Haplogroup T-M184
| Haplogroup T-M184 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Possible time of origin | 19,000-34,000 years BP[1] |
| Possible place of origin | West Asia[1][2] |
| Ancestor | LT |
| Descendants | T-M193 |
| Defining mutations | M184/PAGES34/USP9Y+3178, M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, L445 |
| Highest frequencies | Somalis from Ethiopia Northern Dir tribes, Kurru, Bauris, Ogaden, Armenian Sasuntzis, Chians, Arabs from Somalia Saccensi/Sicilians, Fulbe, Eivissencs, Northeastern Portuguese Jews, Rajus, Mahli, Zoroastrians in Kerman, Bakhtiaris/Lurs, Southern Egyptians |
In human genetics, Haplogroup T-M184 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K2.
The UEP which defines this clade is generally considered to be the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) M184. Other SNPs (M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, L445) are currently considered to be phylogenetically equivalent.
Origins
K2-M70 is believed to have originated in Asia after the emergence of the K-M9 polymorphism (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001a). As deduced from the collective data (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; present study), K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, they are especially prominent in the Fulbe 18%( [Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999])"
— J. R. Luis et al.: The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations (Errata), American Journal of Human Genetics, 74: 532-544.
The occurrence in Europe of lineages belonging to both T1a1 (old T1a) and T1a2 (old T1b) subclades probably reflects multiple episodes of gene flow. T1a1* haplogroups in Europe likely reflect older gene flow.[1]
Distribution
Haplogroup T-M184 (M193, M272, L206, PAGES129) is found in an insignificant majority of Kurru, Bauris & Lodha in South Asia; and in a significant minority of Rajus and Mahli in South Asia; Somalis, southern Egyptians and Fulbe in north Cameroon; Chian Greeks, Saccensi/Sicilians, Eivissencs / Ibizans and Northeastern Portuguese Jews in Europe and Zoroastrians, Bakhtiaris/Lurs in the Middle East. Haplogroup T is common in nothern SOmial and in the Somalis of Ethiopia.It is found in frequency of greater than 10 percent in populations of Kenya Tanzania and Cameroon. It is notable for being widespread in Tanzania where it is more common than Kenya . It has also been detected in the limba populations of Zimbabwe Malawi and South Africa. The distribution of this haplogroup has been suggested to be associated with mtdna haplogroup M1 as the two tend to be common in the same regions [ drum.lib.umd.edu/] Haplogroup T-M184 is not associated with the R1, G and J lineages that entered Africa from Eurasia relatively recently. Luis et al. (2004) suggest that the presence of the clade on the African continent may, like R1* representatives, point to an older introduction from Asia. The Levant rather than the Arabian Peninsula appears to have been the main route of entry, as the Egyptian and Turkish haplotypes are considerably older in age (13,700 ybp and 9,000 ybp, respectively) than those found in Oman (only 1,600 ybp). According to the authors, the spotty modern distribution pattern of haplogroup T-M184 within Africa may therefore represent the traces of a more widespread early local presence of the clade. Later expansions of populations carrying the E1b1b, E1b1a, G and J NRY lineages may have overwhelmed the T-M184 clade-bearers in certain localities.[3]
The distribution of haplogroup T-M184 in most parts of Europe is patchy or regionalized; for example, haplogroup T-M184 was found in 1.7% (10/591) of a pool of six samples of males from southwestern Russia, but it was completely absent from a pool of eight samples totalling 637 individuals from the northern half of European Russia.[4] The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities: Roslavl, Livny, Pristen, Repyevka, and Belgorod; and Kuban Cossacks from the Republic of Adygea.
Family Tree DNA, a commercial genetic genealogy company, has displayed a map that shows a relatively high frequency of haplogroup T-M184 in some Australian aborigines. Probably the populations coincide with those previously reported in several studies as K*(M9), with a frequency near to 30% in Northern Australia. According to Family Tree DNA, the defining SNP for haplogroup T-M184 is M184, while M70 defines T1.[citation needed]
South Asia
Haplogroup T-M184 has been detected in:
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
| Kurru | Yerukala (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 10/18 | 55.6% | [5] | |
| Bauris | Bengali (Indo-Aryan) | West Bengal | 10/19 | 52.6% | [5] | K* is found at 6/19, if M70- but M184+, then could be 84.2% |
| Lodha | Lodha (Sora–Juray–Gorum Munda) | West Bengal | 2/4 | 50% | [5] | |
| Rajus | Telugu (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 3/19 | 15.9% | [5] | |
| Maheli | Mahali (Kherwari Munda) | West Bengal | 2/13 | 15.3% | [5] | |
| Chenchus | Chenchu (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 3/20 | 15% | [5] | K* is found at 7/20, if M70- but M184+, then could be 50% |
| Kare Vokkal | Kannada (Dravidian) | Uttara Kannada | 4/30 | 13.3% | [6] | K* is found at 3/30, if M70- but M184+, then could be 23.3% |
| Banjaras | Lambadi (Indo-Aryan) | Andhra Pradesh | 2/18 | 11.1% | [5] | |
| Gonds | Gondi (Dravidian) | South Uttar Pradesh | 4/38 | 10.6% | [7][8] | |
| Gonds | Gondi (Dravidian) | Madhya Pradesh | 10/139 | 7.2% | [7][8] | |
| Indians | languages of India | South India | 18/305 | 5.9% | [5] | |
| Maheli | Mahali (Kherwari Munda) | Jamshedpur from Jharkhand; Purulia, Midnapore & other location from West Bengal | 2/38 | 5.3% | [5][9] | Two samples from different studies grouped together |
| Chenchus | Chenchu (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 3/61 | 4.9% | [5][10] | Samples from Trivedi et al. and Kivisild et al. |
| Banjaras | Lambadi (Indo-Aryan) | Andhra Pradesh | 2/53 | 3.8% | [5][10] | Two samples from different studies grouped together |
| Indians | languages of India | East India | 14/367 | 3.8% | [5] | |
| Gujaratis | Gujarati (Indo-Aryan) | Gujarat | 1/29 | 3.4% | [10] | |
| Lodha | Lodha (Sora–Juray–Gorum Munda) | Midnapore & other location from West Bengal | 2/71 | 2.8% | [5][9][11] | Three samples from different studies grouped together |
| Sahariyas | Saharia (Munda) | Madhya Pradesh | 2/73 | 2.7% | [12] |
With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada,[13] 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh,[14] 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam,[14] 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India,[15] 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh,[16] 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia,[17] 10% (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh,[14] 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir,[7] 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir,[7] 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia) in Andhra Pradesh,[14] 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India,[18] 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad,[16] 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar,[7] 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh,[14] 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh,[14] 3.6% (2/56) of Syed in South Asia,[17] 3.1% (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra,[7] 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat,[7] 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh,[19] 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru,[14] and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra.[16]
Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%).
Europe
With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl,[48] 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera,[32] 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano,[32] 10% (3/30) of Tyroleans in Nonstal,[32] 10% (2/20) of Italians in Pescara,[32] 8.7% (4/46) of Italians in Benavento,[32] 7.8% (4/51) of Italians in South Latium,[31] 7.4% (2/27) of Italians in Paola,[32] 7.3% (11/150) of Italians in Central-South Italy,[49] 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia,[50] 7% (6/86) of Sardinians in Tempio,[51] 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania,[52] 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella,[53] 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba,[29] 3.3% (2/60) of Leoneses in León|,[29] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Postua,[53] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Cavaglià,[53] 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria,[54] 2.8% (1/36) of Russians in Ryazan Oblast,[55] 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia,[56] 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza,[54] 2.6% (3/114) of Serbs in Belgrade,[57] 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov,[48] 2.4% (1/42) of Russians in Kaluga,[48] 2.2% (2/89) of Transylvanians in Csíkszereda,[58] 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese,[53] 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in Brescia,[59] 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania,[60] 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro,[61] 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche,[56] 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in Catanzaro,[54] 1.6% (3/183) of Greeks in Northern Greece,[62] 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area,[63] 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium,[56] 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in Leiden,[64] 0.8% (1/132) of "Andalusians" in Northwest Tunisia,[65] 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad (Vojvodina),[66] 0.5% (1/186) of Polish in Podlasie[67] and 0.4% (1/234) of Germans in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt.[68]
Other parts that have been found to contain a significant proportion of haplogroup T-M184 individuals include Trentino (2/67 or 3%), Mariña Lucense (1/34 or 2.9%), Heraklion (3/104 or 2.9%), Roslavl (3/107 or 2.8%), Ourense (1/37 or 2.7%), Livny (3/110 or 2.7%), Biella (3/114 or 2.6%), Entre Douro (6/228 or 2.6%), Porto (3/118 or 2.5%), Urbino (1/40 or 2.5%), Iberian Peninsula (16/629 or 2.5%), Blekinge/Kristianstad (1/41 or 2.4%), Belarus (1/41 or 2.4%), Modena (3/130 or 2.3%), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (1/45 or 2.2%), Pristen (1/45 or 2.2%), Cáceres (2/91 or 2.2%), Brac (1/47 or 2.1%), Satakunta (1/48 or 2.1%), Western Croatia (2/101 or 2%), Ukrainia (1/50 or 2%), Greifswald (2/104 or 1.9%), Moldavians in Sofia (1/54 or 1.9%), Uppsala (1/55 or 1.8%), Lublin (2/112 or 1.8%), Pias in Beja (1/54 or 1.8%), Macedonian Greeks (1/57 or 1.8%), Nea Nikomedeia (1/57 or 1.8%), Sesklo/Dimini (1/57 or 1.8%), Lerna/Franchthi (1/57 or 1.8%), Açores (2/121 or 1.7%), Viana do Castelo (1/59 or 1.7%), Midi-Pyrénées (1/67 or 1.5%), Belgorod (2/143 or 1.4%), Sardinia (1/77 or 1.3%).[69][70][71][72][73][74][5][31][35][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][5][89][90][91][20][92][93][94][95][96] According to data from commercial testing, 3.9% of Italian males belonging to this haplogroup.[97] Approximately 3% of Sephardi Jews and 2% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup T.[98]
Middle East and Caucasus
Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 28% (7/25) of Lezginians in Dagestan,[103] 21.7% (5/23) of Ossetians in Zamankul,[120] 14% (7/50) of Iranians in Isfahan,[103] 13% (3/23) of Ossetians in Zil'ga,[120] 12.6% (11/87) of Kurmanji Kurds in Eastern Turkey,[121] 11.8% (2/17) of Palestinian Arabs in Palestina,[17] 8.3% (1/12) of Iranians in Shiraz,[122] 8.3% (2/24) of Ossetians in Alagir,[120] 8% (2/25) of Kurmanji Kurds in Georgia,[121] 7.5% (6/80) of Iranians in Tehran,[103][123] 7.4% (10/135) of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village,[17] 7% (10/143) of Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Palestina,[17] 5% (1/19) of Chechens in Chechenia,[103][123] 4.2% (3/72) of Azerbaijanians in Azerbaijan,[103][123] 4.1% (2/48) of Iranians in Isfahan,[123] 4% (4/100) of Armenians in Armenia,[103][123] 4% (1/24) of Bedouins in Israel[17] and 2.6% (1/39) of Turks in Ankara.[123]
Africa
Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 9.7% (3/31) of Datogs in Tanzania,[136] 5.8% (4/69) of Kordofanians in Kurdufan,[17] 5.6% (1/18) of Tuaregs in Gorom-Gorom,[145] 4.8% (5/105) of Tunisians in Sfax,[146] 4.8% (3/63) of Libyans in Tripoli Area,[147] 2.6% (1/39) of Hutus in Rwanda[148] 2.1% (1/47) of Berbers in Sejenane,[149] 1.9% (1/53) of Ovimbundo in Angola,[150] and 1.5% (1/68) of Mozabites in Ghardaia,[151]
Far East
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
| Xibe/Sibo/Xibo people | Xibe (Tungusic) | Xinjiang | 1/8 | 12.5% | [152][153] | |
| Kazakhs | Kazakh (Turkic) | Southwestern Altai | 1/30 | 3.3% | [154] | |
| Uyghur | Uyghur (Turkic) | Xinjiang | 1/48 (1/4 samples) | 2.1% | [155] |
Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 4.9% (2/41) of Xibe in Xinjiang,[156] 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning province,[157] and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak.[158]
Colonial America
Elite endurance runners
Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T[167] and specifically to the T1a1a* (old T1a*) subclade, according to further studies.[1] T1a1a* was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.[168]
Notable haplogroup members
A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is Thomas Jefferson. The Y-chromosomal complement of the Jefferson male line was studied in 1998 in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether he had fathered the mixed-race children of his slave Sally Hemings. A 1998 DNA study of the Y chromosome in the Jefferson male line found that it matched that of a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally Hemings' youngest son. This confirmed the body of historical evidence, and most historians believe that Jefferson had a long-term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years, and fathered her six children of record, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line. Jefferson grandchildren had asserted in the 19th century that a Carr nephew had been the father of Hemings' children, and this had been the basis of historians' denial for 180 years.
Phylogenetic network analysis of its Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotype shows that it is most closely related to an Egyptian K2 haplotype, but the presence of scattered and diverse European haplotypes within the network is nonetheless consistent with Jefferson’s patrilineage belonging to an ancient and rare indigenous European type. This is supported by the observation that two of 85 unrelated British men sharing the surname Jefferson also share the President’s Y-STR haplotype within haplogroup K2.
— Turi E. King et al.: "Thomas Jefferson’s Y Chromosome Belongs to a Rare European Lineage", AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, 000:000–000.2007
The affiliation of the Jefferson haplotype to T1a* and the absence of closely related haplotypes (zero to two step mutations away) in the network supports the hypothesis that this haplotype belongs to an ancient rare European Y-chromosome lineage rather than to lineages that recently migrated to Europe from the Near East.
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the 2012 ISOGG Tree.
- T (L445, L452, L455/PF5670, PR4091, L810, M184/Page34/USP9Y+3178, M272/PF5667, Page129) Found in Armenia and Northwest Europe. Also found in a South Australia European sample and a Palestinian individual.
- T1 (L206, L490, M193) Found in Syria.
- T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662, PAGES78) Found in Iran.
- T1a1 (L162/Page21, L299, L453/PF5617, L454) Found in northern Anatolia and Germany.
- T1a1a (L208/Page2, L905) Mostly found in western Europe, eastern Anatolia, Iran, Arabian Peninusla, Upper Egypt and Horn of Africa. Some spots in western Morocco, Sahrawis and Canarias.
- T1a1a1 (P77) Mostly found in Middle East, western Europe and Ashkenazi Jews.
- T1a1a2 (P321) Found in Syria and Ashkenazi Jews.
- T1a1a2a (P317) Found in Syria and Italian Jews.
- T1a1a (L208/Page2, L905) Mostly found in western Europe, eastern Anatolia, Iran, Arabian Peninusla, Upper Egypt and Horn of Africa. Some spots in western Morocco, Sahrawis and Canarias.
- T1a2 (L131) Mostly found in northern Europe, eastern Europe, southeastern Europe and Anatolia. Also found in Xinjiang, Lemba, Tunisia, south and east Iberian Peninsula.
- T1a2a (P322, P328) Found in Scandinavia, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands. Some spots in Yemenite Jews and Palestine(P327).
- T1a2b (L446) Found in Northwest Europe and eastern Alps.
- T1a3 (L1255) Found in Kuwait.
- T1a1 (L162/Page21, L299, L453/PF5617, L454) Found in northern Anatolia and Germany.
- T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662, PAGES78) Found in Iran.
- T1 (L206, L490, M193) Found in Syria.
Phylogenetic History
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This lead to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Latter, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
| YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 | ISOGG 2013 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T-M184 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu16 | H5 | F | K* | K | T | T | K2 | K2 | T | T | T | T | T | T | |
| K-M70/T-M70 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu15 | H5 | F | K2 | K2 | T | T1 | K2 | K2 | T | T | T | T1 | T1a | T1a | |
| T-P77 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu15 | H5 | F | K2 | K2 | T2 | T1a2 | K2 | K2 | T2 | T2 | T2a1 | T1a1b | T1a1a1 | T1a1a1 |
Original Research Publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
ζ Su 1999
See also
| |||
Footnotes
| |||
References
Footnotes
Original Research
- ^ W. Goodwin et al, " Department of Forensic and Investigative Science ," "www.yhrd.org/" (2012),
- ^ Carsten Hohoff and Bernd Brinkmann "Institut für Rechtsmedizin"," 'Universität Münster <http://www.yhrd.org>
- ^ Uta D. Immel et al, "Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Martin-Luther Universität Haale/Saale," "www.yhrd.org/" (1999),
- ^ Laura Valverde Potes et al, "Grupo BIOMICs / BIOMICs Research Group," "www.yhrd.org/" (2011),
Works Cited
- ^ a b c d e Mendez, Fernando L.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Krahn, Thomas; Ostrer, Harry; Soodyall, Himla; Hammer, Michael F. (2011). "Increased Resolution of Y Chromosome Haplogroup T Defines Relationships among Populations of the Near East, Europe, and Africa". Human Biology. 83 (1): 39–53. doi:10.3378/027.083.0103. PMID 21453003.
- ^ Underhill, Peter A.; Passarino, Giuseppe; Lin, Alice A.; Marzuki, Sangkot; Oefner, Peter J.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Chambers, Geoffrey K. (2001). "Maori origins, Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific". Human Mutation. 17 (4): 271–80. doi:10.1002/humu.23. PMID 11295824.
- ^ a b c J. R. Luis et al.: The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations (Errata), American Journal of Human Genetics, 74: 532-544.
- ^ Balanovsky, Oleg; Rootsi, Siiri; Pshenichnov, Andrey; Kivisild, Toomas; Churnosov, Michail; Evseeva, Irina; Pocheshkhova, Elvira; Boldyreva, Margarita; Yankovsky, Nikolay (2008). "Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their Eurasian Context". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82: 236. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o R. Trivedi, Sanghamitra Sahoo, Anamika Singh, G. Hima Bindu, Jheelam Banerjee, Manuj Tandon, Sonali Gaikwad, Revathi Rajkumar, T Sitalaximi, Richa Ashma, G. B. N. Chainy and V. K. Kashyap, "High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations"
- ^ Shah, Anish M.; Tamang, Rakesh; Moorjani, Priya; Rani, Deepa Selvi; Govindaraj, Periyasamy; Kulkarni, Gururaj; Bhattacharya, Tanmoy; Mustak, Mohammed S.; Bhaskar, L.V.K.S. (2011). "Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 89: 154. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030.
{{cite journal}}: no-break space character in|first1=at position 6 (help); no-break space character in|first4=at position 6 (help); no-break space character in|first8=at position 9 (help) - ^ a b c d e f g S.Sharma et al. "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system"," 'Journal of Human Genetics (2009)
- ^ a b Clyde Winters "Y-Chromosome evidence of an African origin of Dravidian agriculture"," 'International Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology (2010)
- ^ a b Kumar, Vikrant; Reddy, Arimanda NS; Babu, Jagedeesh P; Rao, Tipirisetti N; Langstieh, Banrida T; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Reddy, Alla G; Singh, Lalji; Reddy, Battini M (2007). "Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 47. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-47. PMC 1851701. PMID 17389048.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c T. Kivisild et al. "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations"
- ^ Sengupta, Sanghamitra; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; King, Roy; Mehdi, S.Q.; Edmonds, Christopher A.; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T.; Lin, Alice A.; Mitra, Mitashree; Sil, Samir K. (2006). "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202. doi:10.1086/499411.
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