Jump to content

List of longest-reigning monarchs

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the current reigning monarchs, see List of current reigning monarchs by length of reign.

Louis XIV, the longest-reigning sovereign monarch whose reign is verifiable by exact date

This is a list of the longest-reigning monarchs in history, detailing the monarchs and lifelong leaders who have reigned the longest, ranked by length of reign.

Monarchs of sovereign states with verifiable reigns by exact date

[edit]

The following are the 25 longest-reigning monarchs of states who were internationally recognised as sovereign for most or all of their reign. Byzantine emperors Constantine VIII and Basil II, reigning for 66 years in total (962–1028) and for 65 years in total (960–1025) respectively, are not included, because for part of those periods they reigned only nominally as junior co-emperors alongside senior emperors.

Regencies are not counted against monarchs, hence Louis XIV is listed first among the monarchs of sovereign states despite his mother Anne of Austria being his regent for eight years. A distinction is not made between absolute and constitutional monarchs, hence Elizabeth II is listed second despite being a figurehead her entire reign.

The currently living longest-reigning monarch, Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei, is not included on the list because Brunei was not a sovereign state until 1984. Bolkiah will be eligible for inclusion if he is still reigning in 2040 and surpasses Conrad I's independent rule of 56 years, 99 days.

No. Portrait Name State Reign Duration Ref.
From To (days) (years, days)
1 Louis XIV
14 May 1643 1 September 1715 26,407 72 years, 110 days [1]
2 Elizabeth II
[a] 		6 February 1952 8 September 2022 25,782 70 years, 214 days[b] [2][3][4]
3 Bhumibol Adulyadej  Thailand 9 June 1946 13 October 2016 25,694 70 years, 126 days [5]
4 Johann II  Liechtenstein 12 November 1858 11 February 1929 25,658 70 years, 91 days [6]
5 Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I Palenque (Mexico) 27 July 615[c] 29 August 683 24,870 68 years, 33 days [7][9]
6 Franz Joseph I
2 December 1848 21 November 1916 24,825 67 years, 355 days [10]
7 Chan Imix Kʼawiil Copán (Honduras) 5 February 628[d] 15 June 695 24,602 67 years, 130 days [13][14]
8 Ferdinand III
6 October 1759 4 January 1825 23,831 65 years, 90 days [15]
9 Victoria  United Kingdom 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 23,226 63 years, 216 days [16]
10 James I Crown of Aragon 12 September 1213 27 July 1276 22,964 62 years, 319 days [17]
11 Emperor Shōwa[e]
  Empire of Japan (1926–1947)
 Japan (1947–1989) 		25 December 1926 7 January 1989 22,659 62 years, 13 days [18]
12 Kangxi Emperor[f]  China 5 February 1661 20 December 1722 22,597 61 years, 318 days [19]
13 Honoré III  Monaco 29 December 1731 13 January 1793 22,296 61 years, 15 days [20][21]
14 Itzamnaaj Bahlam III[g] Yaxchilan (Mexico) 20 October 681[h] 15 June 742 22,153 60 years, 238 days [11]
15 Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat Quiriguá (Guatemala) 29 December 724[i] 27 July 785 22,125 60 years, 210 days [22][23]
16 Qianlong Emperor[j]  China 18 October 1735 9 February 1796[k] 22,029 60 years, 114 days [24]
17 Christian IV  Denmark–Norway 4 April 1588 28 February 1648 21,879 59 years, 330 days [25]
18 George III
25 October 1760 29 January 1820 21,644 59 years, 96 days [26]
19 Louis XV
1 September 1715 10 May 1774 21,436 58 years, 251 days [27]
20 Pedro II  Brazil 7 April 1831 15 November 1889 21,407 58 years, 222 days [28]
21 Al-Mustansir Billah Fatimid Caliphate (Egypt) 13 June 1036[m] 29 December 1094 21,383 58 years, 199 days [29][30]
22 Nicholas I
13 August 1860 26 November 1918 21,288 58 years, 105 days [33]
23 Wilhelmina  Netherlands 23 November 1890 4 September 1948 21,104 57 years, 286 days [34]
24 James VI  Scotland[n] 24 July 1567 27 March 1625 21,066 57 years, 246 days [35]
25 Conrad I Burgundy 12 July 937[o] 19 October 993 20,553 56 years, 99 days [36]

Monarchs of dependent or constituent states with verifiable reigns by exact date

[edit]

The table below contains 100 monarchs of states that were not independent sovereigns for at least a portion of their reigns.

Sobhuza II, the longest-reigning monarch ever whose reign is verifiable by exact date
No. Portrait Name State Reign Duration Ref.
From To (days) (years, days)
1 Sobhuza II[p]  Swaziland (British protectorate until 1968) 10 December 1899 21 August 1982 30,204 82 years, 254 days [38]
2 Bernhard VII Lippe (Holy Roman Empire) 11 August 1429 2 April 1511 29,819 81 years, 234 days [39]
3 Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo Chotanagpur (British Raj) 9 July 1869 21 September 1950 29,658 81 years, 74 days [40]
4 Maeda Tsunanori Kaga Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan) 30 April 1645 29 June 1724 [q] 28,914 79 years, 60 days [41]
5 William IV Henneberg-Schleusingen (Holy Roman Empire) 26 May 1480 24 January 1559 28,732 78 years, 243 days [39]
6 Karansinhji II Vajirajji Lakhtar State [r] 15 June 1846 8 August 1924 28,543 78 years, 54 days [42]
7 Heinrich XI[s] Reuss-Obergreiz (Holy Roman Empire) 17 March 1723 28 June 1800 28,227 77 years, 103 days [43][44][39]
8 Idrus ibni Muhammad Al-Qadri [ms] Tampin (Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia) (part of British Malaya until 1957) 31 May 1929 26 December 2005 27,968 76 years, 209 days [39]
9 Christian August Palatinate-Sulzbach (Holy Roman Empire) 14 August 1632 23 April 1708 27,635 75 years, 243 days [39]
10 Bishan Chandra Jenamuni Rairakhol State [r] 13 March 1825 10 June 1900 27,482 75 years, 89 days [45]
11 Charles I Eu (France) 16 June 1397 25 July 1472 27,433 75 years, 39 days [46]
12 Mudhoji IV Rao Naik Nimbalkar Phaltan State [r] 7 December 1841 17 October 1916 27,342 74 years, 315 days [39]
13 Eugen Erwein the Posthumous Schönborn-Heusenstamm (Holy Roman Empire) 27 January 1727 25 July 1801 27,207 74 years, 179 days [47]
14 Bhagvatsingh Sahib Gondal State (British Raj) 14 December 1869 10 March 1944 27,114 74 years, 87 days [39]
15 George William Schaumburg-Lippe [t][u] 13 February 1787 21 November 1860 26,944 73 years, 282 days [39]
16 Charles Frederick Baden (Holy Roman Empire until 1806) 12 May 1738 10 June 1811 26,691 73 years, 29 days [39]
17 John I Leuchtenberg (Holy Roman Empire) 23 November 1334 2 December 1407 26,671 73 years, 9 days [48]
18 John III Louis Nassau-Saarbrücken (Holy Roman Empire) 19 October 1472 4 June 1545 26,526 72 years, 228 days[v] [49]
19 Itō Nagatomo [ja] Okada Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan) 17 July 1778 19 July 1850 26,299 72 years, 2 days [50]
20 Henry Frederick Hohenlohe-Langenburg (Holy Roman Empire) 29 January 1628 2 June 1699 26,057 71 years, 124 days [51]
21 Jagatjit Singh Kapurthala State (British Raj) 3 September 1877 20 August 1948 25,918 70 years, 352 days[w] [53]
22 Parashuramrao Shrinivas I Aundh State (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 30 August 1777 11 June 1848 25,852 70 years, 286 days [54]
23 Henryk IX Starszy Żagań-Głogów (Bohemia) 14 March 1397 11 November 1467 25,809 70 years, 242 days [55]
24 Werner von Salm-Reifferscheidt [bg] Salm-Reifferscheid (Holy Roman Empire) 31 October 1559 16 December 1629 25,614 70 years, 46 days [56]
25 Carl I August Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach[x] 28 May 1758 14 June 1828 25,584 70 years, 17 days [57]
26 George I Anhalt-Dessau (Holy Roman Empire) 19 January 1405 21 September 1474 25,447 69 years, 245 days [58]
27 Alberico I Massa and Carrara (Holy Roman Empire) 15 June 1553 18 January 1623 25,409 69 years, 207 days [59]
28 Sanada Yukimichi Matsuhiro Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan) 8 March 1658 15 July 1727 25,330 69 years, 129 days [60]
29 Heinrich Joseph Johann Principality of Auersperg (Holy Roman Empire) 6 November 1713 9 February 1783 25,297 69 years, 95 days [61]
30 Frederick III Inner Austria (Holy Roman Empire) 10 June 1424 19 August 1493 25,272 69 years, 70 days [62][63]
31 George William Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (Holy Roman Empire) 16 December 1600 25 December 1669 25,211 69 years, 9 days [64]
32 Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne Duchy of Bouillon (Holy Roman Empire, later France) 9 August 1652 26 July 1721 25,187 68 years, 351 days [65]
33 Frederick V Hesse-Homburg [y] 7 February 1751 20 January 1820 25,183 68 years, 347 days [66]
34 John Louis Volrad Löwenstein-Wertheim-Virneburg (Holy Roman Empire) 31 March 1721 4 February 1790 25,147 68 years, 310 days [67]
35 Vikramatji Khimojiraj Porbandar State[r] 20 June 1831 21 April 1900 25,142 68 years, 305 days [68]
36 Krishnaraja Wodeyar III Kingdom of Mysore (Princely State of East India Company after 1831; British Raj after 1857) 30 June 1799 27 March 1868 25,107 68 years, 271 days [69]
37 Johann Friedrich [de] Castell-Rüdenhausen (Holy Roman Empire) 10 January 1681 23 June 1749 25,000 68 years, 164 days [70]
38 Chintaman Rao I Patwardhan Sangli State (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 6 February 1783 15 July 1851 24,995 68 years, 159 days [71]
39 Otto II the One-Eyed Brunswick-Göttingen (Holy Roman Empire) 13 November 1394 6 February 1463 24,922 68 years, 85 days [72]
40 Sawant Singh Pratapgarh State (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 26 October 1775 5 January 1844 24,907 68 years, 71 days [73]
41 Christian Karl Reinhard Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg (Holy Roman Empire) 3 November 1698 17 November 1766 24,850 68 years, 14 days [74]
42 Raja Ram Singh Bundi State [r] 14 May 1821 28 March 1889 24,790 67 years, 318 days [75]
43 Malietoa Tanumafili II  Samoa 5 July 1939 11 May 2007 24,782 67 years, 310 days [76][77]
44 Vakhatsinhji Meghrajji Vallabhipura State (British Raj) 20 August 1875 5 June 1943 24,760 67 years, 289 days [78]
45 Ernest II Oettingen-Wallerstein (Holy Roman Empire) 14 October 1602 3 March 1670 24,612 67 years, 140 days [79]
46 Philip I Lippe-Alverdissen (1613-1640)
Schaumburg-Lippe (1640-1681) (Holy Roman Empire) 		7 December 1613 10 April 1681 24,596 67 years, 124 days [80][81]
47 Henry III Margraviate of Meissen (Holy Roman Empire) 18 February 1221 15 February 1288 24,468 66 years, 362 days [82][83]
48 Eleanor[z] Aquitaine (France) 9 April 1137 1 April 1204 24,464 66 years, 358 days [84]
49 Sulaiman Sharif ul-'Alam Shah Sultanate of Serdang (part of Dutch East Indies until 1945 and part of Indonesia since 1945) 20 December 1879 13 October 1946 24,403 66 years, 297 days [85]
50 Augustus Anhalt-Plötzkau (Holy Roman Empire) 6 December 1586 22 August 1653 24,366 66 years, 259 days [86]
51 Amarsinhji Banesinhji[aa] Wankaner State (British Raj) 12 June 1881 15 February 1948 24,353 66 years, 248 days [87]
52 Frederick I Helfenstein-Wiesensteig (Holy Roman Empire) 7 April 1372 20 August 1438 24,240 66 years, 135 days
53 Khengarji III Cutch (British Raj) 19 December 1875 15 January 1942 24,133 66 years, 27 days [88]
54 Philip I Brunswick-Grubenhagen (Holy Roman Empire) 15 August 1485 4 September 1551 24,125 66 years, 20 days
55 William IV the Victorious Brunswick-Lüneburg (Holy Roman Empire) 14 October 1416 25 July 1482 24,025 65 years, 284 days [89]
56 Leopold III Anhalt-Dessau (Holy Roman Empire) 16 December 1751 9 August 1817 23,977 65 years, 236 days [90][91]
57 Makino Tadakiyo Nagaoka Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan) 5 August 1766 17 August 1831 23,752 65 years, 12 days [92]
58 Obizzo I d'Este [it; fr] Este and Ferrara (Holy Roman Empire) 15 December 1128 25 December 1193 23,751 65 years, 10 days [93]
59 Jean I Duchy of Brittany (France) 21 October 1221 8 October 1286 23,728 64 years, 352 days
60 Frederick William Hohenzollern-Hechingen (Holy Roman Empire) 24 January 1671 14 November 1735 23,669 64 years, 294 days
61 Johann Seyfried von Eggenberg [bg; it; cs] Eggenberg (Holy Roman Empire) 5 February 1649 5 November 1713 23,648 64 years, 273 days [94]
62 Gangadharrao II Patwardhan Miraj Senior (British Raj) 6 June 1875 11 December 1939 23,563 64 years, 188 days [95]
63 Marguerite Charlotte Ligny (France) 23 May 1616 16 November 1680 23,553 64 years, 177 days
64 Marie II County of Soissons (France) 25 October 1482 1 April 1547 23,534 64 years, 158 days [96]
65 Vishwanath Singh Bahadur Chhatarpur State (British Raj) 4 November 1867 4 April 1932 23,527 64 years, 152 days [97]
66 Frederick II Magnus Salm-Neuweiler (Holy Roman Empire) 26 October 1608 25 January 1673 23,467 64 years, 91 days
67 Oda Nobuhisa Obata Domain (Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan) 6 August 1650 17 August 1714 23,386 64 years, 11 days
68 Ibrahim Johor, Malaysia (part of British Malaya until 1957) 4 June 1895 8 May 1959 23,348 63 years, 338 days
69 Sayajirao Gaekwad III Baroda State (British Raj) 27 May 1875 6 February 1939 23,265 63 years, 256 days
70 Albert Anton Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (Holy Roman Empire) 4 November 1646 24 June 1710 23,242 63 years, 232 days
71 Anthony Günther Duchy of Oldenburg (Holy Roman Empire) 12 November 1603 19 June 1667 23,230 63 years, 219 days
72 Frederick Augustus I[ab] Saxony[ac] 17 December 1763 5 May 1827 23,149 63 years, 139 days
73 Matilda Tuscany (Holy Roman Empire De jure) 6 May 1052 24 July 1115 23,088 63 years, 79 days
74 Johann Gerhard Manderscheid-Gerolstein-Bettingen (Holy Roman Empire) 30 July 1648 5 October 1711 23,076 63 years, 67 days
75 Ludwig I Principality of Anhalt (Holy Roman Empire) 6 December 1586 7 January 1650 23,043 63 years, 32 days [98]
76 Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa  Bahrain[ad] 1 December 1869 9 December 1932 [ae] 23,018 63 years, 8 days
77 Charles III Upper Lorraine (Holy Roman Empire) 12 June 1545 14 May 1608 22,972 62 years, 327 days
78 Philip II Isenburg-Birstein (Holy Roman Empire) 18 May 1533 5 April 1596 22,968 62 years, 323 days
79 Johann Friedrich II Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen (Holy Roman Empire) 17 October 1702 24 August 1765 22,957 62 years, 311 days
80 Philipp Ernst Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (Holy Roman Empire) 21 February 1697 29 November 1759 22,925 62 years, 281 days
81 Bernhard II Saxe-Meiningen[af] 24 December 1803 20 September 1866 22,916 62 years, 270 days
82 Philip II Nassau-Weilburg (Holy Roman Empire) 2 July 1429 19 March 1492 22,906 62 years, 261 days[ag]
83 Nicolas Leopold I [de] Salm-Hoogstraat (Holy Roman Empire) 6 June 1707 4 February 1770 22,889 62 years, 243 days
84 Philip Joseph Salm-Kyrburg (Holy Roman Empire) 16 October 1716 7 June 1779 22,879 62 years, 234 days
85 Christian II Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler (Holy Roman Empire) 6 September 1654 26 April 1717 22,877 62 years, 232 days
86 Léopold Philippe Arenberg (Holy Roman Empire) 19 August 1691 4 March 1754 22,842 62 years, 197 days
87 Hafiz Muhammad Ibrahim Ali Khan Bahadur Tonk State (British Raj) 20 December 1867 23 June 1930 22,830 62 years, 185 days
88 Rudolf I Bregenz-Chur-Lower Raetia (Holy Roman Empire) 28 October 1097 27 April 1160 22,826 62 years, 182 days
89 Hosokawa Tsunatoshi [ja] Kumamoto Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan) 28 January 1650 11 July 1712 22,809 62 years, 165 days
90 Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi Ras Al Khaimah (United Arab Emirates) 17 July 1948 27 October 2010 22,747 62 years, 102 days
91 Nahar Singh Shahpura State (British Raj) 21 April 1870 24 June 1932 22,709 62 years, 64 days
92 Johann Christian I Eggenberg (Holy Roman Empire) 5 February 1649 14 December 1710 22,591 61 years, 312 days [citation needed]
93 Tuanku Abdul Hamid Halim Shah  Kedah Kedah Sultanate (British Malaya) 22 September 1881 13 May 1943 22,512 61 years, 233 days
94 John Dominic Salm-Kyrburg (Holy Roman Empire) 16 October 1716 2 June 1778 22,509 61 years, 229 days
95 Philipp IV Waldeck-Wildungen (Holy Roman Empire) 28 May 1513 30 November 1574 22,466 61 years, 186 days
96 Wakhatsinhji II Dalelsinhji Lunavada State (British Raj) 31 October 1867 27 April 1929 22,458 61 years, 178 days
97 Ludwig Gustav Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (Holy Roman Empire) 20 September 1635 21 February 1697 22,435 61 years, 154 days
98 Paku Alam VIII Pakualaman (part of Dutch East Indies until 1945 and part of Indonesia since 1945) 12 April 1937 11 September 1998 22,432 61 years, 152 days
99 Kamei Koremasa Tsuwano Domain (Tokugawa shogunate, Japan) 22 September 1619 6 February 1681 22,418 61 years, 137 days
100 Victor Amadeus Anhalt-Bernburg (Holy Roman Empire) 22 September 1656 14 February 1718 22,414 61 years, 135 days

Monarchs whose exact dates of rule are unknown

[edit]

These monarchs are grouped according to length of reign by year in whole numbers. Within each year-grouping, they appear alphabetically. In a given year, there may have been a wide array of actual reign lengths based on days. Thus, this table does not present a precise ranking by total length of reign. The list is limited to those that might reasonably be expected to lie within the range of those in the tables above, at minimum 56 years. Emphasised states were sovereign. Japanese legendary emperors, according to the ancient Japanese calendar, reigned for very long terms of 60–70 years each. The longest ruler of the legendary emperors, Emperor Kōan, was claimed to have reigned for about 101 years. These figures are not included in the table because they are regarded as inaccurate by modern scholars. For those, see Longevity myths. Rulers with both independent and dependent rules are combined.

Portrait Name Country Reign Duration
(approx. years) 		Ref.
from to
Min Hti[99] Launggyet Dynasty of Arakan (Myanmar) 1279 1374 95 years [99]
Pepi II Neferkare[ah] Egypt (Old Kingdom) 2278 BC 2184 BC (disputed) 94 years (disputed) [100]
Taejo[ai] Goguryeo (Korea) 53 146[aj] (disputed) 93 years (disputed) [101]
Nintoku[ak]  Japan (Kofun period) 313 (disputed) 399 (disputed) 86 years (disputed) [102]
Abd al-Muttalib Quraysh (Mecca, Saudi Arabia) 497 578 81 years [103]
Ermanaric[al] Oium (Ukraine) 296 (disputed) 376 80 years (disputed) [104]
Hanayos Hariphunchai (Thailand) 669 (disputed)[am] 749 [105]
Jangsu Goguryeo (Korea) 412 491 79 years [106]
Sigismondo III Este and San Martino in Rio (Holy Roman Empire) 1653 28 August 1732 [107]
An Dương Vương Âu Lạc (Vietnam) 257 BC (disputed) 179 BC (disputed) 78 years (disputed) [108]
Abu'l-Jaysh Ishaq ibn Ibrahim Ziyadid dynasty (Yemen) 904 981 77 years [109]
Azmat Tallah Khan Rajouri (Mughal Empire) 1683 12 November 1760 [110]
Mirian III Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia) 284 361 [111]
Raisingh Deo Patna (Mughal Empire, later Maratha Empire) 1685 1762 [112]
Jadunath Singh Mangaraj Khandpara (Mughal Empire) 1599 1675 76 years [113]
John Philip I Stadion (Holy Roman Empire) 1666 2 January 1742 [114]
Mulla Ismail Dir
(Mughal Empire) 		1676 1752 [115]
William I the Elder Sayn-Wittgenstein (Holy Roman Empire) 1494 18 April 1570 [116]
Raja Abhiram Singh Saraikela (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 1743 1818 75 years [117]
Sauromaces I Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia) 234 BC 159 BC [119]
Tai Wu Shang dynasty (China) 1486 BC (disputed) 1411 BC (disputed) [120]
Vakhtang I Gorgasali Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia) 447 522 [121]
Uthiyan Cheralathan Chera dynasty (India) 55 130 [122]
Johann III Sponheim-Starkenburg (Holy Roman Empire) 1324 30 December 1398 74 years [123]
Yo-Tha Hariphunchai (Thailand) 1197 1271 [122]
Afonso I Henriques County of Portugal (1112–1139)
Kingdom of Portugal (1139-1185) 		1112[an] 6 December 1185 73 years [124][125]
Deria Hassan Isaaq Sultanate (British Somaliland from 1884) 1870 1943 [126]
Gangesvara Anantvarman Chodaganga Deva Eastern Ganga (India) 1077 1150 [127]
Tezozomoc Azcapotzalco (Mexico) 1353 (disputed) 1426 [128]
Frederick Charles Bentheim-Bentheim (Holy Roman Empire) 1731 19 February 1803 72 years
Grigor II Syunik (Armenia) 1094 1166 [129]
Raja Sang Tawal (Abdullah)  Kelantan (Malaysia) 1267 1339 [130]
Arwa al-Sulayhi Sulayhid Sultanate (Yemen) 1067 5 May 1138 71 years [131]
Heinrich VIII the Noble Fürstenberg-Wolfach (Holy Roman Empire) Late 1419 30 November 1490 [132]
Ngawang Tashi Drakpa Phagmodrupa dynasty of Tibet (China) 1491
1556 		1554
1564 		[133]
Huan State of Qi (China) 637 BC 567 BC 70 years [134]
John III [de] Aarberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1427 1497 [135]
John Ulrich Stadion (Holy Roman Empire) 1530[ao] 1600 [114]
Muhtarram Shah Kator I Chitral (Mughal Empire) 1585 1655 [136]
Niandfo Oubritenga (Nigeria) 1441 1511 [137]
Pandukabhaya Kingdom of Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka) 437 BC 367 BC [138]
Shapur II[ap] Sasanian Empire (Iran) 309 379 [139]
Tshudpud Namgyal Kingdom of Sikkim[aq] 1793 1863 [140]
Gerlach IV Isenburg-Grenzau (1220-1258)
Isenburg-Limburg (1258-1289)
(Holy Roman Empire) 		1220 1289 69 years [141]
Henry VI County of Gorizia (Holy Roman Empire) 6 May 1385 1454 [142]
Jai Chandra Katoch Lambagraon-Kangra (British Raj) 1864 1933 [143]
Simon I County of Lippe (Holy Roman Empire) 1275 10 August 1344 [144]
Alberto Azzo II Margraviate of Milan and Este
(Holy Roman Empire) 		1029 20 August 1097 68 years [145]
Bernard Strzelce, Niemodlin, and South Poland (Holy Roman Empire) 21 October 1382 1450 [146]
Bhagirathi Birabara Harichandan Talcher State (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 1778 1846 [147]
Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II Kedah Sultanate (Malaysia) 1710 1778 [148]
Hkun Ti Mongpawn (Myanmar) 1860 1928 [149]
Louis II Stadion (Holy Roman Empire) 1260 1328 [114]
Malojirao III Mudhol State (Maratha Empire) 1737 1805 [150]
Eberhard II Arenberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1387 1454 67 years [151]
Gopal Singha Dev II Mallabhum State[r] 1809 1876 [152]
Osman Mahamuud/
Uthman III ibn Mahmud 		Majeerteen Sultanate
(Italian Somaliland from 1889) 		1860 30 September 1927 [153]
Maha Singh Jhabua State (Mughal Empire) 1610 1677 [154][155]
Sultan Abdul Kadir Moh Aidid Sultanate of Gowa (Dutch East Indies) 1826 30 January 1893 [156]
Mahmud Iskandar Shah  Perak (Malaysia) 1653 1720 [157]
Eberhard I Katzenelnbogen Junior (Holy Roman Empire) 1245 23 August 1311 66 years [158]
Jing Song State (China) 517 451[ar] [159]
Otto I Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1318 1384 [160]
Ramesses II Egypt (New Kingdom) 31 May 1279 BC[161][162] Late July or Early August 1213 BC[163] [163]
Robert I[as] Duchy of Bar (Holy Roman Empire) December 1344 12 April 1411 [164]
Togbi Amedor Kpegla I Anlo Ewe (Ghana) 1840 22 January 1906 [165]
Zhao Tuo[at] Nanyue 203 BC 137 BC [166]
Catherine De' Medici Auvergne (France) 1524 [au] 5 January 1589 65 years [167]
Haydar Mohammad Khan Bahadur Pathari State[r] 1794 1859 [168]
Matilda I Nevers (France) 1192 1257 [169]
Raja Miyan Syed Nuruddin Ali Tarakote Raj[r] 1804 21 January 1869 [170]
Raja Raj Ram Singh I Sitamau State [r] 1802 1867 [171]
Nandivarman II Pallava Empire (India) 731 796 [172]
Pharnavaz I Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia) 299 BC 234 BC [173][174]
Zhao Song State (China) 469 BC[av] 404 BC [175]
Albert V Anhalt-Dessau (Holy Roman Empire) 19 January 1405 1469 64 years [58]
Amoghavarsha Rashtrakuta Empire (India) 814 878 [176]
Henry VI Henneberg-Aschach-Römhild
(Holy Roman Empire) 		1292 1356 [177]
Udai Chand Beja[r] 1841 20 June 1905 [178]
Zhuang I State of Qi (China) 794 BC 730 BC [179]
Andrew I Vitré (France) 1072 1135 63 years
Bagauda/Yakano Kingdom of Kano (Nigeria) 998/999 1063/1064 [aw]
Fahrettin Behramşah Mengüjek (Turkey) 1162 1225 [183]
Ganapati Deva Kakatiya Dynasty (India) 1199 1262 [184]
George Frederick Kirchberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1686 1749
Mahmud III Mali Empire 1496 1559 [185]
Zombré Wogodogo (Nigeria) 1681 1744 [186]
Pradip Shah  Garhwal Kingdom (Maratha Empire) 1709 1772 [187]
Raja Rampalji Bahadur Kutlehar State (British Raj) 1864 22 November 1927 [188]
Sripurusha Western Ganga (India) 725 788 [189]
Vijaya Sena Sena dynasty (India) 1096 1159 [190]
Bhola Bhima II Gurjaradesa (India) 1178 1240 62 years [191]
Georg II Montfort-Pfannberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1482 May 1544 [192]
Gopal Lal Kamta-Rajaula State [r] 1812 23 October 1874 [193]
King Oldman Miskito Nation (Nicaragua and Honduras) 1625 1687 [194]
Prithvi Shah  Garhwal Kingdom (Mughal Empire) 1552 1614 [187]
Abdul Jalilul Akbar  Brunei 1597 1659 61 years [195]
Askia Hanga the Great Dendi State (Niger) 1700 1761
Bhavsinhji I Ratanji Bhavnagar State (Mughal Empire) 1703 1764
Chera Udaya Martanda Varma Venadu Chera (India) 1383 1444
Cleomenes II Sparta (Greece) 370 BC 309 BC
Donnchadh MacMurrough Kavanagh Laighin (Ireland) 1417 1478
Francis William Salm-Reifferscheid-Bedbur
(Holy Roman Empire) 		1673 1734
Hyeokgeose Geoseogan Silla (Korea) 57 BC 4
Leon II Abasgia (767-778), Abkhazia (778-828) 767 828
Peter II Urgell (Catalonia, Spain) 1347 June 1408
Orontes III Armenia 321 BC 260 BC
Otto I Solms-Braunfels (Holy Roman Empire) 1349 1410
Rao Shri Vijayraj Singh Sirohi (India) 1250 1311
Ravi Varma Chera Venadu Chera (India) 1252 1313
Winnemar Manderscheid (Holy Roman Empire) 1206 1267
Adesida I Kingdom of Akure (Nigeria) 22 June 1897 1957 60 years
Aescwine Kingdom of Essex (England) 527 587
Ali ibn Dawud I Kilwa Sultanate (Tanzania) 1023 1083
Avinita Western Ganga (India) 469 529
Cleopatra II Egypt (Ptolemaic) 175 BC 115 BC
Cynan Garwyn Kingdom of Powys (Wales) 550 610
Kotokuhene Nana Attafua Akyem Kotoku (Ghana) 1867 25 September 1927
Padam Singh Bundela Jigni State (Mughal Empire) 1730 1790
Friedrich I Salm-Blankenburg (Holy Roman Empire) 1210 1270
Friedrich II County of Castell (Holy Roman Empire) 1289 1349 [196]
Gerhard I Schwarzburg–Hallermund (Holy Roman Empire) 1266 1326
Gopinath Birabara Harichandan Talcher State (India) 1651 1711
Gusti Ngurah Agung II Tabanan (Dutch East Indies) Mid 1843 21 November 1903
Heinrich II Salm-Blankenburg (Holy Roman Empire) 1301 1361
Hiero II Syracuse (Sicily, Italy) 275 BC 215 BC
Henry I Isenburg-Cleeberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1167 1227 [141]
Khingila I Alchon Huns (India) 430 490
Kilhan Dhundhar (India) 1216 1276
Krishna Chandra Mardraj Harichandan[197] Nilagiri State[r] 1833 1893
Ludwig Salm-Blankenburg (Holy Roman Empire) 1443 1503
Mayadunne Kingdom of Sitawaka (Sri Lanka) 1521 1581
Mölambo Bubi Kingdom (Nigeria) 1700 1760
Mutasiva Anuradhapura Kingdom (Sri Lanka) 367 BC 307 BC
Pawl Kingdom of Glywysing (Wales) 480 540
Phromkuman Singhanavati (Thailand) 1029 1089
Pravarsena I the Great Vakataka (India) 275 335
Sophie County of Bar (Holy Roman Empire) 1033 1093
Sri Pravarasena II Alchon Huns (India) 530 590
Vanaraja Chavada/Anahilawada (India) 846 906
Vanghoji II Rao Phaltan State (Mughal Empire) 1570 1630
Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladithya Kodungallur Chera (India) 962 1021 59 years
Kulashekara Alupendra I Alupa dynasty 1156 1215
Bu Jiang Xia dynasty (China) 1890 BC 1831 BC
David I Anhoghin Tashir-Dzoraget (Armenia) 989 1048
Kulottunga I Eastern Chalukyas, then Cholas 1061 1120
Eberhard IV Werdenberg-Trochtelfingen
(Holy Roman Empire) 		October 1416 Winter 1475
Harisingh Vidyadhara Dhenkanal State (India) 1531 1590 [198][199]
Himiko Yamatai (Japan) 189 248
Hu State of Chen (China) 1045 BC 986 BC
Gerlach II Isenburg-Covern (Holy Roman Empire) 1158 1217
John the Magnificent Poitou (France) 1357 15 June 1416
Mohan Singh Rajgarh (Mughal Empire) 1638 1697
Muhammad Bayazid Khan Bahadur Jagir of Maler (1600–1657)
Malerkotla (1657–1659) (Mughal Empire) 		1600 1659
Nawab Asad Ali Khan Basoda State[r] 1800
1822[ax] 		1817
1864
Raja Alhad Singh Pratihar Rajputs of Nagod State (Maratha Empire) 1721 1780
Konrad I the Scheerer Tübingen (Holy Roman Empire) 1317 1376
Otto I Salm-Kyrburg (Holy Roman Empire) 1548 7 June 1607
Raja Adesinhji I Bhaderwah (Maratha Empire) 1722 1781
Renaud II, Count of Orange Principality of Orange (Holy Roman Empire) 1062 1121
Sri Tegin Shah Turk Shahis/Kabul Shahis (Afghanistan) Autumn 680 739
William III County of Toulouse (France) 978 30 September 1037
William IV Jülich (Holy Roman Empire) 1219 1278
Wu Ding Shang dynasty (China) 1250 BC 1191 BC 59 years
Gomani II Phillip[ay] Maseko (Malawi) 1896 12 May 1954 58 years
Guled Abdi Isaaq Sultanate (Somaliland) 1750 1808
Harald I Fairhair  Norway 872 930
Henry II Baden-Hachberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1231 1289
Henry II Isenburg-Grenzau (Holy Roman Empire) 1220 29 September 1278 [141]
Henry IV Henneberg-Schleusingen (Holy Roman Empire) 1347 1405
Mwezi IV Gisabo Kingdom of Burundi[az] 1850 1908
Nan Zhou dynasty (China) 314 BC 256 BC
Rudolf II Sargans-Werdenberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1264 30 December 1322
Nedum Cheralathan Chera Dynasty (India) 130 188
Jadumani Rautara Chikiti-Eastern Ganga (Mughal Empire) Winter 1633 31 December 1691
Jayaba Mukne Jawhar State (India) 1307 1365
Jit Sen Suket (Mughal Empire) 1663 1721
Muhammad Shafi Ud-Din II Sultanate of Sambas (Borneo) 1866 1924
Mulraj II Jaisalmer (Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 1762 1820
Rajapala Gurjara-Pratihara (India) 960 1018
Ramasimhadeva Karnata (India) 1227 1285
Rawat Shri Suraj Mal Sahib Devgarh (India) 1473 1531
Rudolph I Saxe-Wittenberg (Holy Roman Empire) 1298 12 March 1356
Sayyid Mir Zulfikar Ali Khan Kamadhia (British Raj) 21 August 1863 1921
Tuoba Liwei/Emperor Shenyuan Tuoba Clan (China) 219 277
Yusa Kingdom of Kano (Nigeria) 1136 1194 [181][182]
Balabhadra Rautara Chikiti-Eastern Ganga (India) 840 897 57 years
Bajradhar Narendra Ranpur (India) 1842 12 July 1899
Bernhard I Bentheim-Bentheim (Holy Roman Empire) 1364 1421
Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg Aq Qoyunlu (Iran) 1378 1435
Birakesari Deva I Bhagirathi Deva Khurda Kingdom (Maratha Empire) 1736 1793
Deria Sugulle Ainanshe Habr Yunis Sultanate (Somaliland) 1797 1854
Jaswant Singh Nabha (British East India Company) 1783 22 May 1840
Jing Qi (China) 547 BC 490 BC
John II Auxerre (France) 1304 1361
Pharasmanes I the Great Kingdom of Iberia (Georgia) 1 58
Prithvi Chand Baghal State (Mughal Empire) 1670 1727
Kori Oyo Empire (Nigeria) 1300 1357
Mithridates VI Pontus (Turkey) 120 BC 63 BC
Nasir al-Din Muhammad Mihrabanid dynasty 1261 1318
Maredudd ap Tewdws Kingdom of Dyfed (Wales) 740 797
Sargon Akkadian Empire (Iraq) 2272 BC 2215 BC
Sheikh Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi Emirate of Fujairah (United Arab Emirates) 1879 31 December 1936
Sourigna Vongsa Lan Xang (Laos) 1637 1694
Orontes I Armenia 401 BC 344 BC
Vseslav II Bryachislavich[ba] Polotsk (Belarus) 1044 1101
Yi Hham Hka Kengtung (Myanmar) 1403 1460
Zhaoxiang Qin (China) 307 BC 250 BC
Abas I Tashir-Dzoraget (Armenia) 989 1045 56 Years
Bhup Singh Nalagarh State (Maratha Empire) 1705 1761
Eberhard III Nordgau (Holy Roman Empire) 864 920
Genghis Khan Khamag Mongol (1171–1206)

Mongol Empire (1206–1227)

1171 25 August 1227
Gruffudd ap Cynan Gwynedd (Wales) 1081 1137
Idris Ibn Abi Bakr Dar Qimr [ca] (Sudan) 1879 1935
Mun Balhae (Korea) 737 793
Nripati Beta I Garuda Kakatiya Dynasty (India) 995 1051
Prithvisimhji Gajsinhji Danta State (Mughal Empire) 1687 1743
Qasim Yaqut Khan Jafarabad State (Mughal Empire) 1678 1734
Sartanji II Vikmatji Porbandar State (British India) 1757 1813
Sultan Mustafa Kota Pinang (Dutch Indonesia from 1816) 1815 28 August 1871
Theodoric III County of Montbéliard (Holy Roman Empire) 1227 1283

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Elizabeth was Queen of many other states, but other than these four, her reign was shorter. Lengths listed below are for Elizabeth as monarch of an independent country or dominion; except for Jamaica for which she would rank 17th, none would entitle her to a place on this list. The following states were British dominions at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became independent as republics during her reign:
    •  Pakistan (including Bangladesh) (republic 23 March 1956; 4 years, 46 days)
    •  South Africa (republic 31 May 1961; 9 years, 114 days)
    •  Ceylon (republic, with the name Sri Lanka, 22 May 1972; 20 years, 106 days)

    The following states were not sovereign at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign and later became republics during her reign:

    •  Ghana (sovereign 6 March 1957, republic 1 July 1961; 4 years, 87 days)
    •  Nigeria (sovereign 1 October 1960, republic 1 October 1963; 3 years, 0 days)
    •  Sierra Leone (sovereign 27 April 1961, republic 19 April 1971; 9 years, 357 days)
    •  Tanganyika (sovereign 9 December 1961, republic 9 December 1962; 1 year, 0 days)
    •  Trinidad and Tobago (sovereign 31 August 1962, republic 1 August 1976; 13 years, 336 days)
    •  Uganda (sovereign 9 October 1962, republic 9 October 1963; 1 year, 0 days)
    •  Kenya (sovereign 12 December 1963, republic 12 December 1964; 1 year, 0 days)
    •  Malawi (sovereign 6 July 1964, republic 6 July 1966; 2 years, 0 days)
    •  Malta (sovereign 21 September 1964, republic 13 December 1974; 10 years, 83 days)
    •  The Gambia (sovereign 18 February 1965, republic 24 April 1970; 5 years, 65 days)
    •  Guyana (sovereign 26 May 1966, republic 23 February 1970; 3 years, 273 days)
    •  Barbados (sovereign 30 November 1966, republic 30 November 2021; 55 years, 0 days)
    •  Mauritius (sovereign 12 March 1968, republic 12 March 1992; 24 years, 0 days)
    •  Fiji (sovereign 10 October 1970, republic 6 October 1987; 16 years, 361 days)

    The following states were not sovereign at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign during her reign and retained her as Queen:

  2. ^ Length of reign applies to the independent states that have remained monarchies since her accession: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
  3. ^ In the Mayan calendar, acceded 9.9.2.4.8, 5 Lamat 1 Mol; died 9.12.11.5.18, 6 Etz'nab 11 Yax. Long Count dates are converted using the GMT+2 correlation and the Julian Calendar.[7][8]
  4. ^ In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.9.14.17.5, 6 Chikchan 18 K'ayab; died 9.13.3.5.7 12 Manik' 0 Yaxk'in. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar.[11][12]
  5. ^ Served as Regent for his father Emperor Taishō, from 29 November 1921 until his formal accession.
  6. ^ Longest de jure ruler of China, although the Qianlong Emperor held longer de facto power.
  7. ^ Sometimes called "Itzamnaaj Bahlam II",[11] or "Shield Jaguar".[12]
  8. ^ In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.12.9.8.1 5 Imix 4 Mak; died 9.15.10.17.14 6 Ix 12 Yaxk'in. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar.[11]
  9. ^ In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.14.13.4.17 12 Kab'an 5 K'ayab'; died 9.17.14.13.2 11 Ik 5 Yax. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar.[11]
  10. ^ Longest de facto ruler of China, although the Kangxi Emperor held longer de jure power.
  11. ^ Abdicated, but maintained de facto power as Retired Emperor until 7 February 1799.
  12. ^ Great Britain and Ireland were joined as the United Kingdom effective 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800.
  13. ^ In the Islamic calendar, acceded on 15th Shaban 427; died 18th Zilhaja 487.[29] His death date is sometimes given as 6 January 1095,[29] but most sources give 29 December 1094.[30][31][32]
  14. ^ James VI of Scotland was also the King of England and King of Ireland as James I, although he only became King of England and Ireland after the death of Elizabeth I in 1603.
  15. ^ The death of Rudolph II, Conrad's predecessor, is variously given as 11, 12 or 13 July.[36][37]
  16. ^ He was proclaimed king at the age of four months, and his grandmother, Labotsibeni Mdluli, acted as regent until 22 December 1921 and then formally transferred all monarchial power to Sobhuza II. Some sources take the date of succession as the date on which his grandmother handed over the royal duties to him, not when he was proclaimed king. Swaziland became independent from the United Kingdom in 1968.
  17. ^ Formally "abdicated" on 6 May 1723 but officially continued to rule until his death on 29 June 1724 after which point his son Maeda Yoshinori assumed full power.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m British East India Company until 1858, British Raj from 1858.
  19. ^ Heinrich XI succeeded to the throne as Count of Reuss-Obergreiz in 1723 on the death of his brother, Heinrich IX (all male members of the family were named Heinrich in order of birth, even across cousins). In 1778 he became the first Prince of Reuss Elder Line.
  20. ^ Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
  21. ^ Ruled as Count until 1807, as Prince thereafter.
  22. ^ Count John Louis was born after the death of his father Count Johann II on 25 July 1472; he succeeded to the throne at birth.
  23. ^ Acceded to the Union of India on 15 August 1947. Merged Kapurthala into the Patiala and Eastern Punjab States Union (PEPSU) on 5 May 1948, relinquished his sovereign powers with effect from 20 August.[52] Rajpramukh of the PEPSU from 5 May 1948 until his death on 17 June 1949
  24. ^ Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
  25. ^ Holy Roman Empire until 1806,from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
  26. ^ Eleanor was Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, although medieval law dictated that her various husbands (Louis VII of France, Henry II of England) and sons (Richard I and John of England) reign with her jointly.
  27. ^ Merged his state into the United State of Kathiawad on 15 February 1948, but lived until 28 June 1954.
  28. ^ Frederick Augustus I was known as Frederick Augustus III before 1806.
  29. ^ Holy Roman Empire until 1806,from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
  30. ^ British protectorate from 1880
  31. ^ Was forced to abdicate by the British in 1923 but the Bahrinis did not recognize this and considered him the rightful monarch until 1932.
  32. ^ Holy Roman Empire until 1806,from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
  33. ^ Philipp II ruled as co-ruler with his brother till 1442 when they divided their inheritances.
  34. ^ Pepi II's figure has been disputed by some Egyptologists who favour a shorter reign length of 64 years, given the absence of attested dates known for Pepi after his 31st Count, which would equate to 62 years assuming the count to be biennial. Others point, however, to the consistency between the existing historical sources all crediting Pepi with over 90 years of reign. Finally, the lack of evidence beyond his 62nd year does not preclude a much longer reign, especially in view of the decay of the Egyptian state into the chaos of the First Intermediate Period at the end of Pepi's reign.
  35. ^ A dispute exists concerning when Taejo's reign ended. Lower estimates suggest 121–145 and higher ones up to 167 but the most widely believed one is 146 since Korean historians claim that he died in that year.
  36. ^ 121 CE is another possible accepted date of Taejo's end reign
  37. ^ While the chronology of his reign is disputed, his existence is generally accepted by most historians.
  38. ^ Some sources just give 80 years of lifespan not reign and Chronology disputed
  39. ^ Other sources put his start date as 679 or 688.
  40. ^ In co-reign with his mother, Theresa, until 1128
  41. ^ His start date is also sometimes given as 1537
  42. ^ Shapur II was crowned in utero: the crown was placed upon his mother's belly. This child, named Shapur, was therefore born king; the government was conducted by his mother and the magnates.
  43. ^ Dominated by Nepal until 1816 and then by the British.
  44. ^ Alternatively his death date is put as 469. Might have co-reigned with his son until 451
  45. ^ Robert I was in co-rule with his step-brother Edward II until 1352
  46. ^ Historians debate whether he was a Chinese or Vietnamese ruler (named Triệu Vũ Đế))
  47. ^ Sometimes her aunt Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne's death is given as June 1524 or 16 June 1524 (see for example her French wikipedia article), though sources seem to be laking for such specific dates and so she remains here. If sources are found for 16 June, she can be moved into the second section with 64 years, 203 days as her reign length
  48. ^ An alternate start date is put as being 451. Could have possibly co-ruled with his father since 469.
  49. ^ [180][181][182]
  50. ^ Had a interruption between 1818 and 1822 but later regained it in 1822, counting both of his periods he had a reign of 59 years.
  51. ^ He had Regents until 1921.
  52. ^ Part of German East Africa from 1890.
  53. ^ He also ruled Russia for a brief period between 1068 and 1069.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "BBC – History – Historic Figures: Louis XIV (1638–1715)". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  2. ^ "Queen Elizabeth II has died, Buckingham Palace announces". BBC News. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  3. ^ "Her Majesty the Queen". The Royal Family. 29 December 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  4. ^ Waites, Rosie (6 February 2012). "The moment a princess became a queen". BBC News. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  5. ^ Crossette, Barbara (13 October 2016). "Bhumibol Adulyadej, 88, People's King of Thailand, Dies After 7-Decade Reign". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  6. ^ "Biographies of the Princes and Princesses". House of Liechtenstein.
  7. ^ a b Pharo, Lars Kirkhusmo (2013). The Ritual Practice of Time: Philosophy and Sociopolitics of Mesoamerican Calendars. Brill. p. 92. ISBN 9789004252363.
  8. ^ Parmington, Alexander (2011). Space and Sculpture in the Classic Maya City. Brill. pp. 51, 95. ISBN 9789004252363.
  9. ^ "K'inich Janaab' Pakal I (Great-Sun-Shield), King of Palenque, depicted on an incense burner". museums.gov.il. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  10. ^ "Franz Joseph | emperor of Austria-Hungary". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e Martin, Simon; Nikolai Grube (2000). Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 201 & 122. ISBN 0-500-05103-8. OCLC 47358325.
  12. ^ a b Harrys, John; Stearns, Stephen K. (1997). Understanding Maya Inscriptions. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 134, 136, 218. ISBN 9780924171413.
  13. ^ Looper, Matthew G. (2003). Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua. University of Texas Press. p. 211. ISBN 9780292705562.
  14. ^ Newsome, Elizabeth A. (2001). Trees of Paradise and Pillars of the World. University of Texas Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780292755727.
  15. ^ "Term details". British Museum. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  16. ^ Kirsty.Oram (31 December 2015). "Victoria (r. 1837–1901)". The Royal Family. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  17. ^ "James I | king of Aragon". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  18. ^ "BBC – History – Historic Figures: Emperor Hirohito (1901–1989)". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  19. ^ "Kangxi | emperor of Qing dynasty". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  20. ^ Charavay, Étienne (1892). Correspondance générale de Carnot: publiee avec des notes historiques et biographiques. Imprimerie nationale. p. 372.
  21. ^ Dippel, Horst, ed. (2010). Constitutional Documents of France, Corsica and Monaco. De Gruyter. p. 254. ISBN 9783598356964.
  22. ^ Looper, Matthew G. (2003). Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 57, 186. ISBN 0-292-70556-5.
  23. ^ Fitzsimmons , James L. (2010). Death and the Classic Maya Kings. University of Texas Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780292781986.
  24. ^ "Qianlong | emperor of Qing dynasty". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  25. ^ "Christian IV | Scandinavian king". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  26. ^ Kirsty.Oram (31 December 2015). "George III (r. 1760–1820)". The Royal Family. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  27. ^ "Louis XIV | king of France". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  28. ^ "Pedro II | emperor of Brazil". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  29. ^ a b c "MUSTANSIR BILLAH I (427-487/1036-1095), 18TH IMAM". ismaili.net. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  30. ^ a b "MÜSTA'LÎ-BİLLÂH el-FÂTIMÎ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish).
  31. ^ Cohen, Mark R. (2014). Jewish Self-Government in Medieval Egypt. Princeton University Press. p. 218. ISBN 9781400853588.
  32. ^ Ayman Fu'ad Sayyid (2002). The Fatimids and Their Successors in Yaman. I.B. Tauris. p. 5. ISBN 9781860646904.
  33. ^ "Nicholas I | Facts & Biography". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  34. ^ "Wilhelmina | queen of the Netherlands". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  35. ^ "James I | Biography, Religion, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  36. ^ a b "Rudolfinger". Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  37. ^ "Rudolf II | king of Burgundy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  38. ^ "Cultural Resources: King Sobhuza II". Swaziland National Trust Commission. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rose Troup Buchanan (29 August 2015). "Queen Elizabeth II to become Britain's longest reigning monarch: Longest serving rulers ever". The Independent. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  40. ^ "Navratangarh: Lost Kingdom of the Nagvanshis". livehistoryindia. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  41. ^ Wakabayashi, Kisaburo (1986). 前田綱紀 (in Japanese). 吉川弘文館. ISBN 4642050582.
  42. ^ "Lakhtar – Indian Princely States". members.iinet.net.au. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  43. ^ Friedrich Wilhelm Trebge, Spuren im Land, Hohenleuben, 2005.
  44. ^ Thomas Gehrlein, Das Haus Reuß: Älterer und Jüngerer Linie, Börde Verlag 2006, ISBN 978-3-9810315-3-9
  45. ^ "Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 21, page 61 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library".
  46. ^ Curry, Anne; Mercer, Malcolm, eds. (2017). The Battle of Agincourt. Yale University Press. p. 174.
  47. ^ Maué, Hermann; Brink, Sonja (1989). Die Grafen von Schönborn: Kirchenfürsten, Sammler, Mäzene : Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nürnberg, 18. Februar bis 23. April 1989 (in German). Das Nationalmuseum. ISBN 978-3-926982-07-0.
  48. ^ "Geschichte der Landgrafen - burgruine-leuchtenberg.de". www.burgruine-leuchtenberg.de. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  49. ^ Biographie, Deutsche. "Johann Ludwig - Deutsche Biographie". www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  50. ^ "学校・研究機関でのご利用はこちら | ジャパンナレッジLib". JapanKnowledge (in Japanese). Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  51. ^ Geschichte des Hauses Hohenlohe: zunächst als Leitfaden beim Unterricht [...] entworfen und den Prinzen und Prinzessinnen des durchlauchtigen Gesammthauses gewidmet. 2,2 (in German). 1871.
  52. ^ Punjab District Gazetteers: Kapurthala. Chandigarh: Revenue Department, Punjab. 1984. p. 37.
  53. ^ Baldev Raj Sharma (1984). Punjab District Gazetteers: Kapurthala. Chandigarh, Revenue Department.
  54. ^ Rothermund, Indira (5 May 1983). The Aundh Experiment. Somaiya. ISBN 978-0-8364-1194-2.
  55. ^ "Piast dynasty 7". genealogy.euweb.cz. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  56. ^ "Ancestors & Cousins: Royal, Titled, Noble, and Commoner (over 193,000 names). - Person Page". our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  57. ^ Historische Commission bei der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften (1882), "Karl August, Großherzog von Sachsen-Weimar", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Bd. 15, Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (1. ed.), München/Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, p. 338, retrieved 5 May 2024
  58. ^ a b Koch, Christophe Guillaume (1814). Tableau des révolutions de l'Europe, dep. le bouleversement de l'empire d'occident jusqu'à nos jours (in French).
  59. ^ "Il feudo di Ferentillo nel tempo di Alberico 1. Cybo Malaspina (1553-1623): istituzioni, economia, arte, confini : atti del Convegno di studi, Ferentillo, 30-31 maggio 2008 | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  60. ^ "松代藩真田氏十代｜真田家の歴史｜真田宝物館". 7 January 2016. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
  61. ^ Preinfalk, Miha; Preinfalk, Miha; Bruckmüller, Ernst; Bruckmüller-Vilfan, Irena (2006). Auersperg: Geschichte einer europäischen Familie. Graz Stuttgart: Stocker. ISBN 978-3-7020-1140-6.
  62. ^ Jr, Thomas A. Brady (13 July 2009). German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-48115-1.
  63. ^ Laczny, Joachim. "Frederick III (1440–1493) on the journey". www.friedrichiii.his-gis.net. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  64. ^ "Burg Birkenfeld - Hunsrück-Nahereise". 23 July 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  65. ^ 3e autorité en partant de la gauche [1]
  66. ^ Ammon, Christoph Heinrich von (1768). Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans, reduite en 114 tables ... (in French). Aux Depens de L'Auteur, Se Vend Chez Etienne de Bourdeaux.
  67. ^ "BLKÖ:Löwenstein-Wertheim, das Fürstenhaus, Genealogie – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  68. ^ Lethbridge, Sir Roper (2005). The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire. Aakar Books. ISBN 978-81-87879-54-1.
  69. ^ Hawker, Thomas; Morison, William; Macleod, J M; Cubbon, Mark (12 December 1833). Report on the Insurrection in Mysore (Report). Mysore Government Press.
  70. ^ "Castell". Angelfire. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  71. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sangli" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 150.
  72. ^ Dietrich Denecke and Helga-Maria Kühn (eds.): Göttingen. Geschichte einer Universitätsstadt, 3 vols., vol.1, Göttingen, 1987, ISBN 3-525-36196-3
  73. ^ Historische Commission bei der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften (1887), "Otto der Einäugige, Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Bd. 24, Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (1. ed.), München/Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, p. 685, retrieved 5 May 2024
  74. ^ "Das Portal der Königin - Informationen rund um die Pfeifenorgel - Mühlheim an der Eis - Schlosskirche". 2 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  75. ^ "BUNDI". 8 August 2018. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  76. ^ "Malietoa Tanumafili II". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  77. ^ "Samoa's King Malietoa Tanumafili II, 94 - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper". 19 May 2007. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  78. ^ Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer p. 1417.
  79. ^ "Historischer Atlas von Bayern - Schwaben Reihe II Heft 3: Die Grafschaft Oettingen". geschichte.digitale-sammlungen.de. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  80. ^ Dolle, Karl Anton (1756). "Kurtzgefasste Geschichte der Grafschaft Schaumburg". Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  81. ^ Biographie, Deutsche. "Philipp - Deutsche Biographie". www.deutsche-biographie.de.
  82. ^ Petri de Dusburg Chronica terre Prussie. Darmstadt: Wissenchaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 1984. pp. 114, 116, 118.
  83. ^ "Henry III, Margrave of Meissen", Wikipedia, 25 April 2024, retrieved 5 May 2024
  84. ^ "Eleanor of Aquitaine", Wikipedia, 4 May 2024, retrieved 5 May 2024
  85. ^ Tuanku Luckman Sinar Basarsyah-II, SH. "REINTERPRETASI DAN REPOSISI TERHADAP ADAT DAN TRADISI – KASUS MELAYU ISLAM BERAJA DI SERDANG" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 11 March 2007.
  86. ^ 'Johann Valentin Andreae's Utopian Brotherhoods' by Donald R. Dickson, Renaissance Quarterly Vol. 49, No. 4 (Winter, 1996), pp. 760–802
  87. ^ Bond, J. W.; Wright, Arnold (2006). Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-1965-4.
  88. ^ Ward (1998). Gujarat–Daman–Diu: A Travel Guide. Orient Longman Limited. ISBN 978-81-250-1383-9.
  89. ^ "Leibnitiana". www.gwleibniz.com. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  90. ^ Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1998). The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (5 ed.). Penguin. p. 15. ISBN 0-14-051323-X.
  91. ^ Curl, James Stevens (1999). Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9.
  92. ^ Papinot, Edmond. (2003) Nobiliare du Japon -- Makino, p. 29; Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie du Japon. (in French/German).
  93. ^ "Genroy : Modène et Ferrare". 20 October 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  94. ^ Wedgwood, C. V. (2005). The Thirty Years War. New York: New York Review Books. ISBN 1-59017-146-2. OCLC 57010133.
  95. ^ Malleson, G. B. (George Bruce) (1875). An historical sketch of the native states of India in subsidiary alliance with the British government, with a notice of the mediatized and minor states. University of California Libraries. London, Longmans.
  96. ^ Busby, Keith; Freeman, M.J.; Houppermans, Sjef; Pelckmans, Paul, eds. (1993). Les Manuscrits de Chrétien de Troyes. Vol. 2. Rodopi. p. 145.
  97. ^ "No. 33343". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1927. p. 5.
  98. ^ Siebmacher, Johann (1703). Erneuertes und vermehrtes Wappenbuch... Nürnberg: Adolph Johann Helmers. pp. Part I Table 8.
  99. ^ a b "Longest ever reigns". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  100. ^ Jürgen von Beckerath (1997), p. 151.
  101. ^ "태조왕 (太祖王)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. 11 September 2024.
  102. ^ "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Kunaicho.go.jp. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  103. ^ "Banu Najjar". Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  104. ^ Heather, Peter (1991). Goths and Romans 332-489. Oxford University Press. pp. 86–89. ISBN 0-19-820234-2.
  105. ^ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  106. ^ "장수왕[長壽王] - 한 세기를 지배한 고구려 전성기의 군주". 11 September 2024.
  107. ^ Clinio Cottafavi (1885). San Martino in Rio - Ricerche storiche. Atesa Editrice. pp. 103–104.
  108. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên, 蜀紀 [Thục Dynasty], 大越史記全書 [Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Complete Annals of Đại Việt], Peripheral Records (in Chinese), vol. 1, p. 6a, 王於是築城于越裳，廣千丈，盤旋如螺形，故號螺城。 [The King then built a citadel at Việt Thường, one-thousand-zhàng wide, whirling and swirling like the shape of a snail. Therefore, it was called Old Snail City (Loa Thành).][better source needed]
  109. ^ G. Rex Smith: Political History of Islamic Yemen up to the First Turkish Invasion. pp. 136–154, here: 137.
  110. ^ "History | Rajouri,Government of Jammu and Kashmir | India".
  111. ^ Brunner, Christopher (14 April 1983). "Geographical and Administrative divisions: Settlements and Economy". In Fisher, W. B. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 747–777. doi:10.1017/chol9780521246934.004. ISBN 0-521-06935-1. OCLC 745412.
  112. ^ "Patna (Princely State)". Archived from the original on 22 May 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  113. ^ Great Britain India Office. The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.
  114. ^ a b c Wurzbach, Constantin von (1878). "Stadion, das Grafenhaus, Genealogie". Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich (in German). Vol. 37. Wien: Kaiserlich-königliche Hof-und Staatsdruckerei. pp. 22–25. OCLC 842058440. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  115. ^ Who's Who in the Dir, Swat and Chitral Agency – Corrected up to 1st September 1933 (PDF). New Delhi: The Manager Government of India Press. 1933. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  116. ^ "Wilhelm I, Graf von Sayn-Wittgenstein, * 1488 | Geneall.net". geneall.net. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  117. ^ Cotton, James Sutherland; Burn, Sir Richard; Meyer, Sir William Stevenson (1908). The Imperial gazetteer of India / Vol. 22, Samadhiāla to Singhāna. Oxford. p. 82. OCLC 236161822. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  118. ^ Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 22, page 83 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library. Dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  119. ^ Rapp, Stephen H. (2014). The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1472425522.
  120. ^ 夏商周断代工程专家组, ed. (2022). 夏商周断代工程报告 (in Chinese). 北京: 科学出版社. ISBN 9787030722874. OCLC 1375156963.
  121. ^ Rapp, Stephen H. (2003), Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts, p. 320. Peeters Publishers, ISBN 90-429-1318-5
  122. ^ a b Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  123. ^ (in Latin and German) Günther, Wilhelm Arnold. Codex diplomaticus rheno-mosellanus: Urkunden-Sammlung zur Geschichte der Rhein- und Mosellande, der Nahe- und Ahrgegend, und des Hundsrückens, des Meinfeldes und der Eifel. H. J. Hölscher, Koblenz 1824. Volume 3, Part 1. N. 240. [2]
  124. ^ Congress, The Library of. "Afonso I, King of Portugal, 1109?-1185 - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  125. ^ "Afonso I | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  126. ^ Orwin, Martin; Axmed, Rashiid (2009). War and Peace: An anthology of Somali literature Suugaanta Nabadda iyo Colaadda. Progressio. p. 209. ISBN 9781852873295.
  127. ^ Cesarone, Bernard (2012). "Bernard Cesarone: Pata-chitras of Orissa". asianart.com. Retrieved 2 July 2012. This temple was built between approximately 1135-1150 by Codaganga
  128. ^ Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1889). "Tetzotzomoc" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
  129. ^ Robert H. Hewsen. «The Kingdom of Arc’ax» in Medieval Armenian Culture (University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies). Thomas J. Samuelian and Michael E. Stone (eds.) Chico, California: Scholars Press, 1984
  130. ^ Zakiah Hanum, 2004, ms 24
  131. ^ Haeri, Shahla (2020), The Unforgettable Queens of Islam, Cambridge University Press, pp. 89–105, ISBN 978-1-107-55489-4
  132. ^ "Hausach Chronik Online: Graf Heinrich VI, einer der beliebtesten Fürstenberger". 27 May 2017. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  133. ^ Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa, 1967, p. 86-8.
  134. ^ Records of the Grand Historian, Vol.36.
  135. ^ "Historisch-Biographisches Lexikon der Schweiz", Wikipedia (in German), 11 March 2024, retrieved 28 September 2024
  136. ^ Chitral: A Study in Statecraft, 1320-1969. IUCN Pakistan, Sahrhad Programme. 2004. ISBN 978-969-8141-69-1.
  137. ^ Tiendrebeogo, Yamba (1963). "Histoire traditionnelle des Mossi de Ouagadougou". Journal des Africanistes. 33 (1): 7–46. doi:10.3406/jafr.1963.1365.
  138. ^ "The first king of Anuradhapura". Funday Times. Sunday Times. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  139. ^ Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford. BRILL. 1 February 2021. ISBN 978-90-04-46066-9.
  140. ^ Joshi, H. G. (2004). Sikkim: Past and Present. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-932-4.
  141. ^ a b c Crecelius, Wilhelm (1879). "Gerlach I.-IV". Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). 9. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot: 5.
  142. ^ "Dizionario biografico dei friulani". www.dizionariobiograficodeifriulani.it. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  143. ^ Arjun Das Vasudev (1926). Punjab District Gazetteers volume VII part a Kangra District, 1924-25 with map. Lahore, Superintendent, Government Press.
  144. ^ Gustav Engel: Dorf, Amt und Stadt Enger. Ein Beitrag zu ihrer Geschichte, in the series Beiträge zur Stadtgeschichte, vol. 1, City of Enger, Enger, 1981, p 37 ff. This is a shortened, supplemented and corrected reprint from Enger, ein Heimatbuch zur Tausendjahrfeier der Widukindstadt, City of Enger, Enger, 1948
  145. ^ Violante 1977, p. 106.
  146. ^ "Piastowie opolsko-raciborscy - POCZET.COM". www.poczet.com. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
  147. ^ Mishra, D. P. (1998). People's Revolt in Orissa: A Study of Talcher. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-7156-739-3.
  148. ^ Basset, D. (1989). ANGLO-KEDAH RELATIONS 1688-1765. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 62 (2), 1–17.
  149. ^ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 17, page 408 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library". dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  150. ^ William Barton, The princes of India. Delhi 1983
  151. ^ Eheberedung vom 2. August 1418; Landesarchiv NRW Abteilung Rheinland Duisburg (AA 0581 / Heinsberg, Urkunden AA 0581, Nr. 311).
  152. ^ Dasgupta, Biswas & Mallik 2009, p. 41.
  153. ^ Helen Chapin Metz, Somalia: a country study, (The Division: 1993), p.10.
  154. ^ Malwa in Transition Or a Century of Anarchy: The First Phase, 1698-1765, published in 1993, pg.185, 282, [3]
  155. ^ Gujarat State Gazetteer. Government Press. 1989. p. 3. Alirajpur, Baria and Jhabua, which entered into treaties in 1817 AD were placed under the Bhopawar sub-agency
  156. ^ Watson, Noelle (2012). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 900. ISBN 978-1-136-63979-1.
  157. ^ Shukor, Jeragan Abdul (1907). "List of Graveyards of the Late Sultans of the State of Perak, Der-Ul-Rithuan, enquired into and visited by me, Stia Bijaya Di Raja, under instructions received from the Government". Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (48): 100. ISSN 2304-7534. JSTOR 41561088 – via JSTOR.
  158. ^ "Hessische Biografie : Erweiterte Suche : LAGIS Hessen". www.lagis-hessen.de. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  159. ^ 陈絜：《商周姓氏制度研究》，商务印书馆2007年6月第1版，第49页。ISBN 7100053277
  160. ^ Fritz Schülin: Rötteln-Haagen, Beiträge zur Orts-, Landschafts- und Siedlungsgeschichte, Lörrach 1965; p. 65.
  161. ^ Jürgen von Beckerath (1997), pp. 108, 190.
  162. ^ Brand, Peter J. (2000). The Monuments of Seti I: Epigraphic, Historical and Art Historical Analysis. NV Leiden: Brill. pp. 302–305. ISBN 978-90-04-11770-9.
  163. ^ a b Jürgen von Beckerath (1997), p. 190.
  164. ^ Brachmann 2011, p. 156.
  165. ^ Kumassah, Agbotadua (2009). The migration saga of the Anlo-Ewes of Ghana (2nd ed.).
  166. ^ Brantly Womack (2006). China and Vietnam: the politics of asymmetry. Cambridge University Press, 2006. p. 100. ISBN 0-521-85320-6.
  167. ^ Strage, Mark (1976). Women of Power: The Life and Times of Catherine de' Medici. London and New York: Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich. Prologue, p. xi.
  168. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 20, p. 29.
  169. ^ Berman 2018, p. 91.
  170. ^ RATH, SRINIBAS (1992). "Some Socio-Economic Aspects of Abolition of Zamindari System in Orissa". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 53: 436–439. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44142822.
  171. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 23, p. 51.
  172. ^ Kanakalatha Mukund. The world of Tamil merchants. Penguin, 2015. p. 17.
  173. ^ Rapp (2014), p. 203
  174. ^ Rayfield (2013), p. 23
  175. ^ 钱穆.《先秦諸子繫年考辨》宋前後亦有二昭公。《韓詩外傳》六，《賈子先醒篇》並有昭公出亡反國事，皆指後昭公言。而高誘注《呂覽》，謂春秋時子罕殺宋昭公。（見《召類》。）此當由戰國時子罕與後昭公同時，擅權逐君，高氏誤記，遂謂在春秋時也。（梁玉繩《呂子校補》則謂高注子罕殺昭公為無據。）據此則翟當與宋後昭公同時。
  176. ^ M. V. Krishna Rao (1936), The Gangas of Talkad: A Monograph on the History of Mysore from the Fourth to the Close of the Eleventh Century, p.80
  177. ^ Detlev Schwennicke: Europäische Stammtafeln, Neue Folge, Band XVI., Tafel 144–149, Verlag: Vittorio Klostermann, Frankfurt a. M. 1995, ISBN 3-465-02741-8
  178. ^ Hunter, Sir William Wilson. The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Londres: Trübner & co., 1885.
  179. ^ Han Zhaoqi (韩兆琦), ed. (2010). Shiji (史记) (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. pp. 2513–2514. ISBN 978-7-101-07272-3.
  180. ^ Aderinto, S. (2017). African Kingdoms: An Encyclopedia of Empires and Civilizations. ABC-CLIO. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-61069-580-0.
  181. ^ a b Palmer, Herbert Richmond, ed. (1908), "The Kano Chronicle", Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 38, pp. 58–98
  182. ^ a b Palmer, Herbert Richmond (2019). Sudanese Memoirs. pp. 341-343.
  183. ^ "MENGÜCÜKLÜLER". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  184. ^ P.V.P. Sastry 1978, p. 106.
  185. ^ Turchin, Peter and Jonathan M. Adams and Thomas D. Hall: "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States", page 222. Journal of World-Systems Research, Vol. XII, No. II, 2006
  186. ^ Rupley, Bangali & Diamitani 2013, p. 150.
  187. ^ a b Rawat, Ajay Singh (2002). Garhwal Himalaya: A Study in Historical Perspective. Indus Publishing Company. p. 22. ISBN 9788173871368.
  188. ^ Company, Indus Publishing (1994). Gazetteer of the Kangra District: 1883-84. Kangra. Indus Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7387-024-8. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  189. ^ Adiga, Malini (2006). The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the Early Medieval Period. Orient Blackswan Private Limited. ISBN 978-81-250-2912-0.
  190. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  191. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956.
  192. ^ Karl Heinz Burmeister: Graf Georg III. von Montfort-Bregenz-Pfannberg (ca. 1475/80 – 1544). Eine biographische Skizze. In: Montfort. Vierteljahresschrift für Geschichte und Gegenwart Vorarlbergs. Jg. 61, Heft 1, 2009, ISBN 978-3-85430-344-2, S. 7 – 25, (Artikel, pdf Archived 2013-11-15 at the Wayback Machine, vorarlberg.at)
  193. ^ "KAMTA RAJAULI (Princely State)". World of Royalty. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  194. ^ M. W. "The Mosqueto Indian and his Golden River", in Awnsham Churchill, A Collection of Voyages and Travels (London, 1732), vol. 6, p.288.
  195. ^ Museum, Sarawak (2 December 1997). The Sarawak Museum Journal (in Malay). Sarawak Museum. p. 265.
  196. ^ Meyer, Otto: Das Haus Castell. S. 14.
  197. ^ Memoranda on the Indian States. New Delhi: Government of India Press. 1939. p. 136.
  198. ^ ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS DHENKANAL (PDF), GAD, Govt of Odisha, 2014, pp. 21–37
  199. ^ History, Govt of Odisha

Sources

[edit]

Jürgen von Beckerath (1997). Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. ISBN 9783805323109.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_longest-reigning_monarchs&oldid=1264895011"