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Sarajevo
Сарајево
A view of Sarajevo in April 2007.
A view of Sarajevo in April 2007.
Flag of Sarajevo Сарајево
Flag
Official seal of Sarajevo Сарајево
Seal
Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo)
Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo)
CountryBosnia and Herzegovina
EntityFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
CantonSarajevo Canton
Government
 • MayorSemiha Borovac (SDA)
Area
[1]
 • Total141.5 km2 (54.6 sq mi)
Elevation
500 m (1,640 ft)
Population
 (Dec 2006 est.)[2]
 • Total304,136
 • Density2,149/km2 (5,570/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (Central European Time)
Area code+387 (33)
WebsiteCity of Sarajevo

Sarajevo (Cyrillic: Сарајево;IPA: ['sarajɛʋɔ], in English usually [ˌsærəˈjeɪvoʊ]) is the capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with an estimated population of 304,136 (as of December, 2006).[2] It is also the capital of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity, and the de jure capital of the Republika Srpska entity, as well as the center of the Sarajevo Canton. Sarajevo is located in the Sarajevo valley of Bosnia proper, surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated around the Miljacka river. The city is famous for its traditional religious diversity, with adherents of Islam, Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Judaism peacefully coexisting there for centuries.[3]

Although settlement in the area stretches back to prehistoric times, the modern city arose as an Ottoman stronghold in the 15th century.[4] Sarajevo has attracted international attention several times throughout its history: In 1914 it was the site of the assassination that sparked World War I, while seventy years later it became the host city of the 1984 Winter Olympics. More recently, Sarajevo underwent the longest siege in modern military history during the Bosnian War. Today the city is recovering and adjusting to a post-war reality, as a major center of culture and economic development in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[5]

Geography and climate

Geography

Sarajevo is located at 43°52′0″N 18°25′0″E / 43.86667°N 18.41667°E / 43.86667; 18.41667, in the exact geometric center of the triangular-shaped Bosnia-Herzegovina and within the historical region of Bosnia proper. It lies in the Sarajevo valley, in the middle of the Dinaric Alps. The valley itself once formed a vast expanse of greenery, but gave way to urban expansion and development in the post-World War II era. The city is surrounded by heavily forested hills and five major mountains. The highest of the surrounding peaks is Treskavica at Template:M to ft, then Bjelasnica at Template:M to ft, Jahorina at Template:M to ft, Trebevic at Template:M to ft, with Template:M to ft Igman being the shortest. Last four are also known as Olympics mountains of Sarajevo (see also 1984 Winter Olympics Games in Sarajevo). On average, Sarajevo is situated Template:M to ft above sea level. The city itself has its fair share of hilly terrain, as evidenced by the many steeply inclined streets and settlements seemingly perched on the hillsides.

The Miljacka river is one of the city's chief geographic features. It flows through the city from east through the center of Sarajevo to west part of city where eventually meets up with the Bosna river. Miljacka river is famous for being "Sarajevo's River", with it's source in the town of Pale, several kilometers to the east of Sarajevo. The Bosna's source, Vrelo Bosne near Ilidža (west Sarajevo), is another notable natural landmark and a popular destination for Sarajevans and other tourists. Several smaller rivers and streams also run through the city and its vicinity.

Cityscape

Sarajevo is located close to the center of the triangular shape of Bosnia and Herzegovina in southeastern Europe. It consists of four municipalities (or "Općina"): Centar (Center), Novi Grad (New City), Novo Sarajevo (New Sarajevo), and Stari Grad (Old Town). Greater Sarajevo includes these and the neighbouring municipalities of Ilidža and Vogošća. The city has an urban area of 141.5 square kilometres (54.6 sq mi)

Climate

Sarajevo has a mild continental climate, lying between the climate zones of central Europe to the north and the Mediterranean to the south. The average yearly temperature is 9.5 °C, with January (-1.3 °C avg.) being the coldest month of the year and July (19.1 °C avg.) the warmest. The highest recorded temperature was 40.0 °C on August 19, 1946, while the lowest recorded temperature was −29.2 °C on January 22, 1963. On average, Sarajevo has 68 summer days per year (temperature greater than or equal to 30.0 °C). The city typically experiences mildly cloudy skies, with an average yearly cloud cover of 59%. The cloudiest month is December (75% average cloud cover) while the clearest is August (37%). Moderate precipitation occurs fairly consistently throughout the year, with an average 170 days of rainfall. Suitable climatic conditions have allowed winter sports to flourish in the region, as exemplified by the Winter Olympics in 1984 thet were celebrated in Sarajevo.

Climate data for Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Source: MSN[6]

kurac

History

Main article: History of Sarajevo
Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque - one of Sarajevo's 186 mosques.
Sarajevo's Orthodox Cathedral
Cathedral of Jesus' Heart - Catholic Cathedral in Sarajevo.
Sarajevo's Jewish Synagogue.


The Sarajevo valley has a long and rich history dating back to the Neolithic period, when the Butmir Culture flourished. Several Illyrian settlements existed in the area before it was conquered by Rome in 9 CE.[7] During Roman times, a town named Aquae Sulphurae ("sulfuric thermal spring") existed on the location of the present-day Sarajevo suburb of Ilidža.[8] After the Romans, the Goths settled the area, followed by the Slavs in the 7th century.[9] The settlement Vrh-Bosna existed in the valley as a Slavic citadel from 1263 until it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire's warriors in 1429.[10] Under Isa-Beg Isaković, the first Ottoman governor of the Bosnia Province, the settlement was established as a city, named Bosna-Saraj, around the citadel in 1461.

The governor oversaw the construction of the city's Old Town district, including a water-supply system, mosque, closed marketplace, public bath, hostel, and Governor's palace. Gazi Husrev-beg was appointed the second governor of the Bosnia Province in 1521 and built the city's first library, madrassa, school of Sufi philosophy, as well as the Sahat Kula clock tower.

In 1697, during the Great Turkish War, a raid was led by Prince Eugene of Savoy of the Habsburg Monarchy against the Ottoman Empire, which conquered Sarajevo and left it plague-infected and burned to the ground. The city was later rebuilt, but never fully recovered from the destruction. The Ottoman Empire made Sarajevo an important administrative centre by 1850, but the ruling powers changed as the Austria-Hungarian Empire conquered Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 as part of the Treaty of Berlin, and annexed it completely in 1908. Sarajevo was industrialized by Austria-Hungary, who used the city as a testing area for new inventions, such as tramways, before installing them in Vienna.[9][11] In the event that triggered World War I, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28 1914 by a Serbian, Gavrilo Princip, a nationalist/provocateur assassin. In the ensuing war, however, most of the Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade, and Sarajevo largely escaped damage and destruction during the war. Following the war, after the Balkans were unified under the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Sarajevo became the capital of the Drina Province.

In April 1941 Nazi Germany invaded Yugoslavia and bombarded Sarajevo. At this time, there were approximately 10,500 Jews living in Sarajevo, who, along with Romany and Orthodox Serbians, were oppressed by the Croatian Ustaše government or transported to concentration camps.[citation needed] Yugoslav Partisan resistance fighters, led by Josip Broz Tito, liberated Sarajevo on 6 April 1945.

Afterwards, the city grew rapidly as it became an important regional industrial center in Yugoslavia. As part of the 1945 General Town Development Plan modern city blocks were built west of the old city, adding to Sarajevo's architectural diversity. The peak of city growth occurred in the early 1980s, when Sarajevo hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics.[12]

On April 6 1992, as the former communist state of Yugoslavia was disintegrating, Sarajevo was surrounded by the Yugoslav National Army (Bosnian: "Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija") and a number of paramilitary (Bosnian Serb Army) formations. The siege of Sarajevo, which lasted until October 1995, resulted in large scale destruction and dramatic population shifts. Reconstruction of Sarajevo started as soon as the war ended with the Dayton Agreement of November 1995.

By 2003, most of the city had been rebuilt or repaired, with only a few remaining visible ruins in the city centre. Modern office buildings and skyscrapers have since been constructed throughout the city.[13]

Government

File:BiHParliament.jpg
Building of the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sarajevo is the capital of the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its sub-entity, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as of the Sarajevo Canton. It is also the de jure capital of other entity, Republika Srpska. Each of these levels of government has their parliament or council, as well as judicial courts, in the city. In addition many foreign embassies are located in Sarajevo.

The city comprises four municipalities which each operate their own municipal government, united to form one city government with its own constitution. The executive branch (Bosnian: "Gradska Uprava") consists of a mayor, with two deputies and a cabinet. The legislative branch consists of the City Council, or Gradsko Vijeće. The council has 28 members, including a council speaker, two deputies, and a secretary. Councillors are elected by the municipality in numbers roughly proportional to their population. The city government also has a judicial branch based on the post-transitional judicial system as outlined by the High Representative's “High Judicial and Prosecutorial Councils”.[14]

A Sarajevo Rose marking where people were killed by a mortar explosion

Sarajevo's Municipalities are further split into "local communities" (Bosnian, Mjesne zajednice). Local communities have a small role in city government and are intended as a way for ordinary citizens to get involved in city government. They are based around key neighborhoods in the city.

Bosnia and Herzegovina's Parliament office in Sarajevo was damaged heavily in the Bosnian war. Due to damage the staff and documents were moved to a nearby ground level office to resume the work. In late 2006 reconstruction work started on the Parliament and is to be finished in early 2007. The cost of reconstruction is supported 80% by the Greek Government through the Hellenic Program of Balkans Reconstruction (ESOAV) and 20% by Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Sarajevo

The last official census in Bosnia and Herzegovina took place 1991 which recorded 529,021 people living in Sarajevo.[15] The war displaced hundreds of thousands of people, many of whom have not returned. As of 2006 the Sarajevo Canton government estimated the city's population at 418,891 people.[16] With an area of 493 sq miles, Sarajevo has a population density of about 2173 people per square kilometer. The Novo Sarajevo municipality is the most densely populated part of Sarajevo with about 7524 inhabitants per square kilometer, while the least densely populated is the Stari Grad, with 742 inhabitants per square kilometer.[17]

File:2615282-lg.jpg
Baščaršija, Old town of Sarajevo

War changed the ethnic and religious profile of the city. While it had long been known as a multicultural city,[18] or Europe's Jerusalem,[19] Muslims Bosniaks returned to form an even greater proportion of the population. In 1991 Bosniaks formed 50% of the population, followed by Eastern Orthodox Serbs with 33%, and Roman Catholic Croats with 7%. However, in 1997 Bosniaks formed 87% of the population, with Serbs at 5% and Croats at 6%.[20] If the East Sarajevo (Republika Srpska) population were to be included (130,000, mostly Serbs), the Bosniaks would still have an absolute majority, followed by Serbs at around 33% of the overall population.

Today, Sarajevo's population is not known clearly and is based of estimates contributed by the United Nations Statistics Division and the Federal Office of Statistics, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina among other national and international non-profit organizations. It is believed that Sarajevo’s population to date has actually increased rather than decreased due to many migrants moving from rural villages destroyed during the Bosnian war.

See also: Historical population of Sarajevo

Economy

Main article: Economy of Sarajevo
File:SarajevoHolidayInn.JPG
The Holiday Inn, Sarajevo, 1983, architect Ivan Straus. As of 2008 it will be part of the Grand Media Center Complex.
File:Sarajevo6.jpg
The tomb of Gazi Husrev-Beg, Sarajevo

After decades of communism and years of war, Sarajevo's economy has been subject to reconstruction and rehabilitation programs.[21] Amongst other economic landmarks, the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina opened in Sarajevo in 1997 and the Sarajevo Stock Exchange began trading in 2002. The city's large manufacturing, administration, and tourism base, combined with a large informal market,[22] makes it one of the strongest economic regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

While Sarajevo had a large industrial base during its communist period, only a few pre-existing businesses have successfully adapted to the market economy.[citation needed] Sarajevo industries now include tobacco products, furniture, hosiery, automobiles, and communication equipment.[9] Companies based in Sarajevo include B&H Airlines (Formerly Air Bosna), BH Telecom, Bosmal City Center, Bosnalijek, Energopetrol, Sarajevo Tobacco Factory, and Sarajevska Pivara (Sarajevo Brewery).

Sarajevo has a strong tourist industry and was named by Lonely Planet the 43rd Best City in the World in 2006.[23] Sports-related tourism uses the legacy facilities of the 1984 Winter Olympics, especially the skiing facilities on the nearby mountains of Bjelašnica, Igman, Jahorina, Trebević, and Treskavica. Sarajevo's 600 years of history, influenced by both Western and Eastern empires, is also a strong tourist attraction. Sarajevo has hosted travellers for centuries, because it was an important trading center during the Ottoman and Austria-Hungarian empires. Examples of popular destinations in Sarajevo include the Vrelo Bosne park, the Sarajevo cathedral, and the Gazi Husrev-beg's Mosque.

Communications and media

File:AVAZ-finis.jpg
The headquarters of the Sarajevo newspaper and Radon Plaza Hotel
Main article: Communications and Media of Sarajevo

As the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo is the main center of the country's media. Most of the communications and media infrastructure was destroyed during the war but reconstruction led by the Office of the High Representative have helped modernize the industry.[24] For example, internet was first made available to the city in 1995.[25]

Oslobodenje (Liberation), founded in 1943, is Sarajevo longest running newspaper and the only one to survive the war. However, this long running and trusted newspaper has fallen behind the Dnevni Avaz (Daily Voice), founded in 1995, and Jutarnje Novine (Morning News) in circulation in Sarajevo.[26] Other local periodicals include the Croatian newspaper Hrvatska Rijec and the Bosnian magazine Start, as well as weekly newspapers Slobodna Bosna (Free Bosnia) and BH Dani (BH Days).

The Public Broadcast Service of Bosnia and Herzegovina is Sarajevo's public television station, one of three in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other stations based in the city include NRTV “Studio 99”, NTV Hayat, Open Broadcast Network, TV Kantona Sarajevo and Televizija Alfa. Many small independent radio stations exist, included established stations such as Radio M, Radio Grad (Radio Old Town), eFM Student Radio, Radio 202 and RSG. Radio Free Europe, as well as several American and West European stations, are available in the city, too.

Transportation

File:GRAS3.jpg
Sarajevo was the first city in Europe to have a full-time (from dawn to dusk) operational electric tram line. Since then it has upgraded to more modern trams.

Sarajevo's location in a valley between mountains make it a compact city. Narrow city streets and a lack of parking areas restrict automobile traffic but allow better pedestrian and cyclist mobility. The two main streets are Titova street (Street of Marshal Tito) and the east-west Zmaj od Bosne (Dragon of Bosnia) highway. The trans-European highway, Corridor 5C, runs through Sarajevo connecting it to Budapest in the north, and Ploče in the south.[27]

Electric tramways, in operation since 1885, are the oldest form of public transportation in the city.[28] There are seven tramway lines supplemented by five trolleybus lines and numerous bus routes. The main railroad station in Sarajevo is located in the north-central area of the city. From there, the tracks head west before branching off in different directions, including to the industrial sector

Sarajevo International Airport (IATA: SJJ) is located just a few kilometers southwest of the city. During the war the airport was used for United Nations flights and humanitarian relief. Since the Dayton Accord in 1996, the airport has welcomed a thriving commercial flight business which includes B&H Airlines, Austrian Airlines, British Airways, Alitalia, Aero Flight, Lufthansa, Jat Airways, Croatia Airlines, and others. In 2006, 534,000 passengers had travelled through Sarajevo airport, whereas only 25,000 had just 10 years earlier in 1996.[29]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Sarajevo
The National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Sarajevo.

Sarajevo has been home to many different religions for centuries, giving the city a range of diverse cultures. Slavic Muslims, Orthodox, Catholics and Jews all shared the city while maintaining distinctive identities. Today, however, the city is overwhelmingly Bosnian Muslim, but in recent years many returnees have been noticed as well as a growing number of foreigners from Eastern Asia.

The city is rich in museums, including the Museum of Sarajevo, the Ars Aevi Museum of Contemporary Art, the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (established in 1888 and home to the Sarajevo Haggadah), the Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Museum of Literature and Theatre Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city also hosts the National theatre of Bosnia and Herzegovina, established in 1919, as well as the Sarajevo Youth Theatre. Other cultural institutions include the Center for Sarajevo Culture, Sarajevo City Library, Art Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Bosniak Institute, a privately owned library and art collection focusing on Bosniak history.

Demolitions associated with the war,[30] as well as reconstruction, destroyed several institutions and cultural or religious symbols including the Gazi Husrev-beg library, the national library, the Sarajevo Oriental Institute, and a museum dedicated to the 1984 Olympic games. Consequently, the different levels of government established strong cultural protection laws and institutions. Bodies charged with cultural preservation in Sarajevo include the Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina (and their Sarajevo Canton counterpart), and the Bosnia and Herzegovina Commission to Preserve National Monuments.

Historically, Sarajevo was home to several famous Bosnian poets and thinkers during the Ottoman Empire. Nobel Prize winner Vladimir Prelog is from the city, as was academy award winning director Danis Tanovic. Nobel Prize winner Ivo Andric spent much of his life in Sarajevo.

The Sarajevo Film Festival, established in 1995, has become the premier film festival in the Balkans. The Sarajevo Winter Festival, Sarajevo Jazz Festival are well-known, as are the Bašćaršija Nights, a month-long showcase of local culture, music, and dance.

The Sarajevo school of pop rock developed in the city between 1961 and 1991. This type of music began with bands like Indexi, Bijelo dugme and singer/song writer Kemal Monteno. It continued into the 1980s, with bands such as Plavi orkestar, Zabranjeno pušenje and Crvena jabuka, ending with the war in 1992. After the war, Irish rock band U2 was the first band to play in the city live.

Entertainment and show-business

Sarajevo is regionally renowned for its Sarajevo Film Festival (SFF) and its Sarajevo Jazz Festival.

The SFF has been hosted in Sarajevo at the National Theatre in the center of Sarajevo and has received such world-renowned actors, directors, and musicians as: Steve Buscemi, Bono, Coolio, John Malkovich, Nick Nolte, Daniel Craig, Willem Dafoe, Anthony Minghella, Katrin Cartlidge, Alexander Payne, Sophie Okonedo, Stephen Frears, and much more.

For the past twelve years, the festival has entertained people and celebrities alike, elevating it to an international level. The first one was opened in still-warring Sarajevo in 1995, and has progressed into a classy representation of what Sarajevo can really be. This year's 13th Sarajevo Film Festival will have Juliette Binoche as its main guest and will premiere the movie Spring Break in Bosnia, starring Richard Gere, Jesse Eisenberg, and Terrence Howard.

The Sarajevo Jazz Festival has been entertaining Jazz connoisseurs (locals and expats) for ten years now and has hosted such greats as: Richard Bona, The John Butler Trio, Cristina Branco, Dhafer Youssef, and many more. The festival takes place at the Bosnian Cultural Center (aka "Main Stage"), just down the street from the SFF, at the Sarajevo Youth Stage Theater (aka "Strange Fruits Stage", at the Dom Vojske Federacije (aka "Solo Stage"), and at the CDA (aka "Groove Stage").

Sports

The city was the location of the 1984 Winter Olympics. Yugoslavia won one medal, a silver in men's giant slalom awarded to Jure Franko.[31] Many of the Olympic facilities survived the war or were reconstructed, including Olympic Hall Zetra and Asim Ferhatović Stadion. After co-hosting the Southeast Europe Friendship games, Sarajevo was awarded the 2009 Special Olympic winter games,[32] but cancelled these plans.[33][34]

Football (soccer) is popular in Sarajevo; the city hosts FK Sarajevo and FK Željezničar, which both compete in European and international cups and tournaments, as well as FK Olimpik and SAŠK. Another popular sport is basketball; the basketball club KK Bosna Sarajevo won the European championship in 1979. The chess club, Bosna Sarajevo, has been a championship team since the 1980s. handball club bosna is most popular team in sarajevo so far that ...(www.rkbosnasarajevo.ba) Sarajevo often holds international events and competitions in sports such as tennis and kickboxing. Rock climbing is popular; not far from the CBD is the sport climbing crag, Dariva.

Club Leagues Venue Established
FK Željezničar Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Grbavica Stadium 1921
FK Sarajevo Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Asim Ferhatović Hase Stadium 1946
FK Olimpik Sarajevo Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Second League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Otoka Stadium 1993
KK Bosna Premier League of Basketball of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Adriatic Basketball Association

Mirza Delibasic Arena 1951

Education

The Sarajevo art academy, on the bank of the Miljacka

Higher education has a long tradition in Sarajevo. The first institution that can be classified as such was a school of Sufi philosophy established by Gazi Husrev-beg in 1531; numerous other religious schools have been established over time. In 1887, under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a Sharia Law School began a five-year program.[35] In the 1940s the University of Sarajevo became the city's first secular higher education institute. In the 1950s post-bachelaurate graduate degrees became available.[36] While severely damaged during the war, it was rebuilt in partnership with more than 40 other universities.

Also, as of 2005, in Sarajevo there are 46 elementary schools (Grades 1–9) and 33 high schools (Grades 10–13), including three schools for children with special needs .[37]

Twin cities

See also: Town twinning

[38]


See also

References

  1. ^ Sarajevo Official Web Site. About Sarajevo. Retrieved on March 4, 2007.
  2. ^ a b Federal Office of Statistics, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Estimation total number of present population by age, sex and cantons and municipality, December 31, 2006. Annually statistical information. Retrieved on March 3, 2007.
  3. ^ Malcolm, Noel. Bosnia: A Short History. ISBN 0-81475-561-5.
  4. ^ Valerijan, Žujo; Imamović, Mustafa; Ćurovac, Muhamed. Sarajevo.
  5. ^ Kelley, Steve. Rising Sarajevo finds hope again. The Seattle Times. Retrieved on 19 August 2006.
  6. ^ MSN. Sarajevo, BIH Weather. Averages.
  7. ^ Tourism Association of Sarajevo Canton. The Culture & History. World Weather - Average Conditions. Retrieved on 3 August 2006.
  8. ^ Bosnia and Herzegovina Commission to Preserve National Monuments. II – PROCEDURE PRIOR TO DECISION. Roman remains at Ilidža, the archaeological site - Elucidation. Retrieved on 3 August 2006.
  9. ^ a b c New Britannica, volume 10, edition 15 (1989). Sarajevo. ISBN 0-85229-493-X.
  10. ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, edition 6. Sarajevo. Retrieved on 3 August 2006.
  11. ^ FICE (International Federation of Educative Communities) Congress 2006. Sarajevo - History. Congress in Sarajevo. Retrieved on 3 August 2006.
  12. ^ Sachs, Stephen E. (1994). Sarajevo: A Crossroads in History. Retrieved on 3 August 2006.
  13. ^ World Bank Operations Evaulation Department (2004-09-02). "Bosnia and Herzegovina Country Assistance Evaluation" (pdf). OED Reach. Retrieved 2006-08-03.
  14. ^ Government of Sarajevo on Sarajevo Official Web Site
  15. ^ United Nations Statistics Division. Bosnia and Herzegovina - 1991. Population density and urbanization. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
  16. ^ Federal Office of Statistics, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Estimation of the present population by age and sex. Annually Statistical Information. (download pdf required). Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
  17. ^ Sarajevo Canton. Population Density by Municipalities of Sarajevo Canton. About Canton. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
  18. ^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US Department of State. Bosnia and Herzegovina International Religious Freedom Report 2005. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
  19. ^ Stilinovic, Josip (January 03 2002). In Europe's Jerusalem Catholic World News. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
  20. ^ Sarajevo. Crucible of War: A Journey Back to the Balkans. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
  21. ^ European Commission & World Bank. The European Community (EC) Europe for Sarajevo Programme The EC reconstruction programme for Bosnia and Herzegovina detailed by sector. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
  22. ^ CIA (2006). Bosnia and Herzegovina CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
  23. ^ Lonely Planet (March 2006). The Cities Book: A Journey Through The Best Cities In The World. Lonely Planet Publications, ISBN 1-74104-731-5.
  24. ^ European Journalism Centre (November 2002). The Bosnia-Herzegovina media landscape. European Media Landscape. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
  25. ^ Vockic-Avdagic, Jelenka. The Internet and the Public in Bosnia-Herzegovina in Spassov, O. and Todorov Ch. (eds.) (2003), New Media in Southeast Europe. SOEMZ, European University "Viadrina" (Frankfurt - Oder) and Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski".
  26. ^ Udovicic, Radenko (03-05-2002). What is Happening with the Oldest Bosnian-Herzegovinian Daily: Oslobodenje to be sold for 4.7 Million Marks Mediaonline.ba: Southeast European Media Journal.
  27. ^ Bosmal. Corridor 5C. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
  28. ^ About trams on Virtual City of Sarajevo
  29. ^ Krkic, Zahid Statatistic data for Sarajevo Airport. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
  30. ^ Perlez, Jane (12 August 1996). Ruins of Sarajevo Library Is Symbol of a Shattered Culture New York Times.
  31. ^ IOC (2006). Jure Franko Althete: Profiles. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
  32. ^ Special Olymics, (2005 - Quarter 2). Template:PDFlink Spirit. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
  33. ^ Hem, Brad (29 July 2006). Idaho may be in the running to host the 2009 Special Olympics IdahoStatesman.com.
  34. ^ Special Olympics (May 2006). Boise, Idaho (USA) Awarded 2009 Special Olympics World Winter Games Global News.
  35. ^ University of Sarajevo on Sarajevo official web site
  36. ^ History of University of Sarajevo
  37. ^ Sarajevo Canton, 2000 Template:PDFlink. Sarajevo 2000, p107–08.
  38. ^ Fraternity cities on Sarajevo Official Web Site

Further reading

  • City of Sarajevo. Fraternity cities.
  • Maniscalco, Fabio (1997). Sarajevo. Itinerari artistici perduti (Sarajevo. Artistic Itineraries Lost). Naples : Guida
  • Prstojević, Miroslav (1992). Zaboravljeno Sarajevo (Forgotten Sarajevo). Sarajevo: Ideja
  • Valerijan, Žujo; Imamović, Mustafa; Ćurovac, Muhamed (1997). Sarajevo. Sarajevo: Svjetlost
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