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Comcast Corporation
Company typePublic (Nasdaq: CMCSA)
IndustryTelecommunications
Founded1963 in Tupelo, Mississippi, USA
HeadquartersUnited States Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Key people
Brian L. Roberts
CEO & Chairman
ProductsCable Television, Broadband Internet, Comcast Digital Voice
RevenueIncrease$24.97 Billion USD (2007)
14,041,000,000 United States dollar (2022) Edit this on Wikidata
Increase$2.53 Billion USD (2007)
Number of employees
87,000
Websitewww.comcast.com

Comcast Corporation (Nasdaq: CMCSA) is the largest cable television company and the second largest Internet service provider in the United States.[1][2][3]

History

Comcast was founded in 1963 by Ralph J. Roberts, Daniel Aaron, and Julian A. Brodsky based on a recommendation from Warren "Pete" Musser, of Harrisburg, who brought the deal to Ralph Roberts to buy his first cable system in Tupelo, Mississippi. The company was incorporated in Pennsylvania in 1969, under the name Comcast Corporation from American Cable Systems, though a former insider says that "Comcast" is a derivation of the name "Communications and Broadcasting". Moving into the area of programming content, Comcast became majority owner of Comcast-Spectacor, Comcast SportsNet (in Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia, Washington DC/Baltimore, MD, the San Francisco Bay Area, the Pacific Northwest and metro Sacramento), E! Entertainment Television, Style Network, G4, The Golf Channel and Versus (formerly known as Outdoor Life Network) over a period of years. In 2006, Comcast started a new sports channel in cooperation with Major League Baseball's New York Mets, SportsNet New York in the greater New York City region.

Comcast also has a variety network known as CN8, or the Comcast Network, available exclusively to Comcast and Cablevision subscribers. The channel shows news, sports, and entertainment and places emphasis in Philadelphia, New England, and the Baltimore/Washington, D.C. areas, though the channel is also available in New York, Pittsburgh, and Richmond. In August 2004, Comcast started a channel called CET (Comcast Entertainment Television). It is only available to Colorado Comcast subscribers. It focuses on Life in Colorado. It also carries some NHL & NBA Games when Altitude Sports & Entertainment is carrying the NBA or NHL. In January 2006, CET became the primary channel for Colorado's Emergency Alert System in the Denver Metro Area.

The UK division was sold to NTL in 1998. After the sale of their cellular division to SBC Communications of San Antonio and the acquisition of Greater Philadelphia Cablevision in 1999, Comcast and MediaOne announced a $60 billion merger which did not occur until three years later (as AT&T Broadband).

In 2002, Comcast paid the University of Maryland $25 million for naming rights to the new basketball arena built on the College Park campus, named Comcast Center.

On January 3, 2005, Comcast announced that it would become the anchor tenant in a new skyscraper in downtown Philadelphia, to be named the Comcast Center, not to be confused with the Maryland arena mentioned above. The 975 ft (297 m) skyscraper, while still under construction, has topped off and is officially the tallest building in Pennsylvania.

In December 2005, Comcast announced the creation of Comcast Interactive Media (CIM), a new division focused on online media.

Presently, Comcast serves a total of 24.2 million cable customers, 14.7 million digital cable customers, 12.9 million high-speed internet customers, and 4.1 million voice customers. The company employs over 90,000 people. Comcast is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and also has corporate offices in Houston, Detroit, and Denver.[4]

Acquisitions

Further information: List of assets owned by Comcast

Comcast bought 25% of Group W Cable in 1986, doubling its size. Two years later, it purchased a 50% share in Storer Communications, Inc. Comcast acquired American Cellular Network Corporation the same year before combining with Metrophone in 1990. Comcast became the third largest cable operator in 1994 following its purchase of Maclean-Hunter's American division. Comcast owned the majority of the electronic retailer QVC from 1995-2004 when its share was sold to Liberty Media. Following other acquisitions, Microsoft invested $1 billion in Comcast in 1997.

In 2001, Comcast announced it would acquire the assets of the largest cable television operator at the time, AT&T Broadband (AT&T's spun-off cable TV service) for $44.5 billion USD. In 2002, Comcast acquired all assets of AT&T Broadband, thus making Comcast the largest cable television company in the United States with over 22 million subscribers. This also spurred the start of Comcast Advertising Sales (using AT&T's groundwork) which would later be renamed Comcast Spotlight. As part of this acquisition, Comcast also acquired the National Digital Television Center in Centennial, CO as a wholly-owned subsidiary, which is today known as the Comcast Media Center.

Proposed merger name logo, 2001

When it was first announced that AT&T Broadband and Comcast were going to merge, the chosen name for the new company was "AT&T Comcast". That decision was changed so as to not confuse current and future investors in the company, and the merged company retained the Comcast name.

On February 11, 2004, Comcast surprised the media industry by announcing an unsolicited $66 billion bid for The Walt Disney Company, a deal that would have made Comcast the largest media conglomerate in the world. After rejection by Disney and uncertain response from investors, the bid was abandoned in April. It was later discovered that the deal was mostly for Comcast to acquire one of Disney's most profitable operations, ESPN, in an attempt to expand its sports reach. Comcast has since opted to expand OLN's sports coverage with the Tour de France and the NHL, and in the process renaming the network in the United States Versus. Comcast's NHL deal also obligated them to launch a U.S. version of NHL Network by the summer of 2007. The network finally launched in October 2007.[citation needed]

Comcast announced on March 25, 2004 that its new gaming-oriented television network G4 (operated by subsidiary G4 Media, Inc.) would acquire Vulcan Venture's technology-oriented television network TechTV. The deal was finalized on May 10, 2004 - and the two networks became G4techTV on May 28, 2004. On January 11, 2005, Comcast announced that it would drop TechTV from the station's name and again be known as "G4".

On April 8, 2005, a partnership led by Comcast and Sony Pictures Entertainment finalized a deal to acquire MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists, and create an additional outlet to carry MGM/UA's material for cable and Internet distribution.

On October 31, 2005, Comcast officially announced that it had acquired Susquehanna Communications (SusCom,) a York, PA-based cable television and broadband services provider and unit of the former Susquehanna Pfaltzgraff company, for a net cash investment of approximately $540 million. In this deal Comcast acquired approximately 230,000 basic cable customers, 71,000 digital cable customers, and 86,000 high-speed Internet customers. Comcast previously owned approximately 30 percent of Susquehanna Communications.

On April 3, 2007, Comcast announced it had entered into an agreement to acquire the cable systems owned and operated by Patriot Media, a privately-held company owned by cable veteran Steven J. Simmons, Spectrum Equity Investors and Spire Capital, that serves approximately 81,000 video subscribers. Comcast will acquire Patriot for a net cash investment of approximately $483 million.[5] By acquiring the niche provider the deal will plug a hole in its central New Jersey service.[6]

Adelphia purchase

In April 2005 Comcast and Time Warner announced plans to buy Adelphia Cable. $17.6 billion was to be paid (partly in stock) in the deal that was finalized in the second quarter of 2006 — after the FCC completed a seven-month investigation without raising an objection. Time Warner would become the second largest cable provider in the U.S., ranking behind Comcast. As part of the same deal, Time Warner and Comcast would also trade existing subscribers to create larger clusters of customers for each company in various geographical areas.[citation needed]

The changes became effective on August 1, 2006. As an example, Comcast's systems in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex were traded to TWC in exchange for Time Warner's North Louisiana market, which covers Shreveport and Monroe. Also, Comcast in Los Angeles Area was traded with TWC.

Also in August 2006, Comcast and Time Warner dissolved a partnership that controlled the systems in the Houston, Southwest Texas, San Antonio, and Kansas City markets. After the dissolution, Comcast obtained the Houston system, and Time Warner retained the others.[7] On January 1, 2007, Comcast officially took control of the Houston system, but continued to operate under the Time Warner Cable brand in the interim. As of June 19, 2007, the Time Warner name was officially retired and replaced by Comcast.

Comcast also took over Adelphia systems in the State College, Pennsylvania area.

In early 2007, Comcast took over Adelphia operations in Palm Beach County, Florida and Bartow, Pickens, Cherokee, and Forsyth Counties in Georgia.[8]

thePlatform purchase

In July 2006, Comcast purchased the Seattle-based software company thePlatform. This represented an entry into a new line of business - selling software to allow companies to manage their Internet (and IP-based) media publishing efforts. Customers of thePlatform include Verizon Wireless, Scripps, CourtTV, Amp'd Mobile, WLS-TV, ABC7 Chicago and CNBC. [citation needed] thePlatform will also provide media access for Hulu, the joint venture by NBC Universal and News Corporation providing on-demand, ad-supported television programming owned by NBC, Universal Studios, and Fox.

High-speed Internet service

Comcast offers downstream speeds of up to 4, 6, 8, or 17.6 Mbit/s and upstream speeds of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s), or 768 kbit/s (96 kB/s) for the 8 Mbit/s downstream package, for standard home connections. In some areas, they are offering 16 Mbit/s downstream and 1 or 2 Mbit/s (125 kB/s) upstream as a more expensive, yet speedier alternative. These differing speed options are made possible by loading a particular configuration file into the modem. Comcast's "PowerBoost" delivers bursts of 12 to 16 Mbit/s downstream and 1 to 2 Mbit/s upstream for the first 10 MB of the download with their 6 and 8 Mbit/s packages, respectively. In April of 2008, Comcast offered a new tier of speed in two cities in Minnesota. The new tier is 50 Mbit/s down and 5 Mbit/s up and uses the new DOCSIS 3.0. This is the first of the 20 percent of Comcast territory to see DOCSIS 3.0. The cost of this new tier is $150.00 per month.[9] Although, unadvertised, Comcast does offer a reduced connection speed (768kb/384kb) at a lesser price in many areas. According to the Comcast High Speed Internet terms of service, customers are provided with dynamic IP addresses.[10]

Comcast has a policy of terminating broadband customers who use "excessive bandwidth," a term the company refuses to define in its terms of service, which say only that a customer's use should not "represent (in the sole judgment of Comcast) an overly large burden on the network."[10] Company responses to press inquiries suggest a limit of several hundred gigabytes per month.[11][12] In September 2007, Comcast spokesman Charlie Douglas said the company defines "excessive use" as the equivalent of 30,000 songs, 250,000 pictures or 13 million emails in a month.[13] Other company statements have said the limit varies from month to month, depending on the capacity of specific cable nodes, and that it affects only the top 1/10th of the top 1 percent of high-speed internet customers.

Controversies

Sports

After the Montreal Expos baseball team relocated to Washington, D.C. to become the Washington Nationals in 2004, Comcast alienated many fans in the area by refusing to add the Mid-Atlantic Sports Network (MASN), which airs the team's games, to its channel lineup. In July 2006, as a condition of its approval of Comcast's takeover of a portion of Adelphia's assets, the FCC ordered Comcast to enter into binding arbitration with MASN to settle their dispute. As a result, on August 4, 2006, it was announced that Comcast would carry MASN programming starting in September 2006.[14]

In the Philadelphia region, Comcast uses the FCC's "terrestrial loophole" to avoid negotiations with satellite television services for delivery of Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia, which is transmitted via a microwave broadcasting system instead of satellite (as its predecessor, PRISM, was a local-only service). This essentially denies competition in the Philadelphia market for games of the Philadelphia Phillies (baseball), Philadelphia 76ers (basketball), and Philadelphia Flyers (hockey). Comcast does, however, supply Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia programming to Verizon for their competing FiOS video service, even though FiOS is not available to residents of the city of Philadelphia.[citation needed] A smaller controversy arose when Comcast and Cox Communications announced that their systems in Connecticut (outside of Comcast's systems in New Haven, Danbury, and the Northwest Corner — all areas considered to have a sizable number of Mets fans) would not be adding SNY in 2006, if ever, for varying reasons not fully explained. This came to the anger of Mets fans who would need to switch to satellite to watch games due to all of the state being in the Mets' designated territory (thus, games would not be available through MLB Extra Innings, and most ESPN telecasts would be blacked-out). Comcast's purchase of Adelphia's systems in the state and Cox's skeptical eye towards RSN carriage in regards to fan loyalties (also done with YES and NESN in the past) also could be factors.

Comcast has not as yet agreed to carry the new Big Ten Network that started broadcasting at the start of the 2007-08 college football season. Under the Big Ten's current television agreement ABC/ESPN has the right to choose which Big Ten conference game to air. Big Ten football games not aired on the regular ABC/ESPN feeds have in recent years been syndicated to local television stations and presented as "ESPN Plus" games. The new Big Ten Network will now have the second choice for conference games. The Big Ten Network is currently being carried via satellite on DirecTV and was recently added to Dish Network as well. The network will also televise each team's basketball games 15-20 times.

According to a March 10, 2008 Street and Smith's SportsBusiness Journal Article, Comcast and The Big Ten Network are close to a deal. A March 11, 2008 Chicago Tribune Article confirmed this report.

Reputation for poor customer satisfaction

There have been many reported incidents with individual customers describing less than satisfying interactions with Comcast's customer services. These include situations with technicians falling asleep on the job[15], customers having to spend hours on the phone to fix simple problems, and sending a bill addressed to "Bitch Dog" to a customer who had recently complained about her service.[16] On October 15, 2007, a 75-year old Comcast customer named Mona Shaw entered her local Comcast offices with a hammer and destroyed some office equipment before being arrested and fined for damages. Mrs. Shaw was angry and frustrated due to a previous encounter with Comcast customer service in which she and her husband wanted to speak with the manager and were forced to wait outside the offices for two hours before being informed that the manager had already gone home.[17][18] Comcast's customer service quality has prompted several individuals to create blogs and websites dedicated to informing the public of Comcast's service, including media columnist Bob Garfield's website, ComcastMustDie.com,[19], ComcastSucks.org,[20], and the online community, FuckComcast.com [21].

In 2004 and 2007, the American Customer Satisfaction Index survey found that Comcast had the worst customer satisfaction rating of any company or government agency in the country, including the Internal Revenue Service.[22] Comcast's Customer Service Rating by the ACSI surveys indicate that the company's customer service has not improved since the surveys began in 2001. Analysis of the surveys states that "Comcast is one of the lowest scoring companies in ACSI. As its customer satisfaction eroded by 7% over the past year, revenue increased by 12%." The ACSI analysis also addresses this contradiction, stating that "Such pricing power usually comes with some level of monopoly protection and most cable companies have little competition at the local level. This also means that a cable company can do well financially even though its customers are not particularly satisfied."[23][24]

Within the CABLE TELEVISION NEEDS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE CITY OF FORT COLLINS, COLORADO February 10, 2004 [25] which was required for Comcast's franchise renewal the city's independent consultant found: "Approximately 62% of the respondents, though, were very dissatisfied (along with another 25% who were dissatisfied) with the cost of cable television service." "A majority of the respondents were satisfied with the friendliness and courtesy of customer service personnel. Overall, approximately 43% of the respondents rated the cable company's performance as fair, 30% regarded it as poor and another 30% rated the cable company's performance as good."

Internet Traffic Shaping / Network Neutrality

Comcast has recently implemented traffic shaping measures using Sandvine hardware which sends forged TCP RST (reset) packets, disrupting multiple protocols used by peer-to-peer file sharing networks.[26] This has prevented some Comcast users from uploading files.[27]

On August 17, 2007, TorrentFreak reported that Comcast has been preventing bittorrent users from seeding files.[28] In October 2007, the Associated Press confirmed the story that indicates that Comcast "actively interferes with attempts by some of its high-speed Internet subscribers to share files online, a move that runs counter to the tradition of treating all types of Net traffic equally."[29] In November 2007, Comcast's severe limiting of torrent applications was again confirmed by a study conducted by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, in which public domain literature is distributed over peer-to-peer networks. Analysis of the EFF study finds "strong evidence that Comcast is using packet-forging to disrupt peer-to-peer (P2P) filesharing on their network".[30] The studies show that Comcast effectively prevents distribution of files over peer-to-peer networks by sending a RST packet under the guise of the end user, and denying the connection, which effectively blocks the user from seeding over BitTorrent. Legal controversy arises because instead of simple filtering, Comcast is sending RST packets to Comcast customers, pretending to be the host user at the other end of the BitTorrent connection.[31] Comcast's BitTorrent throttling was revealed to be through a partnership with Sandvine, although Comcast's internal memos instruct employees to respond to the contrary.[32][33]

Now there is also evidence of Comcast using RST packets on groupware applications that have nothing to do with file sharing. Kevin Kanarski, who works as a Lotus Notes messaging engineer, noticed some strange behavior with Lotus Notes dropping emails when hooked up to a Comcast connection and has managed to verify that Comcast's reset packets are the culprit.[34] A lawsuit, Hart v. Comcast, has been filed accusing Comcast of false advertising and other unfair trade practices for allegedly advertising unlimited high-speed internet access while in reality working to restrict their customers' usage of the internet.

In 2007, Comcast customers reported a sporadic inability to use Google because forged RST packets are interfering with HTTP access to google.com,[35] which has further angered users.[36]

In January 2008, FCC Chairman Kevin Martin stated that the FCC is going to investigate complaints that Comcast "actively interferes with Internet traffic as its subscribers try to share files online".[37] During a February 2008 FCC hearing in Boston, Comcast admitted they paid people to hold seats. The company claimed it was so staffers could attend later, but opponents claimed it was to keep Comcast opponents from attending.[38] The FCC has stated it expects to rule on the issue by June 30 2008.[39]

Comcast and BitTorrent agreed in late March 2008 to work together in a collaborative effort that will leave the network provider to reconfigure its network to manage traffic in a more protocol-agnostic way.[40] Implementation was projected for late 2008.

Despite some of the apparent agreements as to peer to peer applications, Comcast continues to actively address the bandwidth use of peer to peer applications. In April of 2008, Comcast proposed a "P2P Bill of Rights and Responsibilities" that addressed potential copyright infringement by users of peer to peer applications,[41] but some scholars believe that this is a veiled attempt to strengthen its attempts to curb traffic instead of protecting copyrights. [42]

Lobbying efforts

Comcast spends millions of dollars annually on government relationships.[43][44] Regularly Comcast employs the spouses, sons and daughters of influential mayors, councilmen, commissioners, and other officials to assure its continued preferred market allocations.[45][46][47][48]

Comcast strongly lobbies against "a la carte" bills that would give consumers the option to purchase individual channels rather than a broad tier of programming. These issues continue to garner attention from state governments, Congress and FCC Chairman Martin.[49]

HDTV Claim and Quality

In many Comcast markets, new HD channels such as SciFi Channel, USA Network and Animal Planet were added in early 2008. It has been reported that quality of some channels was lower than on competition's service[50].

Faulty Advertising

Beginning in April 2008, Comcast began airing advertisements with a person using an Apple iMac. In the add, they talk about how with Comcast, McAfee security software comes free. This is faulty advertising because Comcast's McAfee software does not work on iMacs[51].

References

  1. ^ National Cable & Telecommunications Association, Top 25 MSOs - As of March 2007
  2. ^ ISP Planet - Market Research - Top 23 U.S. ISPs by Subscriber: Q3 2007
  3. ^ "Bill Bars Traffic Discrimination". The New York Times. 2008-02-13. Retrieved 2008-02-13. She cited the agency's investigation of Philadelphia-based Comcast, the country's second-largest Internet provider.
  4. ^ http://www.comcast.com/corporate/about/pressroom/corporateoverview/corporateoverview.html Comcast Corporate Overview, as of the Quarterly Report ending September 30, 2007
  5. ^ Comcast Corporation To Acquire Patriot Media
  6. ^ Comcast to Buy Patriot Media
  7. ^ Time Warner Cable, Time Warner Cable/Comcast Official Statement
  8. ^ Comcast adjusts to accommodate Adelphia deal - Philadelphia Business Journal:
  9. ^ http://www.twincities.com//ci_8788804?IADID=Search-www.twincities.com-www.twincities.com
  10. ^ a b Comcast, Comcast High-Speed Internet Acceptable Use Policy
  11. ^ The Boston Globe, Not so fast, broadband providers tell big users (No longer available)
  12. ^ The New York Times, Say Good Night, Bandwidth Hog (Requires free registration)
  13. ^ "Comcast Clarifies High Speed Extreme Use Policy, September 14, 2007". Retrieved 2007-12-01.
  14. ^ MASN, Comcast Reach Nationals Deal
  15. ^ New York Times, Your Call Is Important to Us. Please Stay Awake.
  16. ^ Washington Post, Demonizing the Customer
  17. ^ Taking a Whack Against Comcast (Washington Post)
  18. ^ "Woman Hammers Comcast — Over and Over". NPR.org. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
  19. ^ Multichannel, Media Columnist Launches ComcastMustDie.com
  20. ^ Comcast Sucks .org - A GrassRoots Effort Telling it Like it IS !
  21. ^ F-Comcast Launches to give customers a place to vent
  22. ^ The American Customer Satisfaction Index, First Quarter, 2004
  23. ^ American Customer Satisfaction Index, First Quarter, 2007
  24. ^ American Customer Satisfaction Index, Scores By Company: Comcast Corporation
  25. ^ [1]
  26. ^ DSLReports, Comcast is using's Sandvine to manage P2P Connections
  27. ^ TorrentFreak, Comcast Throttles BitTorrent Traffic, Seeding Impossible
  28. ^ TorrentFreak, Comcast Throttles BitTorrent Traffic, Seeding Impossible
  29. ^ The Associated Press, Comcast Blocks Some Internet Traffic
  30. ^ Ars Technica, EFF study confirms Comcast's BitTorrent interference
  31. ^ CNET, Is Comcast's BitTorrent filtering violating the law?
  32. ^ The Consumerist, LEAKS: Insider Tells Us There's Proof Comcast Contracts BitTorrent Sabotaging To Sandvine
  33. ^ The Consumerist, Comcast's "We Don't Throttle BitTorrent" Internal Talking Points Memo
  34. ^ Ars Technica, Comcast traffic blocking: even more apps, groupware clients affected
  35. ^ "Problems loading Google (DSL Reports Forums)"
  36. ^ Google Caught in Comcast Traffic Filtering?, Slashdot, retrieved 31 October 2007
  37. ^ Associated Press FCC to Probe Comcast Data Discrimination
  38. ^ Comcast in pact over Net traffic, Boston Herald, Retrieved April 2, 2008
  39. ^ FCC"s Martin Pleased Comcast "Reversed Course" On P2P, Multichannel News, Retrieved April 2, 2008
  40. ^ Comcast and BitTorrent agree to 'collaborate', Retrieved April 2, 2008
  41. ^ Comcast Sets its Sights on Peer to Peer Apps, Retrieved April 18, 2008
  42. ^ Comcast Proposes P2P Policy, Retrieved April 22, 2008
  43. ^ The Center for Public Integrity, Comcast Corp. Political Influence
  44. ^ The City Paper, Cable group, Comcast spend more than $2 million fighting AT&T
  45. ^ Freepress, Prominent Ties Among Comcast Hires
  46. ^ The Washington Post, Prominent Ties Among Comcast Hires
  47. ^ The Washington Post, Md. Lawmakers Call for Probe of Comcast Ties
  48. ^ Law.com, Federal Judge Certifies Antitrust Class Against Comcast
  49. ^ The Center for Public Integrity, Comcast Corp. Profile
  50. ^ Multichannel News, What Comcast's Crunched HD Looks Like
  51. ^ http://www.comcast.net/Security/SecSuiteSSO/?cid=NET_33_10
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