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List of wars involving Russia

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This is a list of wars and armed conflicts involving Russia and its predecessors in chronological order, from the 9th to the 21st century.

The Russian military and troops of its predecessor states in Russia took part in a large number of wars and armed clashes in various parts of the world: starting from the princely squads, opposing the raids of nomads, and fighting for the expansion of the territory of Kievan Rus'. Following the disintegration of Kievan Rus', the emergence of the Principality of Moscow and then the centralized Russian state saw a period of significant territorial growth of the state centred in Moscow and then St. Petersburg during the 15th to 20th centuries, marked by wars of conquest in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, the Volga region, Siberia, Central Asia and the Far East, the world wars of the early 20th century, the proxy wars of the Cold War, and today.

The list includes:

  • external wars
  • foreign intervention in domestic conflicts
  • anti-colonial uprisings of the peoples conquered during the Russian expansion
  • princely feuds
  • peasant uprisings
  • revolutions

Legend of results:

  Victory
  Defeat
  Another result; for example, a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, indecisive, civil or internal conflict, or result unknown
  Ongoing conflict

Kievan Rus'

Date Conflict Location Rus and its allies Opponent(s) Result
830s Paphlagonian expedition of the Rusʹ Rus' Khaganate  Byzantine Empire Victory[a]
860 Siege of Constantinople (860) Rus' Khaganate  Byzantine Empire Victory[a]
907 Rus'–Byzantine War (907) Kievan Rus'  Byzantine Empire Victory[1]
920–1036 Rus'–Pecheneg campaigns Kievan Rus' Pechenegs Various results; eventually victory
941 Rus'–Byzantine War (941) Kievan Rus'  Byzantine Empire Defeat
944/945 Rus'-Byzantine War (944/945) Kievan Rus'  Byzantine Empire Victory[2]
964–965 Sviatoslav's campaign against Khazars Kievan Rus' Khazar Khaganate Victory
  • Destruction of the Khazar Khaganate
967/968–971 Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria Kievan Rus'  Byzantine Empire Defeat
981 Vladimir the Great's campaign on Cherven Cities Kievan Rus' Duchy of Poland Victory
985 Vladimir the Great's campaign against Volga Bulgaria Kievan Rus' Volga Bulgaria Military victory, then agreement
987 Rus'–Byzantine War (987) Kievan Rus'  Byzantine Empire Military victory and agreement
  • Baptism of Vladimir and further Christianization of Kievan Rus'
1022 Yaroslav the Wise's attack on Brest Kievan Rus' Duchy of Poland Defeat
1024 Rus'–Byzantine War (1024) Kievan Rus'  Byzantine Empire Defeat
1030 Yaroslav the Wise's campaign against Chud Kievan Rus' Chud Victory
  • Estonian tribes start to pay tribute to Rus'
1030–1031 Yaroslav the Wise's campaign on Cherven Cities Kievan Rus' Duchy of Poland Victory
1042–1228 Finnish–Novgorodian wars Kievan Rus' (until 1136) Baltic Finnic peoples of Fennoscandia (Yem people) Various results, mostly victories
1043 Rus'–Byzantine War (1043) Kievan Rus'  Byzantine Empire Defeat
1055–1223 Rus'–Cuman campaigns Kievan Rus' Cumans Various results, mostly victories
1061 Sosols raid against Pskov Kievan Rus' Sosols Defeat
  • Yaroslav the Wise's conquests in Estonia are lost
1132–1445 Swedish–Novgorodian Wars Kievan Rus' (until 1136) Kingdom of Sweden

Kingdom of Norway (from 1319)

Stalemate after the Black Death
1147 Bolesław IV the Curly's raid on Old Prussians Bolesław IV the Curly
Kievan Rus'
Old Prussians Victory
1203–1234 Campaigns of Rus princes against the Order of the Sword (see also Livonian Crusade) Livonian Brothers of the Sword Defeat
  • The crusaders capture Baltic lands up to the borders of Kievan Rus' and Lithuania
1223–1240 Mongol invasion of Rus'(see also List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Rus') Mongol Empire Decisive defeat
  • The principalities of the Kievan Rus' became vassals of the Mongol Empire
1240–1242 Livonian campaign against Rus' (see also Northern Crusades) Kievan Rus'

Novgorod Republic

Kingdom of Sweden

Victory
  • Defeat of the Germans
  • Peace with Prince Alexander Nevsky
  • The waiving of claims on northern Rus'
1245 Alexandr Nevsky Lithuanian campaign Kievan Rus'

Novgorod Republic

Grand Duchy of Lithuania Victory
1268 Battle of Wesenberg Denmark Denmark

Teutonic Order

Both sides claim victory

Principality of Moscow (1263–1547)

This is a list of wars involving the Principality of Moscow (1263–1547), also known as Muscovy.[b]

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1281–1293/4[4] Vladimir-Suzdal war of succession (1281–1293) [ru] Nogai forces[6]
Dmitry of Pereslavl[6]
Mikhail of Tver[6]
Daniel of Moscow[6]
Tode Mongke (1281–1287)[7]
Tokhta forces[6]
Andrey of Gorodets[6]
Theodore the Black[6]
Rostov princes[6]
Tokhta victory[6]
1296/8–1302[4] Struggle for Pereslavl-Zalessky[4] Daniel of Moscow[4]
Mikhail of Tver[4]

Tokhta[4]

Andrey of Gorodets[4]
Theodore the Black[4]
Konstantin of Ryazan[4]
Muscovite–Tverian victory[4]
1305–1485 Muscovite–Tverian wars [uk; ru]
(series of short wars, mixed with other conflicts)
Principality of Moscow Principality of Tver Victory
  • Tver annexed by Moscow (1485)
1327 Tver Uprising of 1327
(part of the Muscovite–Tverian wars [uk; ru])
Golden Horde
Ivan I Kalita of Moscow
Alexander of Suzdal [uk; ru]
Principality of Tver
Grand Principality of Vladimir[c]
Golden Horde victory
1368–1372 Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–72)
(part of the Great Troubles and the Muscovite–Tverian wars [uk; ru])
Principality of Moscow Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Principality of Tver

Inconclusive
1376 Muscovite–Volga Bulgars war
(part of the Great Troubles)
Principality of Moscow Volga Bulgaria Victory
1377 Battle on Pyana River
(part of the Great Troubles)
Principality of Moscow Golden Horde Defeat
1378 Battle of the Vozha River
(part of the Great Troubles)
Principality of Moscow Golden Horde Victory
1380 Battle of Kulikovo
(part of the Great Troubles[9])
Rus' principalities:[10] Western part of the Golden Horde Victory for the Rus' principalities coalition[11]
  • Moscow replaced Tver as the most prominent of the northeastern Rus' principalities[11]
1382 Siege of Moscow
(part of the aftermath of the Great Troubles)
Principality of Moscow Golden Horde Defeat[12]
1406–1408 Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1406–1408) [uk]
(part of the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars)
Principality of Moscow Grand Duchy of Lithuania Hungarian Treaty [uk] (1 September 1408)
1425–1453[14] Muscovite War of Succession[15] Younger Donskoy line
Vasily II Vasilyevich
Dmitry II Shemyaka (1434–9)
Boris of Tver (c. 1438)
Mäxmüd of Kazan (1445–8)
Qasim Khan (1452–3)
Older Donskoy line
Yury Dmitrievich (1425–34)
Vasily Kosoy (1434–6)
Ulugh of Kazan (1437–45)
Dmitry II Shemyaka (1439; 1445–53)
Ivan of Mozhaysk [ru; uk] (1447–53)
Vasily II victory[14]
  • Younger lineage of Dmitry Donskoy gained the Muscovite throne[14][16]
1437–1445 Ulugh Muhammad's campaign (first Russo-Kazan war)
(from Battle of Belyov to Battle of Suzdal)
(connected with the Muscovite War of Succession)
Younger Donskoy line
Vasily II Vasilyevich
Dmitry II Shemyaka (1437–9)
Older Donskoy line
Ulugh of Kazan
Dmitry II Shemyaka (1439)
Ulugh victory
1467–1469 Qasim War Grand Principality of Moscow Khanate of Kazan Victory
  • Kazan released all ethnic Christian Russians enslaved in the preceding four decades[17]
1471 Battle of Shelon Grand Principality of Moscow Novgorod Republic Victory
  • Novgorod Republic annexed by the Grand Principality of Moscow in 1478
1478 Siege of Kazan Grand Principality of Moscow Khanate of Kazan Victory
1480 Great Stand on the Ugra River Grand Principality of Moscow Golden Horde Debated[18][19]
  • Traditional Russian historiography: Muscovite victory, and the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia[18][19]
  • Modern Western scholarly historiography: Insignificant non-battle, embellished in later accounts; Moscow retained formal relations with Tatar khanates and continued paying tribute to the Crimean Khanate for decades[18][19]
1480-1481 Russian-Livonian War (1480-1481) Russia Livonian Confederation Victory
1485 Capture of Tver (1485) [ru]
(part of the Muscovite–Tverian wars [uk; ru])
Grand Principality of Moscow Principality of Tver Victory
  • Principality of Tver annexed by the Grand Principality of Moscow
1487–1494 First Muscovite-Lithuanian War Grand Principality of Moscow Grand Duchy of Lithuania Victory
1495–1497 Russo-Swedish War Grand Principality of Moscow Sweden Inconclusive
1500–1503 Second Muscovite–Lithuanian War Grand Principality of Moscow Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Livonian Order

Victory
1505–1507 Russo-Kazan War Grand Principality of Moscow Khanate of Kazan Inconclusive
1507–1508 Third Muscovite–Lithuanian War Grand Principality of Moscow Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Crimean Khanate

Inconclusive
1512–1522 Fourth Muscovite–Lithuanian War Grand Principality of Moscow

Livonian Order

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Crimean Khanate

Victory
1534–1537 Fifth Muscovite–Lithuanian War Grand Principality of Moscow Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Crimean Khanate

Inconclusive

Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)

Date Conflict Location Russia and its allies Opponent(s) Result
1552 Siege of Kazan
Ivan IV enters the defeated Kazan
Tatarstan Russia Khanate of Kazan Victory
  • The annexation of Kazan into Russia
1552–1556 Tatar Rebellion Tatarstan Russia Tatar rebels Victory
  • The rebellion is crushed
1554–1557 Ivan the Terrible's Swedish War Karelia Russia Sweden Inconclusive
1556 Russian conquest of Astrakhan Astrakhan Russia Astrakhan Khanate Victory
1558-1562 Ivan the Terrible's Livonian Campaign Livonia Russia Livonian Confederation Victory
  • Destruction of the Livonian state
  • Truce with Poland and Lithuania[20]
1562-1570 Russo-Lithuanian War Northern Europe Russia Polish–Lithuanian union Victory
1558–1583 Livonian War
Russia troops besiege Narva in 1558
Northern Europe Defeat
1568–1570 Astrakhan Expedition Astrakhan and Azov Russia Victory
  • Treaty of Constantinople (1570)
1570–1572 Ivan the Terrible's Crimean War European Russia Russia Crimean Khanate Victory
  • The Crimean Tatars burn Moscow in 1571
  • The Russians defeat the Crimean Tatars at the Battle of Molodi in 1572
  • The independence of Russia and its conquests in the Volga region preserved
1580–1762 Russian conquest of Siberia
Yermak's Conquest of Siberia
Siberia Russia Khanate of Sibir (until 1598)

Native Siberians

Victory
  • The start of Russian annexation of Siberia
1590–1595 Boris Godunov's Swedish War Northern Europe Russia Sweden Inconclusive
1605–1618 Polish invasions of Russia
The Poles surrender the Moscow Kremlin to Prince Pozharsky in 1612
Russia
Poland–Lithuania Inconclusive
  • Russia's independence preserved
  • Russia loses Smolensk
  • Vladislav Zhigimondovich remains a contender for the Russian throne
  • Truce of Deulino
1606–1607 Bolotnikov Rebellion
Bolotnikov's battle with the Tsar's army at Nizhniye Kotly near Moscow
Russia Russia Rebels under Ivan Bolotnikov Victory
  • The rebellion is crushed
1610–1617 Ingrian War
Depiction of Russian troops in 1611
Russia Russia Sweden Defeat
1632–1634 Smolensk War
Russian troops storm Smolensk
Smolensk Russia Poland–Lithuania Defeat
1651–1653 Alexis I's Persian War North Caucasus Russia Persia Defeat
1652–1689 Sino–Russian border conflicts
Russian fort under attack by Chinese troops
Heilongjiang and Amur Defeat
1654–1667 First Northern War Eastern Europe Russia Victory
1656–1658 Second Northern War
Russian troops besiege Riga in 1656
Northern Europe Russia Sweden Inconclusive
1662–1664 First Bashkir Rebellion Bashkortostan Russia Bashkir rebels Inconclusive; political defeat
  • The Russian government was forced to accept Bashkir demands
1670–1671 Razin's Rebellion
Razin's rebels in Astrakhan
Russia Russia Cossacks under Stepan Razin Victory
  • The rebellion is crushed
1676–1681 Feodor III's Turkish War Ukraine Russia Indecisive[21]
1683–1700 Great Turkish War
Russian troops capture Azov
Eastern Europe Victory
1700–1721 Great Northern War
Russian troops assault the island fortress of Nöteborg
Russian troops capture Narva
Europe
Victory against Sweden
Defeat by Ottoman Empire
1704–1711 Third Bashkir Rebellion Bashkortostan and Tatarstan Russia Bashkir rebels Military victory, political defeat
  • Russian government forced to accept some Bashkir demands
1707–1708 Bulavin Rebellion Southern Russia Russia Don Cossack rebels Victory
  • The rebellion is crushed
1717 Peter the Great's Khivan War Khanate of Khiva Russia Khanate of Khiva Defeat
  • Russian invasion repelled
1717-1731 War with Abulhair Kazakhstan and Siberia  Russia Kazakh Khanate Victory[22]
  • Minor Jüz becomes a Russian vassal

Russian Empire (1721–1917)

Date Conflict Location Russia and its allies Opponent(s) Result
1722–1723 Persian Expedition of Peter the Great Caucasus and northern Iran Persia Victory
1725–1778 Russian conquest of Chukotka Chukotka Chukchi people Inconclusive
  • Attempts to impose a tribute failed in the long run.
  • The Chukchi accepted the agreement on submission, while maintaining a high degree of autonomy.
1733–1738 War of the Polish Succession Rhineland
Depiction of the Siege of Danzig by Russian and Saxon forces in 1734
Poland Indecisive
1735–1739 Russo-Austro-Turkish War Eastern Europe  Russia

Habsburg monarchy Austria

 Ottoman Empire Victory
1735–1740 Fourth Bashkir Rebellion Bashkortostan  Russia
  • Russian Empire pro-Russian Bashkirs
Bashkir rebels Victory
  • The rebellion is crushed
  • Establishment of Orenburg
1740–1748 War of the Austrian Succession Europe
Inconclusive
Victory against Sweden
1756–1763 Seven Years' War
Russian troops in Berlin in 1760
Europe and North America
White peace
1768–1769 Koliivshchyna Rebellion
Camp of Haidamakas
Ukraine  Russia

Poland-Lithuania

Haidamaky Victory
  • The rebellion is crushed
1768–1772 War of the Bar Confederation
Krakow capitulates to Suvorov
Poland  Russia Victory
1768–1774 Catherine the Great's First Turkish War
Destruction of the Turkish fleet in the Battle of Chesma
Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Mediterranean  Russia  Ottoman Empire Victory
1773–1775 Pugachev's Rebellion
Russian Cossack troops march during the rebellion
Russia  Russia Victory
  • The rebellion is crushed
1787–1792 Catherine the Great's Second Turkish War
Russian troops storm the fortress of Ochakov
Eastern Europe  Russia  Ottoman Empire Victory
1783-1797 Syrym Datuly's rebellion Kazakhstan  Russia Kazakhs Victory
1788–1790 Catherine the Great's Swedish War
Russian fleet during the Battle of Vyborg Bay
Finland, western Sweden, and the Baltic Sea  Russia Sweden Sweden Inconclusive
1792 Catherine the Great's Polish War Poland  Russia

Targowica Confederation

Poland–Lithuania Victory
1794 Kościuszko Uprising
Battle of Praga
Poland Poland–Lithuania Victory
1796 Persian Expedition of Catherine the Great North Caucasus and South Caucasus  Russia Persia Victory
1799–1802 War of the Second Coalition
Suvorov victorious at the Battle of Trebbia (1799)
Europe Withdrawal in 1799
  • French victory in 1802
1803–1806 War of the Third Coalition
Capture of a French regiment's standard by the cavalry of the Russian Guards
Europe Defeat
1804–1813 Alexander I's Persian War
Russian troops storm the fortress of Lankaran
North Caucasus, South Caucasus and northern Iran  Russia Persia Victory
1806–1807 War of the Fourth Coalition
Russia troops clash with French troops at the Battle of Eylau
Eastern and Central Europe Defeat
1806–1812 Alexander I's Turkish War
Russian Fleet after the Battle of Athos
Romania, Moldova, Caucasus and Black Sea  Russia Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Victory
1807–1812 Anglo-Russian War Baltic Sea and Barents Sea  Russia  United Kingdom Inconclusive
1808–1809 Finnish War
Russian troops cross the Gulf of Bothnia on ice
Finland and Sweden  Russia Sweden Sweden Victory
1809 War of the Fifth Coalition Central Europe Victory (limited involvement)
1812 French invasion of Russia
General Raevsky leading a detachment of the Russian Imperial Guard at the Battle of Saltanovka
Russia  Russia Victory
  • The French invasion is repelled
  • Napoleon's Grand Army is destroyed and forced to retreat
1813–1814 War of the Sixth Coalition
Russian troops entering Paris in 1814
Europe Victory
1815 War of the Seventh Coalition Europe Victory
1817–1864 Caucasian War
Imam Shamil surrenders to Russian forces
Caucasus
Victory
1825 Decembrist revolt
Decembrists at the Senate Square
Saint Petersburg  Russia Decembrist rebels Victory
  • The revolt is crushed
1826-1836 Uprising of Sarzhan Kasimov [ru] Kazakhstan  Russia Kazakhs Victory
1826–1828 Nicholas I's Persian War
Russian and Persian troops clash near Elisabethpol
South Caucasus and northern Iran  Russia Persia Victory
1827 Greek War of Independence
Russian squadron bombarding the Ottoman fleet
Greece  United Kingdom
France France
 Russia
 Ottoman Empire Victory
1828–1829 Nicholas I's Turkish War
Russian troops besiege Kars in 1828
Balkans and Caucasus  Russia  Ottoman Empire Victory
1830–1831 November uprising
Russian and Polish forces clash during the Battle of Ostrołęka
Poland  Russia Poland Poland Victory
  • The uprising is crushed
1836-1838 Bukey Horde uprising Kazakhstan  Russia Kazakhs Victory


1837-1847 Kenesary's Rebellion Kazakhstan  Russia Kazakhs Victory
1839–1841 Second Turko-Egyptian War Syria and Lebanon Victory
  • Egypt renounces its claim to Syria
1839-1840 Khivan campaign of 1839 Central Asia  Russia Khanate of Khiva Defeat
1841 Gurian rebellion Georgia  Russia Gurian rebels Victory
  • The rebellion is crushed
1842 Shoorcha rebellion Tatarstan and Ulyanovsk  Russia Tatar, Mari and Chuvash peasants Victory
  • The rebellion is crushed
1842-1868 Russian conquest of Bukhara Central Asia  Russia Emirate of Bukhara Victory
1848–1849 Hungarian Revolution of 1848
Hungarian troops surrender to the Russians at Világos
Hungary Austrian Empire Austria

 Russia

Victory
  • The revolution is crushed
1850-1868 Russian conquest of Kokand Khanate Central Asia  Russia Khanate of Kokand Victory
1853–1856 Crimean War
Russian troops and French zouaves engaged in hand-to-hand combat at Malakhov Kurgan
Crimea, Balkans, Caucasus, Black Sea, Baltic Sea, White Sea and Far East  Russia Defeat
1858 Mahtra Rebellion Estonia  Russia Estonian peasants Victory
  • The rebellion is crushed
1861 Bezdna Revolt Tatarstan Russia Peasants Victory
  • The revolt is crushed
1863–1864 January Uprising
Russian troops in Warsaw during the uprising
Poland Russia Polish, Lithuanian and Ukrainian insurgents Victory
  • The uprising is crushed
1866 Polish rebellion in Siberia Siberia Russia Polish political exiles Victory
  • The rebellion is crushed
1868-1869 Uprising in the Ural and Turgai Oblasts Kazakhstan  Russia Kazakhs Victory
1870 Adai Rebellion Kazakhstan  Russia Kazakhs Victory
1873 Khivan campaign of 1873 Central Asia  Russia Khanate of Khiva Victory
1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War
Russian troops entering Adrianople
Balkans and Caucasus Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Victory
1897–1898 Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) Crete Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Establishment of the Cretan State
  • Withdrawal of Ottoman forces from Crete
1899–1901 Boxer Rebellion
Russian troops in Pekin
China Eight-Nation Alliance: Victory
1902–1906 Rebellion in Guria Georgia  Russia Gurian Republic Victory
  • The rebellion is crushed
1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War
Russian cavalry in a reconnaissance mission during the Battle of Mukden
Manchuria, Korean Peninsula and Yellow Sea  Russia  Japan Defeat
1905–1907 Russian Revolution of 1905
A barricade erected by revolutionaries in Moscow
Russia  Russia Revolutionaries

Supported by:

Victory
1905–1911 Persian Constitutional Revolution
Russian flag over Arg of Tabriz
Iran
Iranian constitutionalists Victory
  • Russian occupation of Northern Iran until 1917
1914–1917 World War I
Russian troops going to the front
Attack of Russian cavalry
Russian trenches in the forests of Sarikamish
Europe and Asia Allied Powers (see list) Central Powers: Defeat, later allied victory[23][24]
1917 February Revolution Russia  Russia Republicans:

Socialists:

Revolution succeeds

Russian Republic (1917)

Date Conflict Location Russia and its allies Opponent(s) Result
1917 October Revolution Russia Russia Revolution succeeds

Russian SFSR (1917–1922)

Date Conflict Location Russia and its allies Opponent(s) Result
1917–1922 Russian Civil War
1917–1921 Ukrainian-Soviet War (Ukrainian War of Independence) Victory
1917–1920 Kazakhstan Campaign  Russian SFSR Alash Autonomy

Russia White Movement

Victory
1918 Finnish Civil War Defeat
  • Victory of the White Guard in Finland; expulsion of Bolshevik forces and Finnish independence
1918–1919 Sochi conflict Georgia (country) Georgia Indecisive
1918–1920 Latvian War of Independence

Supported by the Allied Powers German Empire VI Reserve Corps:

merged into the West Russian Volunteer Army in September 1919

Defeat
  • Expulsion of Bolshevik forces from Latvia; Latvian independence
1918–1920 Estonian War of Independence Defeat
1918–1919 Lithuanian–Soviet War Defeat
  • Expulsion of Bolshevik forces from Lithuania; Lithuanian independence
1918–1920 Georgian-Ossetian Conflict Defeat
1919–1921 Polish–Soviet War Defeat
1919–1923 Turkish War of Independence Victory
1920 Invasion of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Victory
1920 Invasion of Armenia  Russian SFSR Armenia Armenia Victory
1921 Invasion of Georgia Georgia Victory
1921 Soviet intervention in Mongolia Mongolia Victory
  • Provisional People's Republic of Mongolia established as a protectorate
1921–1922 East Karelian Uprising  Russian SFSR Victory
  • The uprising is crushed

Russia and the Soviet Union (1916–1934)

Date Conflict Location Russia and its allies Opponent(s) Result
1916–1934 Central Asian Revolt
Soviet troops on Turkestan front in 1922
Central Asia Victory
  • The revolt is crushed

Soviet Union (1922–1991)

This is a list of wars involving the Soviet Union (30 December 192226 December 1991).

  Victory
  Defeat
  Another result*

*e.g. result unknown or indecisive/inconclusive, result of internal conflict inside the Soviet Union, status quo ante bellum, or a treaty or peace without a clear result.

Date Conflict Location Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1916–1934 Central Asian Revolt
Soviet troops on Turkestan front in 1922
Central Asia Russian Empire Russian Empire (until 1917)

 Russian SFSR

 Soviet Union (from 1922)

Basmachi

Khiva
Bukhara
Afghanistan

Victory
  • The revolt is suppressed
1924 August Uprising[citation needed]  Soviet Union Damkom Victory
  • The uprising is suppressed
  • Consolidation of Soviet rule in the Georgian SSR
1925–1926 Urtatagai conflict  Soviet Union Emirate of Afghanistan Defeat
  • Peace Treaty
    • Urtatagui is seized back to Afghanistan
    • Afghanistan agreement to restrain Basmachi border raids
1929 Sino-Soviet conflict  Soviet Union  China Victory
  • The provisions of the 1924 agreement are upheld
1929 Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)

Part of the Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)

 Soviet Union

Kingdom of Afghanistan


Basmachi

Defeat
1930 Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)  Soviet Union Basmachi Victory
1932 Chechen uprising of 1932 [ru][citation needed]  Soviet Union Chechen rebels Victory
  • The uprising is suppressed
1932–1941 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts  Soviet Union

 Mongolia

 Japan

 Manchukuo

Victory
1934 Soviet invasion of Xinjiang  Soviet Union
Xinjiang clique
Russian Empire White Movement
Torgut Mongols
 China Stalemate
(1936–39) Spanish Civil War Spain Spain

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Mexico


Volunteers
Nationalist faction


Supported by:
Kingdom of Italy Italy
Nazi Germany Germany
Portugal Portugal

Defeat
1937 Islamic Rebellion in Xinjiang[citation needed] Xinjiang

 Soviet Union
Russian Empire White Movement

 China Victory
  • Rebellion is suppressed
  • Establishment of the rule of Sheng Shicai's Soviet puppet regime over the whole territory of Xinjiang province
1939 Soviet invasion of Poland (Part of World War II)  Germany

 Soviet Union
 Slovakia

Poland Poland Victory
1939–1940 Winter War (Part of World War II)  Soviet Union  Finland Inconclusive
1940 Occupation and annexation of the Baltic states (Part of World War II)  Soviet Union  Estonia
 Latvia
 Lithuania
Victory
1940 Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (part of World War II)  Soviet Union  Romania Victory
1941–1945 World War II Allied Powers:

 Soviet Union
 United States
 United Kingdom
 China
 France
 Poland
 Canada
 Australia
 New Zealand
 India
 South Africa
Kingdom of YugoslaviaDemocratic Federal Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
 Greece
 Denmark
 Norway
 Netherlands
 Belgium
 Luxembourg
 Czechoslovakia
 Brazil
 Mexico

Axis Powers:

 Germany
 Japan
 Italy
 Hungary
 Romania
 Bulgaria
 Slovakia
 Croatia
 Thailand
 Manchukuo
 Mengjiang
Wang Jingwei regime

Victory
1944–1960s Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe[citation needed]  Soviet Union
 East Germany
 Polish People's Republic
 Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
 Hungarian People's Republic
 Socialist Republic of Romania
 People's Republic of Bulgaria
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Ukrainian Insurgents
Polish Insurgents
Estonia Estonian Insurgents
Latvia Latvian Insurgents
Lithuania Lithuanian Insurgents
Bulgaria Bulgarian Insurgents
Serbian Insurgents
Croatian Insurgents
Romanian Insurgents
Germany German Insurgents
Hungarian Insurgents
Victory
  • The independence movements are suppressed
  • Soviet hegemony in Eastern Europe preserved
1945 Soviet–Japanese War (Part of World War II)  Soviet Union

 Mongolia

 Japan

 Manchukuo

Victory
  • Karafuto Prefecture annexed into the Soviet Union and incorporated into the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian SFSR
  • The Kuril Islands annexed into the Soviet Union and incorporated into the Russian SFSR
  • The liberation of Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, and northern Korea, and the collapse of the Japanese puppet states therein
  • The partition of the Korean Peninsula; the Soviet Union occupies North Korea
  • Manchuria and Inner Mongolia returned to China
1946-1954 First Indochina War  France

 State of Vietnam

 Kingdom of Laos

 Cambodia

Viet Minh

Khmer Issarak

Pathet Lao

 Japan Japanese holdout Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 China

Victory
  • Withdrawal of French forces from Indochina
  • Democratic Republic of Vietnam independence recognized
  • State of Vietnam, Kingdom of Laos and Kingdom of Cambodia achieve independence
  • Vietnam was partitioned between North (controlled by the Việt Minh) and South (controlled by the State of Vietnam)
1950–1953 Korean War  North Korea

 China
 Soviet Union

 United Nations

 South Korea
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Australia
 Belgium
 Canada
 France
 Philippines
 Colombia
 Ethiopia
 Greece
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 South Africa
 Thailand
 Turkey

Ceasefire
  • Establishment of the Korean DMZ
  • Minor territorial changes
1955–1975 Vietnam War  North Vietnam

Viet Cong and PRG
Pathet Lao
GRUNK (1970–1975)
Khmer Rouge
 China
 Soviet Union
 North Korea

 South Vietnam

 United States
 South Korea
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Laos
Cambodia (1967–1970)
Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
 Thailand
 Philippines

Victory
1953 East German Uprising[citation needed]  Soviet Union
 East Germany
East Germany East German demonstrators Victory
  • The uprising is suppressed
1956 Hungarian Revolution[citation needed]  Soviet Union

Hungary ÁVH

Revolutionaries Victory
  • The revolution is suppressed
1961 Vlora Incident[citation needed]  Soviet Union
Warsaw Pact:[26][27]
 Bulgaria
 Czechoslovakia
 East Germany
 Hungary
 Poland
 Albania Soviet-Warsaw Pact defeat
1968 Invasion of Czechoslovakia[citation needed]  Soviet Union

Bulgaria
 East Germany
Hungary
Poland

Czechoslovakia Victory
1969 Sino-Soviet border conflict  Soviet Union  China Victory (status quo ante bellum)[30]
1969–1970 War of Attrition  Egypt

 Soviet Union

 Israel Inconclusive
  • Continuation of Israeli occupation of Sinai
1975–1991 Angolan Civil War MPLA

 Cuba
 Brazil
 Soviet Union
граница SWAPO
граница MK

 South Africa

UNITA
FNLA
FLEC

Victory
1977–1978 Ethio-Somali War Ethiopia

 Cuba
 South Yemen
 Soviet Union

Somalia Somalia

WSLF

Victory
1979–1989 Soviet–Afghan War  Soviet Union

Afghanistan Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

Afghan Mujahideen
Defeat

Russian Federation (1991–present)

Date Conflict Location Russia and its allies Opponent(s) Result for Russia
1991–1993 Georgian Civil War Georgia Georgia (country) Government of Georgia

Supported by
 Russia

Georgia (country) Zviad Gamsakhurdia's government in exile

Georgia (country) Zviadists

Victory
  • Zviadist revolt crushed
1991–1992 South Ossetian War South Ossetia Georgia (country) Georgia Victory
  • South Ossetia gains de facto independence
1992–1993 War in Abkhazia Abkhazia Victory
  • Abkhazia gained de facto independence
1992 Transnistria War
PMR trucks on the bridge between Tiraspol and Bendery
Transnistria  Transnistria

 Russia

Ukrainian volunteers

Victory
  • Transnistria gains de facto independence
1992–1997 Tajikistani Civil War
Spetsnaz troops dismount an APC during the war
Tajikistan

Supported by

Supported by Victory
1994–1996 First Chechen War
A Chechen militiaman takes cover behind a burned-out Russian BMP-2 armoured vehicle
Chechnya  Russia Defeat[45]
1999 War of Dagestan Dagestan  Russia IIPB Victory
1999–2009 Second Chechen War
A farewell ceremony for the 331st Airborne Regiment of the 98th Airborne Division withdrawn from Chechnya
Chechnya  Russia Victory
2008 Russo-Georgian War
Tank-like vehicle with soldiers aboard
Russian BMP-2 from the 58th Army in South Ossetia
Georgia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia  Georgia Victory
2014–present Russo-Ukrainian War
Russian unidentified special forces take control of a Ukrainian military garrison in Crimea
Ukraine  Russia

Supported by

 Ukraine

Supported by: see List of foreign aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War

Ongoing
2015–present Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War
Two Tupolev Tu-22M3s bombing in the Deir ez-Zor area, 2017
Syria Ongoing
2018–present Central African Republic Civil War
Delivery of Russian BRDM-2 armored vehicles to Central African Republic, October 2020
Central African Republic Central African Republic Coalition of Patriots for Change Ongoing
2021–present[49] Mali War Mali Ongoing
2024–present[50] Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Ongoing


See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b The veracity of this conflict is in doubt.
  2. ^ The Principality of Moscow or Muscovy (1263–1547) evolved out of the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal (existed 12th–13th century), and became the Tsardom of Russia in 1547.[3]
  3. ^ The title 'Grand Prince of Vladimir' was mostly titular by the early 14th century.
  4. ^ The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.
  5. ^ a b c d 1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS
  6. ^ Disputed: see Russia's role in the War in Abkhazia
  7. ^ The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, which was headed by the Taliban and governed 90% of Afghanistan, officially declared their neutrality in the conflict, though several Taliban factions went on to fight on the side of the opposition nonetheless.[43]
  8. ^ For further details, see Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

References

  1. ^ Janet Martin (2004). Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press. p. 115
  2. ^ Vilhelm Ludvig Peter Thomsen (2010). The Relations Between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia, and the Origin of the Russian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 25
  3. ^ "Rusland §3. De tijd van de Mongoolse en Tataarse overheersing; Soezdal §2. Geschiedenis; Moskou §3. Geschiedenis; Ivan [Rusland] § Ivan IV". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 2002.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Martin 2007, pp. 191–192.
  5. ^ Martin 2007, p. 192.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Martin 2007, p. 191.
  7. ^ Martin 2007, p. 190.
  8. ^ a b Ostrowski 1993, p. 89.
  9. ^ Halperin 1987, p. 73.
  10. ^ Gorskii, Anton (2001). "К вопросу о составе русского войска на Куликовом поле" (PDF). Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики. 6: 1–9.
  11. ^ a b Halperin 1987, p. 74.
  12. ^ Halperin 1987, p. 74–75.
  13. ^ Shaikhutdinov 2021, p. 106.
  14. ^ a b c Alef 1983, p. Abstract i.
  15. ^ Alef 1983, p. 11.
  16. ^ Halperin 1987, p. 76.
  17. ^ Гумилев 2023, p. 310.
  18. ^ a b c Halperin 1987, p. 70.
  19. ^ a b c Martin 1995, p. 318.
  20. ^ Пенской 2020, p. 331.
  21. ^ David R. Stone (2006). A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya. Greenwood. p. 41.
  22. ^ Terentyev 2022, p. 43.
  23. ^ Legvold, Robert (2007). Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century and the Shadow of the Past. Columbia University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-231-51217-6.
  24. ^ Cecil, Hugh; Liddle, Peter (1998). At the Eleventh Hour: Reflections, Hopes and Anxieties at the Closing of the Great War, 1918. Pen and Sword Books. p. 321. ISBN 978-1-78383-992-6.
  25. ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
  26. ^ ""Shqiptarët tentuan t'i merrnin të 12 nëndetëset!"- Zbardhet dokumenti sekret i arkivave sovjetike: Si dështoi plani që baza t'i kalonte Traktatit të Varshavës" (in Albanian). Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  27. ^ "ГОТОВИЛСЯ ЛИ ПЕРЕВОРОТ В АЛБАНИИ? "ДЕЛО Т. СЕЙКО": ВЕРСИИ". libmonster.ru. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  28. ^ Low, Alfred D. (1976). The Sino-Soviet dispute : an analysis of the polemics. Rutherford [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-1479-5. OCLC 2225938.
  29. ^ says, yp Xhixh (14 February 2022). ""Shqiptarët tentuan t'i merrnin të 12 nëndetëset!" Zbardhet dokumenti sekret i arkivave sovjetike: Si dështoi plani që baza t'i kalonte Traktatit të Varshavës". Gazeta Tema. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  30. ^ a b c "Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Conflict and War :: Soviet Aggression". Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  31. ^ Kuisong p.29
  32. ^ Borer, Douglas A. (1999). Superpowers defeated: Vietnam and Afghanistan compared. London: Cass. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-7146-4851-4.
  33. ^ a b Richard Humphries. "Transnistria: relic of a bygone era", The Japan Times, 8 October 2001. Retrieved 6 August 2014
  34. ^ "Borderland Europe: Transforming Transnistria?". Archived from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  35. ^ "RUSSIA". www.hrw.org.
  36. ^ Necșuțu, Mădălin (22 January 2021). "BIRN fact-check: what must be done for Russian forces to leave Transnistria?". Balkan Insight.
  37. ^ Hughes, James and Sasse, Gwendolyn: Ethnicity and territory in the former Soviet Union: regions in conflict. Taylor & Francis, 2002, page 107. ISBN 0-7146-8210-1
  38. ^ Sabrina Ramet (1999). The radical right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989 Pennsylvania University Press. ISBN 0-271-01810-0. pp. 290ff.
  39. ^ Maryna Tkachuk. "«Краще згинути вовком, нiж жити псом»?" ["Better to die as a wolf than live as a dog"?]. Ukrayina Moloda. 19 August 2011
  40. ^ Kumar Rupesinghe and Valery A. Tishkov (1996). "Dynamics of the Moldova Trans-Dniester ethnic conflict (late 1980s to early 1990s)". Archived 10 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. In Ethnicity and power in the contemporary world. United Nations University Press.
  41. ^ "Mircea Snegur: 'Ne-am achitat cu România cu un MiG 29'". 14 October 2011.
  42. ^ Американцы боятся белорусских танков. Белоруссия американских санкций не боится // Lenta.ru, 1 марта 2002
  43. ^ Jonson, Lena (25 August 2006). Tajikistan in the New Central Asia. ISBN 9781845112936. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  44. ^ Inside Al Qaeda: global network of terror, by Rohan Gunaratna, pg. 169
  45. ^ "Why the Russian Military Failed in Chechnya". Foreign Military Studies Office. Archived from the original on 15 October 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  46. ^ Quinn, Rob (12 December 2017). "Putin Announces Russian Withdrawal From Syria". Newser.com. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  47. ^ "Assad and Putin Meet, as Russia Pushes to End Syrian War". New York Times. 21 November 2017.
  48. ^ "How Russian special forces are shaping the fight in Syria". Washington Post. 29 March 2016.
  49. ^ "Russian military advisors arrive in Mali after French troop reduction". France24. 7 January 2022
  50. ^ "Russian troops deploy to Burkina Faso". Reuters. 25 January 2024

Sources