Jump to content

Fiat Chrysler Automobiles

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Deepred6502 (talk | contribs) at 06:50, 24 June 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V.
Company typeNaamloze vennootschap
(public limited company)
BIT: FCA
NYSE: FCAU
FTSE MIB Component
Industry
Predecessors
Founded12 October 2014; 10 years ago (2014-10-12)
FateMerger with Groupe PSA pending
HeadquartersAmsterdam, Netherlands (Legal office),

London
,
United Kingdom (Financial office)
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
John Elkann (Chairman)
Mike Manley (CEO)[1]
RevenueDecrease €108 billion (2019)[2]
Increase €4 billion (2019)[2]
Increase €6.6 billion (2019)[2]
Total assetsIncrease €96.87 billion (2018)[2]
Total equityIncrease €24.90 billion (2018)[2]
OwnerExor N.V. (29.4%)[3]
Number of employees
198,545 (2018)[2]
Subsidiaries
Companies[4]
Websitefcagroup.com
Press conference of FCA at Geneva Motor Show 2019

Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V., often abbreviated as FCA, is an Italian-American multinational corporation and is the world's eighth largest auto maker.[5] The group was established in October 2014 by merging Fiat and Chrysler into a new holding company. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles' corporate headquarters is domiciled in Amsterdam, and the financial headquarters are in London. The holding company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and Milan's Borsa Italiana.[6] Exor N.V., an Italian investment group controlled by the Agnelli family, owns 29.19% of FCA and controls 44.31% through a loyalty voting mechanism.[7]

FCA's mass-market brands operate through two main subsidiaries: FCA Italy (previously Fiat Group Automobiles SpA) headquartered in Turin; and FCA US (previously Chrysler Group LLC) headquartered in Auburn Hills, Michigan (part of Metro Detroit). The company's portfolio includes automotive brands Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Dodge, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, and Ram Trucks. Ferrari was spun off from the group in 2016.[8] Today FCA operates in four global markets (NAFTA, LATAM, APAC, EMEA).[9]

On 31 October 2019, FCA announced intent to merge with Groupe PSA (owner of the Peugeot and Citroën brands among others). The merger would be on a 50-50 all stock basis.[10] On 18 December 2019, FCA and PSA announced that they had agreed to the terms of a binding $50 billion merger,[11][12] which as of mid-2020 was pending approval by European competition regulators.[13][14]

FCA also owns industrial subsidiaries Comau and Teksid.[15]

Corporate governance

The CEO and executive management including twenty-two employees work between Auburn Hills, Michigan and Turin, Italy.[16] The other operating activities of the new group remained unchanged, with manufacturing, design and engineering facilities remaining in Turin, Italy, Auburn Hills, Michigan, United States and other locations worldwide, including Canada, India, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Poland, and China.

Executive members of the FCA Board of Directors as of October 2018 are John Elkann (Chairman) and Mike Manley (Chief Executive Officer), with non-executive directors Ronald L. Thompson, Andrea Agnelli, Tiberto Brandolini d'Adda, Glenn Earle, Valerie A. Mars, Ruth J. Simmons, Patience Wheatcroft, Stephen Wolf and Ermenegildo Zegna, CEO of Ermenegildo Zegna.[17]

Subsidiaries

FCA carries out its mass-market automotive operations through two main subsidiaries: FCA Italy (previously Fiat Group Automobiles)[18] and FCA US (previously Chrysler Group).[19] Both name changes were announced in December 2014.

FCA Italy includes the Italian-based brands that include Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Lancia and the engine manufacturing subsidiary VM Motori.[20]

FCA US includes the American-based brands that include Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, and Ram, plus the Mopar service and parts organization.

Other companies include luxury car (Maserati) as well as firms working on production automation (Comau) and metal foundry (Teksid, 84.8% share). Other joint ventures and subsidiaries are undertaken via the FCA Italy and FCA US companies.

In early 2019, FCA sold auto-parts maker Magneti Marelli for 6.2 billion euros to Calsonic Kansei, a Japan-based company owned by American buyout firm KKR.

History

The integration between Fiat and Chrysler dates back to 2009 after Chrysler filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization on 30 April 2009. On 10 June 2009, Chrysler emerged from the bankruptcy proceedings with the United Auto Workers pension fund, Fiat, and the U.S. and Canadian governments as principal owners. Fiat's initial purchase was a 20% stake in the company. By January 2012, Fiat's equity stake in Chrysler grew to 58.5%. On 21 January 2014 Fiat completed the acquisition of the remaining 41.5% from the United Auto Workers, making Chrysler Group a wholly owned subsidiary. On February 2, 2014, Fiat Chrysler began trading on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "FCAU".[21] Overall, to acquire Chrysler cost Fiat US$4.9 billion, with an additional US$5.5 billion pension liability.[22]

On 29 January 2014 Fiat announced a reorganization and intended merger into a new holding company. Fiat S.p.A. and Chrysler Group LLC merged into FCA on 12 October 2014 following approval of the board on 15 June 2014 and shareholders on 1 August 2014.[23]

On 29 October 2014 the group announced the intention to separate Ferrari S.p.A. from FCA. The transaction was completed on 3 January 2016.[24]

On July 14, 2015, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV chief executive Sergio Marchionne and Dennis Williams, President of the United Auto Workers (UAW) entered into negotiations on July 14, 2015.[25] As negotiations between the UAW and "Detroit Three automakers" began, "Marchionne leaned in to embrace Williams in a hug seen "round the world," shocking some union members.[25] When Marchionne made the announcement on January 8, 2017, that Chrysler planned to add 2,000 jobs and invest $1 billion to manufacture the Jeep Wagoneer and Grand Wagoneer at the Warren Truck Assembly and to make a new Jeep Wrangler pickup at its Toledo Assembly South plant in Toledo, Ohio by 2020, Marchionne credited the decision to the negotiations with Williams that began in 2015.[26][27]

On January 13, 2017, the company came under investigation by the U.S. Justice Department due to allegedly failing to disclose software that violated emissions standards and allowed vehicles to exceed pollution limits.[28] On May 23, 2017, the Justice Department filed a civil lawsuit alleging that FCA "used a 'defeat device' to circumvent emission controls" in more than 100,000 vehicles between 2014 and 2016.[29]

In January 2016, Ferrari became a separate investment of Exor, siding with FCA and CNH, after FCA listed 10% of the company on the NYSE in October 2015, and then distributed their remaining 80% stake in Ferrari to FCA shareholders. Ferrari now trades on the NYSE under the ticker symbol "RACE".[8]

FCA also operated in the print media and advertising fields through its Italiana Editrice subsidiary (publisher of the Italian La Stampa and Il Secolo XIX newspapers) and interest in RCS Media Group. In March 2017, FCA was a stakeholder in the creation of Italy's largest media group GEDI Gruppo Editoriale, created by the merger of Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso publishing L'espresso and La Repubblica with Italiana Editrice (ITEDI), of which FCA held 77% of the shares and which publishes the Torino daily La Stampa and Il Secolo XIX. Subsequently, FCA divested from publishing by distributing their shares to its own shareholders, again mainly Exor, so to concentrate on the automobile business. Exor sold their shares in GEDI right after getting them.

On July 21, 2018, FCA's chief executive Marchionne was suddenly replaced in all of his positions at FCA, Ferrari, SGS and CNH following emergency meetings of each respective company's board of directors the day before.[30][31][32] Marchionne last appeared in public on June 26 in Italy, where he appeared to be quite lethargic and fatigued.[33] FCA stated on July 5 that he had taken medical leave to undergo surgery to his right shoulder and on the day of his replacement stated that he would not be able to return to work due to post-surgical complications.[34] It was later reported that his health had deteriorated "suddenly and sharply"[35][36] and that Marchionne had lapsed into a coma.[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] Sergio Marchionne died on July 25, 2018, aged 66.[45][46] In July 2018, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV's European chief Alfredo Altavilla resigned after being passed over to replace Marchionne.[47]

In January 2019, Fiat Chrysler agreed to pay $800 million to settle lawsuits related to diesel emissions.[48]

In February 2019, Fiat Chrysler announced plans to invest $4.5 billion in manufacturing in Michigan.[49] The plant is estimated to create nearly 6,500 jobs. Plans include $1.6 billion to build a Jeep factory in Detroit.[50]

In May 2019, Fiat Chrysler proposed merging its business with Renault.[51] The proposal was later withdrawn.[52]

On 31 October 2019, FCA announced its intent to merge with the French automakers Groupe PSA. The merger would be on a 50-50 all stock basis.[10] On 18 December 2019, FCA and PSA announced that they had agreed to the terms of binding $50 billion merger.[11][12] The merger is expected to be implemented in the next 12 months. The new group will be incorporated in the Netherlands with Carlos Tavares as CEO.[53]

In March 2020, the Detroit United Auto Workers union announced that after discussion with the leaders of General Motors, Ford, and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, the carmakers would partially shut down factories on a "rotating" basis to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic.[54] In April 2020, the company released several advertisements designed to discourage people from using their products during the pandemic.[55]

Five-year plan (2014–2018)

On May 6, 2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced its 5-year business plan.[56] The company expects that sales will increase to 7 million units, revenues to €132 billion, net income to €5 billion and industrial debt will peak at €11 billion in 2015, and then reduce to €0.5-1 billion by end of 2018.[57] The Group updated its business plan targets in January 2016 at the time FY 2015 were announced.

Much of the global growth will be focused around Jeep, due to its high visibility globally as well as the growing SUV market in developing markets. Chrysler will be re-positioned as the company's mainstream North American brand to compete with Ford, Chevrolet, Toyota, and Volkswagen, while Dodge will focus on performance-based vehicles. Alfa Romeo will become the company's premium marque to compete with Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Audi, while Maserati will be the company's ultra-luxury brand to compete with Bentley and Rolls-Royce. Fiat (which will remain the company's mainstream brand outside North America) and Ram Trucks will remain largely unchanged, while SRT was merged back into Dodge.[58] Conspicuously absent in the announcement was Lancia, which was later confirmed to be withdrawing from all markets outside Italy.[59]

Alfa Romeo

In 2014, Alfa Romeo launched the 4C and 4C Spider in North America. In 2015, the Giulia was announced and in 2016 they added an SUV named Stelvio. The 4C was dropped from the lineup with 2019 as the last production year. FCA announced a mid-cycle refresh for both the Giulia and Stelvio for production year 2021.[60]

Chrysler

In 2014, Chrysler released a refreshed 300/300C. In 2016, the brand launched the Pacifica as the successor to the Town & Country.

Dodge

The first announcement was that the SRT brand was to be put back into Dodge. In 2015, the refreshed Charger launched along with the refreshed Challenger (and equivalent SRT version). The Dodge Charger SRT Hellcat and Challenger SRT Hellcat were also launched.[61][62] 2014 was also the last model year for the Dodge Avenger. In 2016, the new Dodge Dart (and Dodge Dart SRT) was to be launched, along with a new Dodge Journey. The two models have since been either slated for discontinuation (Dodge Dart, 2016), or the date for the redesigned version was pushed back (Dodge Journey, 2018). In speculation, in 2017, a new Dodge Journey SRT will arrive, along with a refreshed Dodge Durango. In 2018, a new sedan and hatchback will launch, a new Challenger (and SRT version) will be unveiled, along with a new Charger (and SRT version). In April 2017, Dodge announced the release of the brand-new 2018 Dodge Demon. The Demon comes equipped with a 6.2L V8 HEMI mated to a 2.7L supercharger, which allows the Demon to produce 840 horsepower and 770 lb-ft of torque at the crank, which makes the Dodge Demon the world's quickest production vehicle. The Demon's excessive torque causes the front axle to lift off of the ground during launch. The Demon is also equipped with many other industry-first features, including a Transbrake, launch control systems, 5 point harness occupant restraints, and an HVAC system that actually produces additional horsepower by further cooling intake air.[56]

Fiat

In 2015, Fiat launched the new Fiat 500X (produced in Melfi, Italy) and the Fiat Egea (produced in Turkey by JV partner Tofas and sold in Europe under the Fiat Tipo nameplate and Mexico as the Dodge Neon).[56]

Lancia

Lancia is a historic brand of Italian luxury and performance cars. With the discontinuation of the Lancia-badged Chrysler 300 and Voyager in the European market in 2015, the Ypsilon is the only model currently in production, and is sold exclusively in the Italian market.

Maserati

In 2014, the Maserati GranTurismo and GranCabrio will see the end of the nameplate (until 2018). In 2016, the new Maserati Levante SUV was launched. In 2018, a new GranTurismo will be launched with a 560-horsepower V8 and rear-wheel drive. Between 2014 and 2018, the top of the line Maserati Quattroporte GTS will be receiving a 560-horsepower V8 with an all-wheel drive to replace the current 523 horsepower V8 with rear-wheel drive in the GTS model. The top of the line Ghiblis and Levantes will be receiving the same setup as the Quattroporte. In 2020, the Maserati Alfieri will be launched. The car was originally going to be released in 2016 but was postponed to allow the Levante to be launched for 2016. The year after in 2021, a convertible variant of the Alfieri will be launched. The top of the line Alfieri will be receiving a 520-horsepower V6 with all-wheel drive.[56]

Jeep

In 2014, the Jeep Renegade was launched. After a long absence, Jeep returned to Malaysia, where DRB-Hicom distributes the brand's vehicles.[63] In 2015, the Jeep Grand Cherokee was refreshed, with celebrities Fan Bingbing, Tina Fey, Sandra Bullock, Julia Roberts and Cate Blanchett promoted as brand ambassadors. 2016 marked the 75th anniversary of Jeep, and the Jeep Compass and Jeep Patriot had their last model year while a refreshed Jeep Cherokee was introduced. In 2017, the Jeep Renegade was refreshed. In 2018, a new Jeep Wrangler is being launched, as well as a new Grand Cherokee. Later, a luxury Grand Wagoneer SUV model will be launched to compete with the likes of Mercedes-Benz G-Class and Range Rover.[56]

Fiat Chrysler plans to add more factory capacity over the next few years to support building two new Jeep models, including a return of the Jeep Grand Wagoneer. Though it is not sure as to how many jobs Fiat Chrysler might add or how much time it may take for the new assembly lines to be up and running.[64]

Ram

In 2014, a ProMaster van was launched, along with the smaller ProMaster City, derived from Fiat Ducato and Fiat Doblò respectively.[56] In 2017, a new Ram 1500 was launched, and a commercial light-duty truck was refreshed. In 2018, a new Ram HD was launched, along with a commercial heavy-duty truck, and Ram chassis cab received a major update.[56]

Financial results

In 2015 worldwide shipments were 4.6 million units, revenues totaled €113.2 billion, up 18% (+6% at constant exchange rates, or CER), adjusted EBIT was €5.3 billion, up 40% and Adjusted net profit was €2.0 billion, up 91%.[65]

The new FCA logo was created by the Italian branding company Robilant Associati,[66][67] ending the use of the Fiat S.p.A. logo and Chrysler Pentastar logo for group branding.[68]

See also

References

  1. ^ FCA_Announcement.pdf: FCA - FCA_Announcement.pdf, accessdate: 21. July 2018
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Fiat Chrysler 2018 Results" (PDF). Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
  3. ^ MarketScreener. "FIAT CHRYSLER AUTOMOBILES : Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile - NL0010877643 - MarketScreener". www.marketscreener.com. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  4. ^ "Group Brands". fiatspa.com. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  5. ^ "Fiat Chrysler to spin off Ferrari, issue $2.5 billion convertible bond". Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  6. ^ "Fiat says merger into Dutch-registered FCA effective October 12". London, U.K. Reuters. 7 October 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ FCA_2014_Annual_Report.pdf: FCA_2014_Annual_Report.pdf, accessdate: 4. March 2016
  8. ^ a b Joseph, Noah. "Ferrari and FCA are officially separated". Autoblog. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  9. ^ "Group profile".
  10. ^ a b "Subscribe to read". Financial Times. Retrieved 2019-10-31. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  11. ^ a b Ewing, Jack; Alderman, Liz (2019-12-18). "Fiat Chrysler and Peugeot Agree on Terms to Forge New Auto Giant". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  12. ^ a b "Fiat Chrysler, Peugeot owner PSA agree binding merger in $50 billion deal". Reuters. 2019-12-18. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  13. ^ Eric D Lawrence (2020-06-17). "European regulators plan longer investigation of FCA, PSA Group merger plans". Detroit Free Press.
  14. ^ Breana Noble (2020-06-17). "EU opens investigation into Fiat Chrysler-PSA merger over commercial van competition". The Detroit News.
  15. ^ "Group brands".
  16. ^ "MLive". 8/1/14. 8 January 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  17. ^ "Board of Directors". FCAGroup. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
  18. ^ "Chrysler Group officially becomes FCA US". Detroit Free Press. 16 December 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  19. ^ "Chrysler name fades in FCA era". Detroit News. 16 December 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  20. ^ "Fiat buys remainder of diesel maker VM Motori from GM". Autonews. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  21. ^ "Fiat shares surge after deal to buy remaining Chrysler stake". BBC. 2 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  22. ^ "The new Fiat Chrysler faces a rougher road than many think". Washington Post. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  23. ^ "Fiat S.p.A." (PDF). 8 January 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  24. ^ "FCA Announces Board Intention to Spin Off Ferrari S.p.A." (PDF). FCAgroup.com. October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  25. ^ a b Kristine Owram (August 12, 2016), Canadian auto union says it's learned its lesson about 'the hug' from last summer, The Financial Post, retrieved January 14, 2017
  26. ^ Brent Snavely (January 9, 2017), Trump lauds Fiat Chrysler but CEO seeks policy 'clarity', Detroit: Detroit Free Press, retrieved January 14, 2017
  27. ^ Robert Reich (January 13, 2017), "Robert Reich: the Lies Trump Tells to Tyrannize", Newsweek, retrieved January 14, 2017
  28. ^ "Fiat Chrysler Faces U.S. Criminal Emissions Investigation". Bloomberg.com. 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
  29. ^ "DOJ Sues FCA As Automaker Asks to Fix Alleged Defeat Device on 2014–16 Diesels". caranddriver.com. 2017-05-23. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
  30. ^ "Fiat Names Jeep Chief Manley to Replace CEO Marchionne".
  31. ^ Editorial, Reuters (2018-07-21). "Fiat, Ferrari boards to meet on Marchionne succession – report". Reuters. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  32. ^ Editorial, Reuters (2018-07-21). "Fiat Chrysler to name Jeep's Manley to replace Marchionne as CEO -..." Reuters. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  33. ^ 'FCA paints grim picture of Marchionne's health,' Autonews, July 21, 2018.
  34. ^ "Fiat Chrysler Paints Grim Picture of Marchionne's Health". 2018-07-21. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  35. ^ "Marchionne gravely ill in Swiss hospital, Italian media reports". Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  36. ^ Neal E. Boudette (July 21, 2018). "Fiat Chrysler C.E.O. Marchionne Is Replaced After Falling Gravely Ill". The New York Times.
  37. ^ "Marchionne malato: condizioni gravissime, coma irreversibile". Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  38. ^ "Sergio Marchionne, l'indiscrezione sulla sua salute. Dago-bomba: non è la spalla, di che cosa è malato" (in Italian). Libero. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  39. ^ "Sergio Marchionne in coma profondo. Il manager abruzzese sarebbe in condizioni disperate" (in Italian). abruzzolive.it. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  40. ^ "Marchionne in deep coma clouds Hockenheim race day – GRAND PRIX 247". www.grandprix247.com. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  41. ^ ""Marchionne está em coma profundo", diz jornalista – Fórmula 1 – F1Mania". July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  42. ^ "Grande Stevens su Marchionne: "I suoi polmoni sono stati aggrediti. Incapace di sottrarsi alle sigarette"". Il Giornale (in Italian). Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  43. ^ "MARCHIONNE SUFFERED EMBOLISM DURING CANCER SURGERY". Autoweek. July 24, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  44. ^ "Report: Sergio Marchionne in coma after stroke". The Detroit News. July 24, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  45. ^ Di Paolo Griseri (2018-07-25). "E' morto Sergio Marchionne, l'uomo che salvò l'auto italiana". Repubblica.it. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
  46. ^ "Sergio Marchionne, CEO Who Steered Fiat Chrysler, Dies Aged 66". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
  47. ^ "Fiat Chrysler Europe Chief to Step Down After New CEO Chosen". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  48. ^ Fiat Chrysler will pay $800 million to settle diesel emissions lawsuits, CNET, 2019
  49. ^ "Fiat Chrysler to invest $4.5 billion in Michigan for new Jeep SUV..." Reuters. 2019-02-26. Retrieved 2019-02-27.
  50. ^ Roberts, Adrienne (2019-02-26). "Fiat Chrysler to Invest $4.5 Billion in Manufacturing in Michigan, Create Nearly 6,500 Jobs". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2019-02-27.
  51. ^ "Fiat Chrysler proposes 50-50 merger with Renault". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
  52. ^ Keohane, David; Lewis, Leo; Fontanella-Khan, James (2019-06-05). "Fiat Chrysler withdraws €33bn Renault merger offer". Financial Times. Retrieved 2019-06-06.
  53. ^ Charles Riley. "Fiat Chrysler and Peugeot owner agree deal to create world's third-largest automaker". CNN. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  54. ^ "Ford, GM, Fiat Chrysler, and United Auto Workers union agree to a partial shutdown of US plants as coronavirus spreads, despite many in Europe shutting down completely". Business Insider. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  55. ^ Business, Chris Isidore, CNN. "These companies are begging you not to use their products during the crisis". CNN. Retrieved 2020-04-23. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  56. ^ a b c d e f g "Fiat Chrysler Automobiles: The next five years - Autoblog". Autoblog. May 6, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  57. ^ "Five-Year_Financial_Targets" (PDF) (Press release). Retrieved 2015-12-05.
  58. ^ "Fiat Chrysler unveils aggressive five-year plan - Los Angeles Times". Latimes.com. 2014-05-06. Retrieved 2014-06-22.
  59. ^ "Fiat chiefs confirm Lancia to only sell cars in Italy 2016 model year". Autocar. Retrieved 2014-06-22.
  60. ^ "2020 Alfa Romeo Giulia And Stelvio Updates Revealed, Interior Gets Quality Overhaul". Carscoops. 2019-10-30. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
  61. ^ "2015 Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat Official Photos and Info - News - Car and Driver". July 2014.
  62. ^ "2015 Dodge Charger SRT Hellcat Official Photos and Info – News – Car and Driver". August 2014.
  63. ^ Sze, Gregory (2014-11-28). "Jeep Malaysia returns after decade-long hiatus – four new models launched, additional dealerships touted". Paultan.org. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
  64. ^ LeBeau, Phil (14 January 2019). "Fiat Chrysler plans to expand factory capacity to build new Jeeps". www.cnbc.com. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  65. ^ "FCA Board of Directors' Meeting: 2015 Full Year and Fourth Quarter Results" (PDF). Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  66. ^ "Fiat-Chrysler Merger Spawns New Logo". New York Times. 3 February 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  67. ^ "FCA logo". Robilant Associati. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  68. ^ "Fiat and Chrysler adopt a new logo" (PDF). FCA. 29 January 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat_Chrysler_Automobiles&oldid=964217587"