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|honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
|honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
|name = Jeremy Corbyn
|name = Jeremy Corbyn
|image = Jeremy Corbyn (2015).jpg
|image = Jeremy Corbyn 2014-04-30.jpg
|alt = Jeremy Corbyn, Leader of the Labour Party
|alt = Jeremy Corbyn, Leader of the Labour Party
|caption = Corbyn in 2015
|caption = Corbyn in 2015

Revision as of 11:14, 17 September 2015

"Corbyn" redirects here. For other meanings, see Corbyn (name).

The Right Honourable
Jeremy Corbyn
MP
Jeremy Corbyn, Leader of the Labour Party
Corbyn in 2015
Leader of the Opposition
Assumed office
12 September 2015
MonarchElizabeth II
Prime MinisterDavid Cameron
Preceded byHarriet Harman
Leader of the Labour Party
Assumed office
12 September 2015
DeputyTom Watson
Preceded byEd Miliband
Member of Parliament
for Islington North
Assumed office
9 June 1983
Preceded byMichael O'Halloran
Majority21,194 (43.0%)
Personal details
Born
Jeremy Bernard Corbyn

(1949-05-26) 26 May 1949 (age 75)
Chippenham, Wiltshire, UK
Political partyLabour
Spouse(s)Jane Chapman (1974–1979)
Claudia Bracchitta (1987–1999)
Laura Álvarez (2013–present)
Children3
WebsiteOfficial website

Jeremy Bernard Corbyn (born 26 May 1949)[1] is a British politician who is Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North since 1983.[2]

Born in Chippenham, Wiltshire, Corbyn briefly attended North London Polytechnic before going on to work as an official for the National Union of Public Employees and the Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union, and for the National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers as a union representative. He began his political career in 1974, when he was elected to Haringey Council, and also served as Secretary of the Islington Constituency Labour Party (CLP); he continued in these roles until his election as the MP for Islington North.

A self-described democratic socialist, Corbyn advocates the renationalisation of public utilities and of the railways, combatting corporate tax evasion and avoidance as an alternative to the government's austerity programme, abolishing university tuition fees and restoring student grants, a unilateral policy of nuclear disarmament, quantitative easing to fund infrastructure and renewable energy projects, and reversing cuts to public sector and welfare funding made since 2010. He is a member of the Socialist Campaign Group, the Palestine Solidarity Campaign, Amnesty International and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), and is the National Chair of the Stop the War Coalition.

On 6 June 2015, Corbyn announced his candidacy for the leadership of the Labour Party. Although he was initially regarded as a fringe hopeful in the leadership election, Corbyn became the lead candidate in opinion polls and secured the support of the majority of trades unions affiliated to the Labour Party, as well as three non-affiliated unions.[3] On 12 September 2015, he was elected Labour Party Leader, with 59.5% of the votes in the first round of the ballot.[4][5]

Early life and career

Corbyn was born in Chippenham and was brought up at nearby Kington St Michael, Wiltshire.[6] The youngest of four sons, he is the brother of weather forecaster Piers Corbyn and the son of Naomi (née Josling), a maths teacher, and David Corbyn, an electrical engineer and expert in power rectifiers. His parents were peace campaigners who met during the Spanish Civil War.[7][8] When Corbyn was seven years old the family moved to Pave Lane in Shropshire, where his father bought "Yew Tree Manor" (renamed "Yew Tree Guesthouse")[9] converting it into a family home.[6]

Corbyn was educated at the independent Castle House Preparatory School near Newport, Shropshire, before attending Adams' Grammar School as a day boy.[10][11] While still at school he became active in the Wrekin Constituency Young Socialists and his local Labour Party, as well as in the League Against Cruel Sports.[11] He achieved two A-Levels with 'E' grades before leaving school aged 18.[12] After grammar school, Corbyn spent two years doing Voluntary Service Overseas in Jamaica before becoming a full-time organiser for the National Union of Public Employees and Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union, while briefly pursuing an academic degree at North London Polytechnic, which he left after his first year without completing his studies.[10][13]

Corbyn later worked as an Official of the National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers, was appointed a member of a district health authority and in 1974 was elected to Haringey Council, representing Harringay Ward as Councillor until 1983.[7][14] Corbyn worked on Tony Benn's unsuccessful 1981 campaign to become Deputy Leader of the Labour Party and was elected Secretary of the Islington Borough Labour Group.

Parliamentary career

File:Corbyn in Parliament 1990.png
Corbyn addressing the House of Commons at PMQs in 1990

Corbyn was selected as the Labour Party candidate for his local seat of Islington North in 1982. At the 1983 general election he was elected Member of Parliament for Islington North and immediately joined the Socialist Campaign Group, marking him out as one of the most left-wing Labour MPs, and he then sat on the Parliamentary London Regional Select Committee from 1983 to 1987. Shortly after being elected to parliament he began writing a regular column in The Morning Star, which he continues to the present day. He later sat on the Social Security Select Committee from 1992 to 1997, the London Regional Select Committee for a second time from 2009 to 2010, and the Justice Select Committee from 2010 to 2015.

Corbyn has been returned as Member of Parliament for Islington North seven times, most recently in 2015, when he gained 60.24% of the votes cast and a majority of 21,194.[15] Between 1997 and 2010, during the most recent Labour Government, Corbyn is recorded (by Hansard) as being the most rebellious Labour MP, regularly defying three-line whips. In the British Parliament 2005–10 alone, he defied his Government Whip 238 times equating to approximately 25% of all voting opportunities.[16]

In October 2001, Corbyn was elected to the Steering Committee of the Stop the War Coalition, which was formed to oppose the Afghanistan War which started later that year. He was fiercely opposed to the Iraq War in 2003, and spoke at dozens of anti-war rallies in Britain and overseas. He helped organise the February anti-Iraq War protest which was claimed to be the largest such protest in British political history. He was elected Chair of the Coalition in succession to Andrew Murray in September 2011. In 2006, Corbyn was one of 12 Labour MPs to support Plaid Cymru and the Scottish National Party's call for a parliamentary inquiry into the Iraq War.[17] He is strongly opposed to weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and a long-time supporter of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), which he joined in 1966 whilst still at school,[18] becoming one of its three Vice-Chairs. Corbyn was criticised for inviting Gerry Adams and other members of Sinn Fein to Parliament in 1984, weeks after the Brighton bombing by the IRA which killed five people.[19]

Corbyn is a member of a number of Parliamentary Trade Union Groups: he is sponsored by several Trade Unions, including Unison, the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers and UNITE. He is a committed anti-fascist, having spoken at the major Unite Against Fascism and Trades Union Congress joint anti-British National Party rally in December 2001, and was the keynote speaker at Unite Against Fascism's annual conference in 2007.

Corbyn was Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on the Chagos Islands, Chair of the APPG on Mexico, Vice-Chair of the APPG on Latin America and Vice-Chair of the APPG on Human Rights. He has advocated for the rights of the forcibly-removed Chagossians to return to the British Indian Ocean Territory and is noted for his Venezuelan solidarity activism.[20] He also belonged to the following APPGs: Bolivia, Britain–Palestine, Cheese, Cycling, Dalits, Great Lakes, International Parliamentary Union and traveller law reform.

Expenses

During the 2009 expenses scandal, Corbyn was revealed to have submitted the smallest amount in expenses of any British Member of Parliament.[21][22] In 2010 he claimed the lowest among all 650 MPs. In an interview with The Islington Gazette he said: "I am a parsimonious MP. I think we should claim what we need to run our offices and pay our staff but be careful because it's obviously public money. In a year, rent for the [constituency] office [on] Durham Road, Finsbury Park is about £12,000 to £14,000."[22] Corbyn rents his constituency office from the Ethical Property Company.[23]

Activism

Corbyn became known in the 1980s for his work on behalf of the Guildford Four and Birmingham Six, who were eventually found to have been wrongly convicted of responsibility for a series of bombings carried out in England in the mid-1970s by the IRA that killed 28 people.[24][25][26][27][28] Corbyn also supported the campaign to overturn the convictions of Jawad Botmeh and Samar Alami for the 1994 bombing of the Israeli Embassy in London; Botmeh and Alami had admitted possessing explosives and guns but denied they were for use in Britain. The convictions were upheld by the High Court of Justice in 2001 and by the European Court of Human Rights in 2007.[29][30] Nonetheless, in 2013, he supported Botmeh's appointment as a Governor of London Metropolitan University.[29]

Corbyn was a well-known campaigner against apartheid in South Africa, serving on the National Executive of the Anti-Apartheid Movement,[31] and was arrested in 1984 for demonstrating outside South Africa House.[32]

Leadership of the Labour Party

Leadership election

Main article: Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign, 2015
Corbyn speaking at the People's Assembly Demonstration in 2014

Following the Labour Party's defeat at the general election on 7 May 2015, Ed Miliband resigned as Labour Party leader, triggering a leadership election. On 2 June, it was reported in various media sources that Corbyn was considering standing as a candidate, having been disillusioned by the lack of a left-wing voice. The next day, Corbyn confirmed to his local newspaper, The Islington Tribune, that he would be standing in the election on a "clear anti-austerity platform". Corbyn added: "This decision is in response to an overwhelming call by Labour Party members who want to see a broader range of candidates and a thorough debate about the future of the party. I am standing to give Labour Party members a voice in this debate".[33] The other candidates were Shadow Home Secretary Yvette Cooper, Shadow Health Secretary Andy Burnham and Shadow Care Minister Liz Kendall.[34][35]

On 12 September 2015 Corbyn was elected Labour Party Leader in a landslide victory: having received 59.5% of first-preference votes, he won in the first round.[36]

Leader of the Opposition

After being elected Leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party on 12 September 2015, Corbyn became Leader of the Opposition.[37][38] On 14 September 2015, his appointment to the Privy Council was announced, although he prevaricated over as to how he would handle the swearing in ceremony.[39] Two days later Corbyn engaged in his first Prime Minister's Questions session as Leader of the Opposition; beforehand Corbyn invited Labour Party members to email question suggestions, six of which he selected to put to the Prime Minister, stating before the House he received as many as 40,000 replies.[40] Corbyn also stressed his desire to reduce the "theatrical" nature of the House of Commons, and his debut was described by The Guardian as "a good start" and "long overdue".[41]

Shadow Cabinet

On 13 September 2015, Corbyn unveiled his Shadow Cabinet. Corbyn appointed his leadership campaign manager and longstanding political ally John McDonnell as Shadow Chancellor, former leadership opponent Andy Burnham as Shadow Home Secretary, and Angela Eagle as Shadow First Secretary of State to deputise for him in the House of Commons. Corbyn also promoted a number of backbench MPs, including Diane Abbott, Heidi Alexander and Lisa Nandy to Shadow Cabinet roles, making his the first Shadow Cabinet with more women attending than men.[42]

Policies and views

Taxation and economy

Corbyn has campaigned against private finance initiative (PFI) schemes and supports the introduction of a living wage and a higher rate of income tax for the "wealthiest in society". Corbyn is an advocate for recouping losses from tax avoidance and evasion, by investing £1 billion in HMRC.[43] Richard Murphy, one of Corbyn's economics advisers said that "spending up to £300 million on [HMRC] staff could raise £8 billion extra."[44]

Corbyn also planned to reduce the £93 billion which companies receive in tax relief according to Kevin Farnsworth, a senior lecturer at York University.[45][46] This amount is made up of several reliefs, including railway and energy subsidies, relief on investment and government procurement from the private sector.[46] He has described year-on-year corporation tax cuts for companies with profits over £300,000[47] by current British Governments as a "race to the bottom".[48] In 1990, Corbyn participated in the tax resistance movement against the Community Charge, also known as the Poll Tax, for which he faced imprisonment.[32]

Corbyn proposes to have the Bank of England create money to invest in housing and public transport, described by Corbyn as "people's quantitative easing".[49] This would aim to turn the UK into a high-skill, high-tech economy and to build more council houses in order to lower long-term housing benefit costs. To achieve this, the Bank would purchase bonds for a State-owned "National Investment Bank".[50]

Welfare and health

In 2013, Corbyn co-signed a letter which was published in The Guardian newspaper that indicated his support for the People's Assembly Against Austerity.[51] He has also been a prominent sponsor of the "March for Homes".[52]

He was one of sixteen signatories to an open letter to then-Labour Leader Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling for Labour to make a commitment to opposing further austerity, to take rail franchises back into public ownership, and to strengthen collective bargaining arrangements.[49][53]

At the Second Reading of the Welfare Reform and Work Bill in July 2015, Corbyn joined 47 other Labour MPs to oppose the Bill, describing it as "rotten and indefensible", whilst the other three leadership candidates abstained.[54] In August 2015, he called on Iain Duncan Smith to resign as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions after it emerged that thousands of disabled people had died after being found fit to work by Work Capability Assessments between 2011 and 2014.[55]

Corbyn has said that the NHS should be "completely publicly run and publicly accountable"[56] and is a supporter of the NHS Reinstatement Bill 2015.[57] Corbyn is opposed to the private finance initiative, arguing that the NHS will have to repay "six times the original investment in them".[58] In 2010, he stated on Twitter that he believed homeopathy could work for some people[59] and signed a parliamentary motion introduced by the Conservative MP David Tredinnick calling on the Government to consider the experiences of other countries such as India, which backs homeopathy treatment, when formulating health policy.[60]

Education

Corbyn envisions the establishment of a "National Education Service", on a similar model to that of the existing National Health Service. He advocates a return to local authority over state-funded academies and free schools, and an end to the charitable status of public schools.[49] Corbyn has campaigned strongly against tuition fees in England, and supports an increase in corporation tax to fund public services such as free higher education. He also advocates the restoration of maintenance grants, which were abolished by the UK's Conservative Government in 2015.[61][62][63] Corbyn is also in favour of an organised "National Creative Apprenticeship Service" for arts-based further education.[64]

LGBT rights

Considered an early pioneer of LGBT equality, Corbyn championed such causes as the Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners (LGSM), civil partnerships and same-sex marriage,[65] and support for the Equality Bill.[66] He was the only Labour MP to vote in favour of a Liberal Democrat amendment to outlaw discrimination based on sexuality in 1998, before the introduction of the Equality Act 2006.[67] Corbyn voted in favour of the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013, which ultimately legalised same-sex marriage in England and Wales.[68] He has also threatened "economic and diplomatic consequences" on those countries not supporting LGBT rights.[65] Corbyn also supported the appointment of Michael Cashman as Labour's specialist LGBT rights international envoy.[66]

Energy and transport

Corbyn speaking at the 2015 annual Tolpuddle Martyrs' Festival and Rally

Corbyn has been outspoken in his support for taking rail and energy companies back into public ownership via renationalisation.[69][70]

Analyses cited by The Guardian and Financial Times newspapers among others, of the renationalisation policies advocated by Corbyn, indicate a figure of at least £124 billion would be needed to purchase controlling shares in the "Big Six" national energy providers plus the National Grid.[71] This plan would have to comply with European Union competition law, which while several European countries currently have State-owned railway systems compliant with this EU Law,[72] future EU proposals indicate potential future EU legislation requiring the "opening up" of passenger railway markets.[73] Thus energy and transportation markets, even if State-owned, would have to give a "right of competition" among other EU-domiciled companies.[74][75]

In August 2015, Corbyn raised the prospect of introducing women-only carriages on public transport (a policy currently in action in Japan), as well as a 24-hour hotline for women to report cases of harassment.[76] He said that although his aim was to "make public transport safer for everyone from the train platform, to the bus stop to the mode of transport itself", he would consult women on whether such carriages would be welcome, after the idea was suggested to him.[76] His statement was condemned by Andy Burnham, Yvette Cooper and Liz Kendall, with Cooper stating that Corbyn's plan was "turning the clock back instead of tackling the problem",[77] while Conservative Women's Minister Nicky Morgan said she was "uncomfortable with the idea", which sounded like "segregation".[78]

Nationalism and devolution

Corbyn has been a long-standing supporter of a United Ireland and controversially invited Sinn Féin Party President Gerry Adams to London in 1984. A second meeting in 1996 was cancelled following pressure from the Labour Party.[79][80] Corbyn responded by saying "dialogue with all parties remains essential if the peace process is to continue".[81] He has been strongly criticised by Labour and Conservative MPs for holding meetings with former members of the IRA in the Houses of Parliament to discuss topics such as conditions in Northern Irish prisons and the IRA ceasefire.[82][83] Corbyn voted against the Anglo-Irish Agreement, saying that it strengthened the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland and he opposed it as he wished to see a United Ireland.[84] In an interview on Northern Irish radio in August 2015, Corbyn stressed his opposition to "all bombing" and welcomed the ceasefire and peace process, although he did not express a direct opinion about the actions of the IRA specifically.[85][86]

When asked by Glasgow's Herald newspaper if he would describe himself as a British Unionist, Corbyn replied "No, I would describe myself as a Socialist. I would prefer the UK to stay together, yes, but I recognise the right of people to take the decision on their own autonomy and independence". He also criticised the decision by Scottish Labour to work with Scottish Conservatives in the Better Together campaign, and said that he had not actively participated in the Referendum campaign. Corbyn also stated his belief that economic inequality exists across the UK, and that Labour should unite people on the basis of a "radical economic strategy".[87]

Corbyn has stated his personal preference for Britain to become a republic, but said given the royal family's popularity, "it's not a battle that I am fighting".[31][88] In 1991, Corbyn seconded the Commonwealth of Britain Bill brought forward by Tony Benn, which called for the transformation of the United Kingdom ideally into a "democratic, federal and secular Commonwealth of Britain", with an elected president, devolution, abolition of the House of Lords (in its present form) and equality of representation by men and women in parliament.[89]

Foreign affairs and defence

Corbyn has stated that NATO is to blame for the crisis in Ukraine and described Russia's actions as "not unprovoked".[90] He has said it "probably was" a mistake to allow former Warsaw Pact countries to join NATO: "NATO expansion and Russian expansion – one leads to the other, and one reflects the other."[90][91] Corbyn's views on Ukraine, Russia, and NATO were criticised by a number of writers, including Halya Coynash of the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group,[92] Anne Applebaum in The Sunday Times,[93] Ben Judah in The Independent,[94] and Roger Boyes in The Times.[95] Writing for The Daily Telegraph, Edward Lucas saw Corbyn as having a "desire to appease Russia by sacrificing Ukraine" and said that Corbyn's "anti-imperialist sentiments did not stretch to understanding countries such as Ukraine."[96] In April 2014, he wrote an article for the Morning Star attributing the Ukraine crisis to NATO. He said that the "root of the crisis" lay in "the US drive to expand eastwards" and described Russia's actions as "not unprovoked".[90] Corbyn told The Guardian in August 2015: "I am not an admirer or supporter of Putin's foreign policy, or of Russian or anybody else's expansion". Corbyn would like to pull the United Kingdom out of NATO,[97] but has acknowledged that there is not an appetite for it among the public and instead intends to push for NATO to "restrict its role".[98]

Corbyn at Global Justice Now, 2015

A member of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Corbyn opposes the replacement of Britain's Trident nuclear weapons system, and supports the creation of a Defence Diversification Agency to assist the transfer of jobs and skills to the civilian sector.[99][100] In his leadership election campaign, Corbyn suggested that the 11,000 jobs supported by Trident could be replaced by "socially productive" jobs in renewable energy, railways and housing.[101] However, it has been noted by The Daily Telegraph that Corbyn appears to be softening his position on Trident and the EU to placate the concerns of many in the Labour party, despite having a considerable mandate following the leadership election.[102]

Corbyn has been particularly vocal on Middle East foreign policy. He is a member of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign, regularly campaigning against conflict in Gaza and what the organisation considers to be apartheid in Israel.[103] Asked in an interview on Channel 4 News in July 2015 why he had called representatives from Hamas and Hezbollah "friends," Corbyn explained that he had used the word in a "collective" sense, and does not condone the actions of either organisation. "There is not going to be a peace process unless there is talks involving Israel, Hezbollah and Hamas and I think everyone knows that," he argued.[104] He has called for the lifting of sanctions as part of a negotiated full settlement of issues concerning the Iranian nuclear programme, and the starting of a political process to decommission Israel's nuclear arsenal.[105]

In July 2015, Corbyn stated that if Prime Minister David Cameron negotiated away workers' rights and environmental protection as part of his renegotiation of Britain's membership of the European Union (EU), he would not rule out advocating for a British exit in a proposed referendum on EU membership.[106] However, when questioned by Nigel Farage – leader of one of Europe's most prominent Eurosceptic parties (UKIP) – he stated his opposition to UKIP and immediate exit from the European Union,[107] and when talking to the BBC, Corbyn stated his opposition to a EU exit for Britain, saying that his aim is for a "social Europe, [and] a cohesive Europe", despite proposals on this issue "developing" within his party.[108]

Environment and animal rights

Jeremy Corbyn has been a strong advocate for environmentalism. During his leadership bid in 2015, he published a "Protecting Our Planet manifesto", detailing plans for a "Green Investment Bank" that would invest in green technologies such as renewable energy. He advocates a ban on hydraulic fracking, a phasing out of fossil fuel extraction, and investment in public transport to improve air quality. Corbyn is also against the creation of new nuclear power stations.[109][110]

Corbyn has been a long-time campaigner on animal rights issues. He was one of the first signatories to Tony Banks' "Pigeon Bombs" Early Day Motion and in 2015 signed a motion calling for a ban on the importation of foie gras into the United Kingdom and sponsored a motion opposing the Yulin Dog Meat Festival.[111][112][113] He also sponsored two Early Day Motions relating to the McLibel case.[114]

Personal life

In 1974, Corbyn married Jane Chapman, a then-fellow Labour Councillor for Haringey and university lecturer,[18] who described Corbyn as her "political soulmate"; the couple divorced in 1979.[115] Eight years later he married Chilean exile Claudia Bracchitta, with whom he had three sons. Following a disagreement over whether to send their son Ben to a grammar school – Corbyn opposes selection at the age of 11 – the couple divorced in 1999, although Corbyn said in June 2015 that he continued to "get on very well" with his former wife.[13][116] Ben later attended Queen Elizabeth's School, which was Bracchitta's first choice.[117] In 2013, Corbyn married his long-term domestic partner Laura Álvarez,[118] a Mexican emigrée who runs a fair trade coffee importing business.[119]

Having described himself as parsimonious in the past,[22] Corbyn told Simon Hattenstone of The Guardian in June 2015, "I don't spend a lot of money, I lead a very normal life, I ride a bicycle and I don't have a car."[13] He has been a vegetarian since the age of 20, following a period working on a pig farm. Though he has been described in the media as teetotal, he does drink but "very, very little".[120][121]

Corbyn has been described, by The Daily Telegraph, as a "menswear maverick".[122]

Awards

In 2013, Corbyn was awarded the Gandhi International Peace Award for his "consistent efforts over a 30-year parliamentary career to uphold the Gandhian values of social justice and non‐violence."[123][124] In the same year, he was honoured by the Grassroot Diplomat Initiative for his "ongoing support for a number of non-government organisations and civil causes".[125] Corbyn has won the Parliamentary "Beard of the Year Award" a record five times, as well as being named as the Beard Liberation Front's Beard of the Year, having previously described his beard as "a form of dissent" against New Labour.[126]

Styles

  • Mr. Jeremy Bernard Corbyn (1949–1983)
  • Mr. Jeremy Bernard Corbyn MP (1983–2015)
  • The Rt. Hon. Jeremy Bernard Corbyn MP (2015–present)[39]

See also

References

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