List of new religious movements
A new religious movement (NRM) is a comprehensive term used to identify religious, ethical, and spiritual groups, communities and practices of relatively modern origins. NRMs may be novel in origin or they may exist on the fringes of a wider religion, in which case they will be distinct from pre-existing denominations. Academics identify a variety of characteristics which they employ in categorizing groups as new religious movements. The term is broad and inclusive, rather than sharply defined. New religious movements are generally seen as syncretic, employing human and material assets to disseminate their ideas and worldviews, deviating in some degree from a society's traditional forms or doctrines, focused especially upon the self, and having a peripheral relationship that exists in a state of tension with established societal conventions.[1]: 29 [2]: 107 [3]: 206
A NRM may be one of a wide range of movements ranging from those with loose affiliations based on novel approaches to spirituality or religion to communitarian enterprises that demand a considerable amount of group conformity and a social identity that separates their adherents from mainstream society. Use of the term NRM is not universally accepted among the groups to which it is applied.[4] Scholars have estimated that NRMs now number in the tens of thousands worldwide, with most in Asia and Africa. Most have only a few members, some have thousands, and very few have more than a million.[5]: 17 Academics occasionally propose amendments to technical definitions and continue to add new groups.[1]: vii–xv
List
See also
- List of religions and spiritual traditions
- Governmental lists of cults and sects
- Hinduism-oriented new religious movements
- List of Neopagan movements
- List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement
Notes
- ^ a b c Beckford, James A., ed. (1 January 1987). New religious movements and rapid social change. London: Sage Publications. ISBN 978-0-8039-8003-7.
- ^ Nelson, Geoffrey K. (3 December 1987). Cults, new religions and religious creativity. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7102-0855-2.
- ^ Swenson, Donald S. (15 August 2009). Society, spirituality, and the sacred : a social scientific introduction (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9680-7.
- ^ Coney, Judith (June 1998). "A Response to: Religious Liberty in Western Europe by Massimo Introvigne, Vol. 5, No. 2". ISKCON Communications Journal. 6 (1). International Society for Krishna Consciousness.
- ^ a b Wilson, Bryan R.; Cresswell, Jamie, eds. (5 May 1999). New religious movements : challenge and response. London [u.a.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20049-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (28 December 1992). Rosen, Roger (ed.). The illustrated encyclopedia of active new religions, sects, and cults (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-1505-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1 June 1997). The illustrated encyclopedia of active new religions, sects, and cults (Rev. ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-2586-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Lewis, James R. (July 1998). The encyclopedia of cults, sects, and new religions ([Nachdr.] ed.). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-222-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf pg ph pi pj pk Melton, J. Gordon (December 2002). Encyclopedia of American religions (7th ed.). Detroit: Gale. ISBN 978-0-7876-6384-1.
- ^ a b c d Hakl, Hans Thomas (2010). "Franz Sättler (Dr. Musallam) and the Twentieth-Century Cult of Adonism". Pomegranate: the International Journal of Pagan Studies. 12 (1). United Kingdom: Equinox Publishing Ltd. ISSN 1528-0268.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi Chryssides, George D. (15 November 2001). Historical dictionary of new religious movements. Lanham, Md. [u.a.]: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4095-9.
- ^ a b Omoyajowo 1995, pp. xv, 113.
- ^ a b c d e f g Chryssides, George D. (1999). Exploring new religions. London: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-3890-4.
- ^ a b c d Strmiska and Sigurvinsson 2005, pp. 127–180.
- ^ a b c d e Clark, Elmer T. (June 1940). The Small Sects in America (1st ed.). New York: Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-0-687-38703-8.
- ^ Partridge, 2004, p. 261.
- ^ Saliba, 2003, p. 171.
- ^ a b c d Encyclopædia Iranica 1989, "Babism".
- ^ a b c d Fort, Samuel (9 October 2014). Cult of the Great Eleven. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-5027-8258-8.[self-published source]
- ^ a b c d e f Bhugra, Dinesh, ed. (1996). Psychiatry and religion : context, consensus and controversies. London [u.a.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08955-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Nichols, Larry A.; Mather, George; Schmidt, Alvin J. (13 August 2006). Dictionary of cults, sects, and world religions (Rev. and updated ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-23954-3.
- ^ a b c Bergman, Gregory (30 May 2006). Isms. Avon, MA: Adams Media. ISBN 978-1-59337-483-9.
- ^ See:
- Saliba, John A. Understanding New Religious Movements. Rowman Altamira, 2003, p. 26: "The Christian Science-Metaphysical Family. This family, known also as "New Thought" in academic literature, stresses the need to understand the functioning of the human mind in order to achieve the healing of all human ailments."
- Lewis, James R. Legitimating New Religions. Rutgers University Press, 2003, p. 94: "Groups in the metaphysical (Christian Science–New Thought) tradition ... usually claim to have discovered spiritual laws which, if properly understood and applied, transform and improve the lives of ordinary individuals, much as technology has transformed society."
- ^ a b c Chryssides, George D. (17 April 2006). The A to Z of new religious movements (Rev. pbk. ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5588-5.
- ^ a b c d Lewis, James R. (2002). The encyclopedia of cults, sects, and new religions (2nd ed.). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-888-5.
- ^ a b c d Greer, John Michael (8 October 2003). The new encyclopedia of the occult. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 978-1-56718-336-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Clarke, Peter B., ed. (22 December 2005). Encyclopedia of new religious movements. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-45383-7.
- ^ http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2014/04/10/thanks-to-a-technicality-pastafarianism-is-now-an-official-religion-in-poland/
- ^ Pastafarian wins one for the Flying Spaghetti Monster in Texas
- ^ a b c d "In 1955, Reverend Moon established the Collegiate Association for the Research of the Principle (CARP). CARP is now active on many campuses in the United States and has expanded to over eighty nations. This association of students promotes intercultural, interracial, and international cooperation through the Unification world view." [1] Cite error: The named reference "Storey" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c Robinson 2005.
- ^ a b c d Ambedkar and the Hindu Culture
- ^ Van Bruinessen 2007, p. 258.
- ^ a b Beckford, James A. (15 September 2003). Social theory and religion. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77336-2.
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke, p. 17.
- ^ See:
- Lewis 2004, p. 187. "These two opposing strategies of new religious movements for delivering compensators I will term 'compensation delivery systems' (CDS). The gradual CDS can best be described as religion as a multi-level marketing (MLM) tactic - a term I take from the business world [...] Exemplars of new religious movements with a gradual CDS are Scientology and Erhard Seminar Training in its various manifestations."
- Saliba 2003, p. 88. "Many of the new religions attract individuals by the promise of peace of mind, spiritual well-being, gratifying experiences, and material success. In so doing they stress their concern for the individual and highlight one's personal worth and self-development. This is especially so in human growth movements such as Scientology, The Forum (previously known as Erhard Seminar Training [EST]), and qualsi-religious encounter groups."
- ^ Aupers, Stef (2005). "'We Are All Gods': New Age in the Netherlands 1960–2000". In Sengers, Erik (ed.). The Dutch and Their Gods: Secularization and Transformation of Religion in the Netherlands. Studies in Dutch Religious History. Vol. 3. Hilversum: Verloren. ISBN 90-6550-867-8.
- ^ Clarke, Peter; Sutherland, Stewart, eds. (31 December 1991). The study of religion, traditional and new religions (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-06432-3.
- ^ See"
- Nelson 1987, p. 177. "Finally his study of EST (Erhard Systems Training) provides an insight into the work of the human potential movement which aims at self realisation."
- Puttick 2004, p. 406. "est was one of the most successful manifestations of the human potential movement (HPM) ..."
- ^ See:
- Ramstedt 2007, p. 6. "How can one find a definition of 'New Age' that will serve to bring so many different features together? One major difficulty in defining 'New Age' is that different writers draw different boundaries. Paul Heelas, for example, includes a significant number of what he calls the 'self religions': groups like Landmark Forum (also known simply as The Forum, formerly est or Erhard Seminar Training) and Programmes Limited (formerly Exegesis). Some writers trace the New Age back to William Blake (1757–1827); others see it as originating in the 'hippie' counter-culture in the USA in the 1960s, while the scholar of the New Age, Wouter Hanegraaff, places it later still, regarding it as beginning in the second half of the 1970s."
- ^ a b c d Introvigne, Massimo, 2000, The Unification Church Studies in Contemporary Religion, Signature Books, Salt Lake City, Utah, ISBN 1-56085-145-7, page 47–52
- ^ Lewis 2004, p. 195.
- ^ a b Melton 2009, p. 676.
- ^ a b c d Ellwood 1971.
- ^ a b Peters 2008, pp. 186–187.
- ^ Lausanne Occasional Papers 1980.
- ^ a b Irons 2008, p. 206.
- ^ a b c Philippine Daily Inquirer 2008.
- ^ Global Leadership Council
- ^ a b c d Partridge, 2004, p. 406.
- ^ https://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/sadhguru-isha-cult-london/
- ^ a b c Bouma, Gary (26 March 2007). Australian soul : religion and spirituality in the twenty-first century. Port Melbourne, Vic.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-67389-1.
- ^ Gallagher 2006, p. 86.
- ^ a b c d Krogh 2004, p. 167.
- ^ Tucker 2004, pp. 360–362.
- ^ Omar Ashour, Libyan Islamists Unpacked: Rise, Transformation and Future. Brookings Doha Center, 2012.
- ^ Mohammad Pervez Bilgrami, Arab Counter-revolution on Threshold of Plummeting. World Bulletin, Sunday, September 21, 2014.
- ^ ICG Middle East Report N°31. Saudi Arabia Backgrounder: Who Are the Islamists? Amman/Riyadh/Brussels: International Crisis Group, 21 September 2004.
- ^ Roel Meijer, Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement, pg. 49. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
- ^ Notes, Whatever Happened to the Islamists?: Salafis, Heavy Metal Muslims and the Lure of Consumerist Islam, pg. 291. Eds. Amel Boubekeur and Olivier Roy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-231-15426-0
- ^ Hossam Tammam and Patrick Haenni, Islam in the insurrection? Al-Ahram Weekly, 3–9 March 2011, Issue No. 1037.
- ^ Professor Girma Yohannes Iyassu Menelik, The Emergence and Impacts of Islamic Radicalists, pg. 16. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH, 2009.
- ^ Omayma Abdel-Latif, "Trends in Salafism." Taken from Islamist Radicalisation: The Challenge for Euro-Mediterranean Relations, pg. 74. Eds. Michael Emerson, Kristina Kausch and Richard Youngs. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2009. ISBN 978-92-9079-865-1
- ^ Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, Sheikh Rabi' Ibn Haadi 'Umayr Al Madkhali. The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims
- ^ a b c d Nelson Jr., William E. (1998). "Black Church Politics and The Million Man March". In Best, Felton O. (ed.). Black Religious Leadership from the Slave Community to the Million Man March; flames of fire. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press. p. 245.
- ^ a b c d Marhic 1996, pp. 25–29.
- ^ Enroth 2005, p. 169.
- ^ Atkins, Stephen E. (30 August 2002). Encyclopedia of modern American extremists and extremist groups. Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31502-2.
- ^ Barrett, David V. (2001). The new believers : a survey of sects, cults and alternative religions (Revised ed.). London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35592-1.
- ^ Roberts, Michael (2011-02-04). "Marshall Vian Summers's latest message from God coming Sunday from Boulder". Westword. Retrieved 2015-06-01.
- ^ "The Society for the Greater Community Way of Knowledge". Archived from the original on 2008-11-22.
- ^ "City and Suburban News: New York, Brooklyn, Long Island, Staten Island, New Jersey" (PDF). The New York Times. 1883-11-26. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- ^ a b c d Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 257.
- ^ Hayes 2006, pp. 16, 18–19
- ^ Arweck, Elisabeth (13 January 2006). Researching new religious movements : responses and redefinitions (1st ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27754-9.
- ^ Walsh 2004, pp. 174, 180–182.
- ^ Gold 2004, p. 46.
- ^ >Buxant, Coralie; Vassilis Saroglou (April 2008). "Joining and leaving a new religious movement: A study of ex-members' mental health". Mental Health, Religion & Culture. 11 (3). Center for Psychology of Religion, Department of Psychology, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: Routledge: 251–271. doi:10.1080/13674670701247528.
- ^ Reiterman 1982, pp. 49–52
- ^ a b c Mayer 2004, pp. 123–143.
- ^ a b Dawson 2006, p. 3.
- ^ Singer 1995, pp. 45, 120.
- ^ York 2004, p. 105.
- ^ Partridge 2004, pp. 62–64.
- ^ a b c Tamura 2001, pp. 203–204.
- ^ INFORM 2001.
- ^ Partridge 2003, pp. 188, 263–265.
- ^ Lewis 2003, p. 42.
- ^ Reece 2007, pp. 182–186.
- ^ a b c d Raphael 1998, pp. 198–215.
- ^ a b c d Mayer 1993, p. 213.
- ^ Wilson 1999, p. 10.
- ^ Roy, Jessica (April 17, 2014). "The Rapture of the Nerds". Newsfeed – Faith. Time Inc. Network. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ a b c d Barzun, Jacques (2000). From dawn to decadence : 500 years of western cultural life, 1500 to the present. New York: Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-092883-4.
- ^ Lyon 2000, p. 106.
- ^ a b c Montreal Religious Sites Project
- ^ Johnson, Benton in Klass and Weisgrau 1999, p. 377.
- ^ a b c Smith and Prokopy 2003, p. 279–280.
- ^ (Fraternite Blanche Universelle) Mayer 1993, p. 370.
- ^ a b c d Dawson 2007, pp. 48–49.
- ^ a b c Leser, David (2012-08-25). "The Da Vinci Mode". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
- ^ UK Government (24 August 2011). "The Way of the Livingness, The Religion of the Soul Trust: Charity Commission decision". UK Gov. Charity Commission. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
- ^ Hanegraaff 1998, p. 87.
- ^ a b c d Bainbridge, William Sims (1997). The sociology of religious movements. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91202-0.
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External links
New religious movement at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
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Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
- AcademicInfo: Religious Movements Gateway – Directory of Online Resources
- Hartford Institute of Religious Research: New religious movements
- Online texts about NRMs
- SSSR Resolution on New Religious Groups
- Diskus The on-disk journal of international Religious Studies
- Law Encyclopedia
- Hadden, Jeffrey K. and Douglas Cowan The New Religious Movements Homepage @The University of Virginia [2]
- Religious Movements in the United States: An Informal Introduction
