) | Arabic[o] (optional language)
Spanish[o] (optional language)
(+ over 100 more minority languages) | Filipino; Filipino Sign Language (national sign language) |- |  Poland | Polish | Kashubian (Pomeranian Voivodeship) | German (Opole Voivodeship); Lithuanian (Puńsk commune); Belarusian (Podlaskie Voivodseship); Czech; Hebrew; Yiddish; Lemko; Karaim; Armenian; Romani; Russian; Slovak; Tatar; Ukrainian | ECRML: Armenian; Belarusian; Czech; German; Karaim; Kashub; Lemko; Lithuanian; Romani; Russian; Slovak; Tatar; Ukrainian; Yiddish |- |  Portugal | Portuguese | Mirandese (Terra de Miranda) | | |-

! Country ! Official language ! Regional language ! Minority language ! National |- |  Qatar | Arabic | | | |-

! Country ! Official language ! Regional language ! Minority language ! National |- |  Romania | Romanian | | Albanian; Armenian; Bulgarian; Croatian; Czech; German; Greek; Hungarian; Italian; Macedonian; Polish; Romani; Russian; Ruthenian; Serbian; Slovak; Tatar; Turkish; Ukrainian; Yiddish[10] | |- |  Russia | Russian | (33 languages) | | |- |  Rwanda | English; French; Kinyarwanda; Swahili | | | |-

! Country ! Official language ! Regional language ! Minority language ! National |- |  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic[b] | Tamazight; Arabic; Spanish | | | |- |  Saint Kitts and Nevis | English | | | |- |  Saint Lucia | English | | | |- |  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | English | | | |- |  Samoa | English | | | Samoan |- |  San Marino | Italian | | | |- |  São Tomé and Príncipe | Portuguese | | | |- |  Saudi Arabia | Arabic | | | |- |  Senegal | French | | | Jola-Fogny; Mandinka; Pulaar; Serer; Soninke; Wolof |- |  Serbia | Serbian | | (15 languages); Albanian; Bosnian; Bulgarian; Bunjevac; Croatian; Czech; German; Hungarian; Macedonian; Romani; Romanian; Ruthenian; Slovak; Ukrainian; Vlach[10] | |- |  Seychelles | English; French; Seychellois Creole | | | |- |  Sierra Leone | English | | | Krio |- |  Singapore | English; Malay; Mandarin Chinese; Tamil | | | Malay |- |  Slovakia | Slovak | | Bulgarian; Croatian; Czech; German; Hungarian; Polish; Romani; Ruthenian; Ukrainian; Yiddish[10] | |- |  Slovenia | Slovene | | Hungarian (Dobrovnik, Hodoš, Lendava); Italian (Izola, Koper, Piran); Croatian (Metlika, Brežice) | Croatian; German; Hungarian; Italian; Romani; Serbian[10] |- |  Solomon Islands | English | | | |- |  Somalia | Arabic | | | Somali |- |  Somaliland[b] | Arabic; English; Somali | | | |- |  South Africa | Afrikaans; English; Southern Ndebele; Sotho; Northern Sotho; Swazi; Tsonga; Tswana; Venda; Xhosa; Zulu | | | |- |  South Ossetia[b] | Ossetian; Russian | Georgian | Georgian | |- |  South Sudan | English | | | Arabic; Bari; Dinka; Luo; Murle; Nuer; Zande; (60 other languages) |- |  Spain | Spanish | Catalan (Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Valencia); Galician (Galicia); Occitan (Catalonia); Basque (Basque Country, Navarra) | Astur-Leonese (Asturias); Aragonese (Aragon); Fala (Province of Cáceres); French; Portuguese | |- |  Sri Lanka | Sinhala; Tamil | | | Sinhala; Tamil |- |  Sudan | Arabic; English | | | |- |  Suriname | Dutch | | | Sranan Tongo |- |  Sweden | Swedish | | Finnish (Gällivare, Haparanda, Kiruna, Pajala, Övertorneå); Meänkieli (Gällivare, Haparanda, Kiruna, Pajala, Övertorneå); Sami (Arjeplog, Gällivare, Jokkmokk, Kiruna) | Finnish; Lule Sami; Meänkeli; North Sami; Romani; South Sami; Yiddish[10] |- |   Switzerland | German; French; Italian; Romansch | German (Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Glarus, Graubünden, Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Saint Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Uri, Valais, Zug, Zürich); French (Bern, Fribourg, Geneva, Jura, Neuchâtel, Valais, Vaud); Italian (Ticino, Graubünden); Romansh (Graubünden) | Franco-Provençal; Yenish | |- |  Syria | Arabic | Kurdish | | |-

! Country ! Official language ! Regional language ! Minority language ! National |- |  Taiwan | None (Mandarin Chinese has de facto status) | | | Taiwanese Mandarin;[p] Taiwanese Hokkien;[p] Taiwanese Hakka;[73] Formosan languages;[74] Taiwan Sign Language; Matsu dialect |- |  Tajikistan | Tajik | | | Tajik |- |  Tanzania | English | | | Swahili |- |  Thailand | Thai | | | |- |  Togo | French | | | |- |  Tokelau | English; Tokelauan | | | |- |  Tonga | English; Tongan | | | |- |  Transnistria[b] | Moldovan; Russian; Ukrainian | | | |- |  Trinidad and Tobago | English | | | |- |  Tunisia | Arabic; French | | | Arabic |- |  Turkey | Turkish | | Kurdish | |- |  Turkmenistan | Turkmen | | | Turkmen |- |  Tuvalu | Tuvaluan; English | | | |-

! Country ! Official language ! Regional language ! Minority language ! National |- |  Uganda | English; Swahili[q] | | | |- |  Ukraine | Ukrainian | Russian (Autonomous Republic of Crimea); Crimean Tatar (Autonomous Republic of Crimea) | Belarusian; Bulgarian; Crimean Tatar; Gagauz; German; Greek; Hungarian; Karaim; Krimchak; Moldovan; Polish; Romani; Romanian; Russian; Ruthenian; Slovakian; Yiddish [10] | |- |  United Arab Emirates | Arabic | | | |- |  United Kingdom and Crown dependencies etc. | None (English has de facto status) | Irish and Ulster-Scots (in Northern Ireland); Scots and Scottish Gaelic (in Scotland); Welsh (in Wales); Pitcairnese (in Pitcairn Islands); Guernésiais and French (in Guernsey); Jèrriais and French (in Jersey); Manx (in Isle of Man) | Cornish; Irish; Manx Gaelic; Scots; Scottish-Gaelic; Ulster-Scots; Welsh[10] | English |- |  United States | None (English has de facto status) | (28 languages) | | |- |  Uruguay | None (Spanish has de facto status) | | | |- |  Uzbekistan |Uzbek | | Uzbek; Karakalpak and Uzbek in Karakalpakstan | |-

! Country ! Official language ! Regional language ! Minority language ! National |- |  Vanuatu | English; French | | | Bislama |- |  Vatican City | Italian | | | |- |  Venezuela | Spanish; Venezuelan Sign Language | | | |- |  Vietnam | Vietnamese | | | Vietnamese |-

! Country ! Official language ! Regional language ! Minority language ! National |- |  Yemen | Arabic | | | |-

! Country ! Official language ! Regional language ! Minority language ! National |- |  Zambia | English | | | |- |  Zanzibar[b] | Swahili | | | |- |  Zimbabwe | Chewa; Chibarwe; English; Kalanga; Khoisan[r];[75] Nambya; Ndau; Ndebele; Shangani; Shona; Sign language;[s] Sotho; Tonga; Tswana; Venda; Xhosa | | | |}

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ includes both nationally and regionally recognized languages
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Independence of this territory is disputed.
  3. ^ official languages of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, which fell on 15 August 2021
  4. ^ a b c São Gabriel da Cachoeira municipality[17][18]
  5. ^ Domingos Martins, Itarana,[19][20] Laranja da Terra, Pancas, Santa Maria de Jetibá,[21] and Vila Pavão municipalities
  6. ^ Tacuru municipality[22]
  7. ^ Canguçu municipality
  8. ^ Santa Maria do Herval municipality[23][24]
  9. ^ Bento Gonçalves municipality[25][26][27]
  10. ^ Pomerode municipality[28]
  11. ^ Antônio Carlos,[29] Caxias do Sul,[30] Flores da Cunha,[31][32][33] and Nova Roma do Sul,[34][35] and Serafina Corréa[36] municipalities
  12. ^ a b Slovak language is defined as official language together with Czech language by several laws – e.g. law 500/2004, 337/1992. Source: http://portal.gov.cz. Cited: "Například Správní řád (zákon č. 500/2004 Sb.) stanovuje: "V řízení se jedná a písemnosti se vyhotovují v českém jazyce. Účastníci řízení mohou jednat a písemnosti mohou být předkládány i v jazyce slovenském..." (§16, odstavec 1). Zákon o správě daní a poplatků (337/1992 Sb.) "Úřední jazyk: Před správcem daně se jedná v jazyce českém nebo slovenském. Veškerá písemná podání se předkládají v češtině nebo slovenštině..." (§ 3, odstavec 1). http://portal.gov.cz
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in front of the courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic). The article 25 of the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms ensures right of the national and ethnic minorities for education and communication with authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (The Administrative Rule) in its paragraph 16 (4) (Procedural Language) ensures, that a citizen of the Czech Republic, who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, have right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. In case that the administrative agency doesn't have an employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 (About The Rights of Members of Minorities) paragraph 9 (The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law) the same applies for the members of national minorities also in front of the courts of law.
  14. ^ Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia designated Malay as the national language. Section 2 of that article allowed English to be used officially until otherwise provided by Parliament. In 1967, the Parliament of Malaysia passed the National Language Act, making Malay the official language of Malaysia. The act does, however, allow the use of English for some official purposes. On 11 July 1990, following the amendment of the National Language Act 1963/67 (Act 32) (Revised in 1971), Malay replaced English as the official language of the courts in West Malaysia. The amending Act provided English to be used in the Courts in West Malaysia where it deems necessary in the interest of Justice. East Malaysia continued using English as the official language in their courts.[63] Since 2007, the official policy is to refer to the national language as the Malaysian language (Bahasa Malaysia), although legislation still refers to the Malay language (Bahasa Melayu).
  15. ^ a b As per the 1987 Constitution which states "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis".[72]
  16. ^ a b Not designated but meets legal definition
  17. ^ Second official according to the Constitution
  18. ^ Refers to the Tjwao dialect
  19. ^ See Zimbabwean sign languages

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Article 6 of the Constitution of Abkhazia (1994)
  2. ^ Article 14, Clause 1 of the Constitution of Albania (1998)
  3. ^ a b Article 3 of the Constitution of Algeria (1996)
  4. ^ Article 3 of the Constitution of Algeria (2002)
  5. ^ Constitution of Andorra (Article 2)
  6. ^ Article 19, Clause 1 of the Constitution of Angola (2010)
  7. ^ Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda, 1981 (Article 29)
  8. ^ "Provincial Law Nº5598" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  9. ^ La Cámara de Diputados de la Provincia del Chaco. Sanciona con fuerza de Ley Nro.6604
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "States Parties to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and their regional or minority languages". Council of Europe. 28 April 2020. Retrieved 21 Nov 2021.
  11. ^ Constitution of Armenia
  12. ^ Constitution of Azerbaijan, Constitution of Azerbaijan (English translation) (Article 21)
  13. ^ a b c d e Constitution of Belgium, in Dutch, French and German Archived 13 April 2003 at the Wayback Machine (Article 4)
  14. ^ "Bolivia: Decreto Supremo Nº 25894, 11 de septiembre de 2000". 11 September 2000. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  15. ^ Footitt, Hilary; Kelly, Michael (2012). Languages at War: Policies and Practices of Language Contacts in Conflict. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 111–120. ISBN 978-0230368774.
  16. ^ According to the Brazilian Constitution, article 13: A língua portuguesa é o idioma oficial da República Federativa do Brasil. "The Portuguese language is the official language of the Federative Republic of Brazil".[1]
  17. ^ Lei municipal oficializa línguas indígenas em São Gabriel da Cachoeira Archived 18 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 24 August 2011
  18. ^ Na Babel brasileira, português é 2ª língua – FLÁVIA MARTIN e VITOR MORENO, enviados especiais a São Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM) Archived 4 June 2012 at archive.today, Retrieved 24 August 2011
  19. ^ Município de Itarana participa de ações do Inventário da Língua Pomerana, Prefeitura Municipal de Itarana
  20. ^ "Lei Municipal nº 1.195/2016 de Itarana/ES". itarana.es.gov.br
  21. ^ Lei dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua pomerana no município de Santa maria de Jetibá, Estado do Espírito Santo Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Município do MS adota o guarani como língua oficial Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 24 August 2011
  23. ^ A sala de aula de alemão para falantes de dialeto: realidades e mitos
  24. ^ "Dialetos Hunsrik e Talian na ofensiva no Sul - Em Santa Maria do Herval, regiăo de Novo Hamburgo, RS, surge forte a mobilizaçăo em favor do Hunsrik - a faceta brasileira/latino-americana do Hunsrückisch. Em Serafina Correa, RS, floresce o talian" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  25. ^ Aprovada em primeira votação projeto que torna o Talian segunda língua oficial de Bento Gonçalves
  26. ^ Co-oficialização do Talian é oficializada pela câmara de Bento Golçalves
  27. ^ "Câmara Bento – Projeto do Executivo é aprovado e Talian se torna a língua co-oficial". Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
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  29. ^ Cooficialização da língua alemã em Antônio Carlos Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ Lei confirma o Talian como segunda língua oficial de Caxias do Sul
  31. ^ "Talian pode ser língua cooficial de Flores da Cunha". Archived from the original on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  32. ^ Talian é língua cooficial de Flores da Cunha
  33. ^ "Flores da Cunha (RS) - Projeto pretende instituir o "Talian" como língua co oficial no Município". Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  34. ^ Lei Nº 1310 de 16 de outubro de 2015 - Dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua do "talian", à língua portuguesa, no município de Nova Roma do Sul"
  35. ^ O Talian agora é a língua co-oficial de Nova Roma do Sul, município de Nova Roma do Sul
  36. ^ Vereadores aprovam o talian como língua co-oficial do município Archived 30 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 21 August 2011
  37. ^ "Article 5" (PDF). Constitution of Burundi. 2005.
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  39. ^ Indigenal Act, art. 28
  40. ^ Constitution of Colombia, 1991 (Article 10)
  41. ^ "Costa Rica 1949 (rev. 2011)". Constitute. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  42. ^ Asamblea Legislativa Costa Rica. "APRUEBAN EL RECONOCIMIENTO DE LA LENGUA CRIOLLA LIMONENSE". Youtube. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  43. ^ a b The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus (PDF). 1960. art. 3, § 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  44. ^ a b "Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus", Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research, retrieved 11 August 2013
  45. ^ a b Constitution of Timor-Leste, section 13
  46. ^ Constitution of Ecuador 2008 Archived 17 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, (Article 2)
  47. ^ Constitution of France (Article 2)
  48. ^ Though not explicitly specified in the constitution, this is regulated in §23 Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz (Administrative Procedures Act)
  49. ^ Publication by Ministry of the Interior (in German) Archived 3 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ Constitution of Hungary, Article H - http://www.kormany.hu/download/4/c3/30000/THE%20FUNDAMENTAL%20LAW%20OF%20HUNGARY.pdf
  51. ^ a b c d e f Recognized by Hungary as minority language by the Ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages by the Hungarian Parliament - Resolution 35/1995, 7 April 1995 - http://www.complex.hu/kzldat/o95h0035.htm/o95h0035_0.htm Archived 17 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  52. ^ "Regional Regulation of Yogyakarta Special Region Number 2 Year about Preservation and Development of Javanese Language, Literature, and Script".
  53. ^ Constitution of Iraq, Article 4(1st)
  54. ^ Constitution of Ireland Archived 17 July 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive (Article 8)
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  61. ^ Priedīte, Aija (2005). "Surveying Language Attitudes and Practices in Latvia". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 26 (5): 409–424. doi:10.1080/01434630508668413. S2CID 145660793. In 1992, following further amendments to this directive, Latvian was established as the only official language. It took Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development seven more years before the State language law was adopted in 1999, with further amendments in the years 2000, 2001 and 2002.
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