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Sanjay Gandhi National Park: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 19°15′N 72°55′E / 19.250°N 72.917°E / 19.250; 72.917
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* [[bonnet macaque]]
* [[bonnet macaque]]
are some of the wild mammals often spotted inside the park. Other large mammals found in the park include:
are some of the wild mammals often spotted inside the park. Other large mammals found in the park include:
** black-naped or [[Indian hare]],
* black-naped or [[Indian hare]],
** [[muntjac]] (barking deer),
* [[muntjac]] (barking deer),
** [[porcupine]],
* [[porcupine]],
** [[Asian palm civet]],
* [[Asian palm civet]],
** [[Small Indian civet]],
* [[Small Indian civet]],
** [[chevrotain]],
* [[chevrotain]],
** [[grey langur]],
* [[grey langur]],
** [[Indian flying-fox|Indian flying fox]],
* [[Indian flying-fox|Indian flying fox]],
** [[sambar deer]] and
* [[sambar deer]] and
** [[leopard]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
* [[leopard]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}


Reptiles living here include:
Reptiles living here include:
** [[crocodile]]s in the Tulsi Lake,
* [[crocodile]]s in the Tulsi Lake,
** [[Pythonidae|pythons]],
* [[Pythonidae|pythons]],
** [[cobra]]s,
* [[cobra]]s,
** [[Checkered keelback]],
* [[Checkered keelback]],
** [[Common krait]],
* [[Common krait]],
** [[monitor lizards]],
* [[monitor lizards]],
** [[Daboia|Russell's vipers]],
* [[Daboia|Russell's vipers]],
** [[trimeresurus gramineus|bamboo pit viper]] and
* [[trimeresurus gramineus|bamboo pit viper]] and
** [[Boiga trigonata |Indian cat snakes]].<ref name="msfd"/>
* [[Boiga trigonata |Indian cat snakes]].<ref name="msfd"/>


In 2003, [[pugmark]]s and droppings of a [[Bengal tiger]] were found in the park. Although the tiger was never widely sighted, it did bring some excitement to city folks as records of tiger being found here are quite old and forgotten now with the last tiger being shot down 80 years earlier in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/mumbai-leaps-into-tiger-territory-1.360214|title=Mumbai leaps into tiger territory}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/09/03202701/A-tiger-on-Malabar-Hill.html?h=B|title=A tiger on Malabar Hill |author=Livemint |website=livemint.com|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2005/08/30/stories/2005083000221500.htm|title=The Hindu : Book Review : India's natural history}}</ref> Conservation was also proposed for the interlinked [[habitat corridor]]s and nearby forest areas in the state along with upgrading their status as tiger habitat.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/60399.cms |title=Tiger may expand boundaries of park |access-date=17 December 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103084111/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/60399.cms |archive-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In 2003, [[pugmark]]s and droppings of a [[Bengal tiger]] were found in the park. Although the tiger was never widely sighted, it did bring some excitement to city folks as records of tiger being found here are quite old and forgotten now with the last tiger being shot down 80 years earlier in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/mumbai-leaps-into-tiger-territory-1.360214|title=Mumbai leaps into tiger territory}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/09/03202701/A-tiger-on-Malabar-Hill.html?h=B|title=A tiger on Malabar Hill |author=Livemint |website=livemint.com|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2005/08/30/stories/2005083000221500.htm|title=The Hindu : Book Review : India's natural history}}</ref> Conservation was also proposed for the interlinked [[habitat corridor]]s and nearby forest areas in the state along with upgrading their status as tiger habitat.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/60399.cms |title=Tiger may expand boundaries of park |access-date=17 December 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103084111/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/60399.cms |archive-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


A total of 172 species of [[butterfly|butterflies]] have been reported here, of which the spectacular ones are:
A total of 172 species of [[butterfly|butterflies]] have been reported here, of which the spectacular ones are:
** [[blue Mormon]], the phenomenal artist of camouflage,
* [[blue Mormon]], the phenomenal artist of camouflage,
** [[Kallima horsfieldii|blue oak leaf]],
* [[Kallima horsfieldii|blue oak leaf]],
** bright [[Delias eucharis|Jezebel]] and
* bright [[Delias eucharis|Jezebel]] and
** large yellow and white [[Anthocharis cardamines|orange tip]],
* large yellow and white [[Anthocharis cardamines|orange tip]],
** [[Danaini|tiger butterfly]],
* [[Danaini|tiger butterfly]],
** [[Eggfly|eggflies]] and
* [[Eggfly|eggflies]] and
** sailers.
* sailers.
There are a number of moths too. The largest moth is the size of a sparrow (30&nbsp;cm).{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
There are a number of moths too. The largest moth is the size of a sparrow (30&nbsp;cm).{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}


Some of the birds in the park are:
Some of the birds in the park are:
** [[jungle owlet]]s,
* [[jungle owlet]]s,
** [[golden oriole]]s,
* [[golden oriole]]s,
** [[racket-tailed drongo]]s,
* [[racket-tailed drongo]]s,
** [[minivet]]s,
* [[minivet]]s,
** [[magpie]]s,
* [[magpie]]s,
** [[Petroicidae|robins]],
* [[Petroicidae|robins]],
** [[hornbill]]s,
* [[hornbill]]s,
** [[bulbul]]s,
* [[bulbul]]s,
** [[sunbird]]s,
* [[sunbird]]s,
** [[peacock]], and
* [[peacock]], and
** [[woodpecker]]s.
* [[woodpecker]]s.
Migratory and local birds such as the:
Migratory and local birds such as the:
** [[paradise flycatcher]] and
* [[paradise flycatcher]] and
** various species of:
* various species of:
* [[kingfisher]]s,
** [[kingfisher]]s,
* [[myna]]s,
** [[myna]]s,
* [[drongo]]s,
** [[drongo]]s,
* [[Swift (bird)|swift]]s,
** [[Swift (bird)|swift]]s,
* [[gull]]s,
** [[gull]]s,
* [[egret]]s, and
** [[egret]]s, and
* [[heron]]s
** [[heron]]s
have also been spotted.<ref name="msfd"/>>
have also been spotted.<ref name="msfd"/>>


Revision as of 19:54, 9 July 2024

Sanjay Gandhi National Park
Borivali National Park
Main gate of the park
LocationMumbai, Maharastra, India
Coordinates19°15′N 72°55′E / 19.250°N 72.917°E / 19.250; 72.917
Area87 km2 (34 sq mi)[1]
Established1996
Named forSanjay Gandhi
Visitors2 million per year
Governing bodyMinistry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
Websitesgnp.maharashtra.gov.in

Sanjay Gandhi National Park is an 87 km2 (34 sq mi) protected area in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was established in 1969 with its headquarters situated at Borivali.[1]

The 2400-year-old Kanheri caves, sculpted by monks out of the rocky basaltic cliffs, lie within the park. The rich flora and fauna of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park attract more than 2 million visitors every year.[2]

History

A 7 m (23 ft)-tall Buddha statue at entrance to the largest Kanheri cave

The Kanheri caves, located centrally in the park, were important Buddhist learning centres and pilgrimage sites sculpted by Buddhist monks between the 9th and the 1st centuries BCE.[3] They were chiselled out of a massive basaltic rock outcropping.[4] In 1996, the park was renamed to Sanjay Gandhi National Park, after Sanjay Gandhi. The same year, some forests from the Thane division were merged into the park, further expanding its total area to 103.84 km2 (40.09 sq mi).[5]

Geography

The park occupies most of the northern suburbs of Mumbai. To the west lie the suburbs of Goregaon, Malad, Kandivali, Borivali and Dahisar. To the east lie the suburbs of Bhandup and Mulund. To the south lies the Aarey Milk Colony and the university campus of IIT Bombay. The northern reaches of this forest lie in Thane city. The park and the areas surrounding it, except Thane city, are all part of Mumbai. It is the only protected forest located within the limits of a city.[6]

The region is hilly with elevations between 30 and 480 m (98 and 1,575 ft). Vihar Lake and Tulsi Lake in the park meet a part of the city's water requirements. The park is said to be the lungs of the city as it purifies much of the air pollution in the city.[citation needed]

Wildlife

Dense forest
River in the park

This park is home to a number of endangered species of flora and fauna. The forest area of the park houses over 1,000 plant species, 251 species of migratory, land, and water birds, 5,000 species of insects, and 40 species of mammals. In addition, the park also provides shelter to 38 species of reptiles, 9 species of amphibians, 150 species of butterflies, and a large variety of fish.[7][8]

Flora

Karvi flower (Strobilanthes callosus)

In the state of Maharashtra, the mass flowering of karvi has been observed to occur in Mumbai in the same year as in the hill station of Khandala and one year earlier in Bhimashankar and Malshej Ghat, beyond Kalyan.[9]

Fauna

Monkeys in SGNP

The forest cover in the park helps provide the ideal habitat for many wild animals.

are some of the wild mammals often spotted inside the park. Other large mammals found in the park include:

Reptiles living here include:

In 2003, pugmarks and droppings of a Bengal tiger were found in the park. Although the tiger was never widely sighted, it did bring some excitement to city folks as records of tiger being found here are quite old and forgotten now with the last tiger being shot down 80 years earlier in the region.[10][11][12] Conservation was also proposed for the interlinked habitat corridors and nearby forest areas in the state along with upgrading their status as tiger habitat.[13]

A total of 172 species of butterflies have been reported here, of which the spectacular ones are:

There are a number of moths too. The largest moth is the size of a sparrow (30 cm).[citation needed]

Some of the birds in the park are:

Migratory and local birds such as the:

have also been spotted.[7]>

Threats

The park has faced a number of problems similar to those faced by national parks elsewhere in the world, involving conflicts between natural and human interests.[citation needed]

In June 2004, leopards were responsible for the deaths of 20 humans within the span of a week. This was not the first attack: for the past 10 years, there have been attacks attributed to leopards stalking children and adults outside the park fringes. After an outcry was raised and the situation reached alarming proportions, eight leopards were caught and relocated.[citation needed]

The leopard threat still continues in and around the Thane district today, with repeated sightings as well as attacks on pets and humans. On 16 July 2012, a seven-year-old girl was killed in Mulund right outside her home by a leopard. A year later, a 40-year-old woman was attacked and killed by a leopard in Bhiwandi, Thane City, in 2013. Five days later, a 14-year-old shepherd survived a leopard attack in the same region.[14] In 2014, a two-year-old child went missing from Ghoong village in Wada.[15] August 2015 saw four leopard attacks in Thane city.[16] In one incident, a leopard and her cub dragged a one-year-old Rottweiler off.[17]

References

  1. ^ a b Narkar, N.S.; Mhaiske, V.M.; Patil, V.K.; Narkhede, S.S.; Malave, D.B. (2017). "Socio-Economic Impact of Tourism Activity on Local Stakeholders of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Borivali, Mumbai". Journal of Tree Sciences. 36 (2): 105−114. doi:10.5958/2455-7129.2017.00032.2.
  2. ^ "2 million visitors of national park Borivali are unaware of this!". Bombay nagari. 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  3. ^ "Kanheri Caves". Archived from the original on 12 May 2001. Retrieved 28 January 2007.
  4. ^ "Mumbai's Ancient Kanheri Caves". Retrieved 31 January 2007.
  5. ^ "Metro-3 row: 1,501 hectares of Aarey Milk Colony is part of the Borivali National Park in Mumbai, say experts". Hindustan Times. 20 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  6. ^ "Mumbai's Sanjay Gandhi National Park: Essential Visitor's Guide". TripSavvy. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  7. ^ a b c "Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Borivali, Mumbai". Wildlife/National Parks. Maharashtra State Forest Department. Archived from the original on 10 February 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
  8. ^ Mirza, Zeeshan. & Pal, Saunak. (2008) A checklist of reptiles and amphibians of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Mumbai, Maharashtra. Cobra II(4: 14–19.
  9. ^ Chhaya, S. (2000). "The Karvy blooms". The Times of India Supplement. Archived 6 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ "Mumbai leaps into tiger territory".
  11. ^ Livemint. "A tiger on Malabar Hill". livemint.com. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  12. ^ "The Hindu : Book Review : India's natural history".
  13. ^ "Tiger may expand boundaries of park". Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
  14. ^ "Teen injured in leopard attack in Thane". The Hindu. 31 July 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  15. ^ "Leopard attack: 50 men search for 5 days but can t find 2-yr-old s body". mid-day.com. 1 September 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  16. ^ "4 leopard attacks in 2 months leave Ovala residents on edge". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  17. ^ Mishra, R. (2015). "Leopard Attack in Thane: Female Leopard & cub caught on CCTV snatching pet Rottweiler dog". india.com. Retrieved 18 March 2018.

Further reading

  • Patwardhan, A. (2014). Butterflies of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Ambient Science 1(1): 7–15.
  • Kasambe, R. (2012): Butterfly fauna of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park and Mumbai. Bionotes 14 (3): 76–80.
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