User:Y-S.Ko/Wikipedia course/Computer

v t e Computer science
Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 ACM Computing Classification System.
Hardware	Printed circuit board Peripheral Integrated circuit Very Large Scale Integration Systems on Chip (SoCs) Energy consumption (Green computing) Electronic design automation Hardware acceleration
Computer systems organization	Computer architecture Computational complexity Dependability Embedded system Real-time computing
Networks	Network architecture Network protocol Network components Network scheduler Network performance evaluation Network service
Software organization	Interpreter Middleware Virtual machine Operating system Software quality
Software notations and tools	Programming paradigm Programming language Compiler Domain-specific language Modeling language Software framework Integrated development environment Software configuration management Software library Software repository
Software development	Control variable Software development process Requirements analysis Software design Software construction Software deployment Software engineering Software maintenance Programming team Open-source model
Theory of computation	Model of computation Formal language Automata theory Computability theory Computational complexity theory Logic Semantics
Algorithms	Algorithm design Analysis of algorithms Algorithmic efficiency Randomized algorithm Computational geometry
Mathematics of computing	Discrete mathematics Probability Statistics Mathematical software Information theory Mathematical analysis Numerical analysis Theoretical computer science
Information systems	Database management system Information storage systems Enterprise information system Social information systems Geographic information system Decision support system Process control system Multimedia information system Data mining Digital library Computing platform Digital marketing World Wide Web Information retrieval
Security	Cryptography Formal methods Security hacker Security services Intrusion detection system Hardware security Network security Information security Application security
Human–computer interaction	Interaction design Social computing Ubiquitous computing Visualization Accessibility
Concurrency	Concurrent computing Parallel computing Distributed computing Multithreading Multiprocessing
Artificial intelligence	Natural language processing Knowledge representation and reasoning Computer vision Automated planning and scheduling Search methodology Control method Philosophy of artificial intelligence Distributed artificial intelligence
Machine learning	Supervised learning Unsupervised learning Reinforcement learning Multi-task learning Cross-validation
Graphics	Animation Rendering Photograph manipulation Graphics processing unit Mixed reality Virtual reality Image compression Solid modeling
Applied computing	Quantum Computing E-commerce Enterprise software Computational mathematics Computational physics Computational chemistry Computational biology Computational social science Computational engineering Differentiable computing Computational healthcare Digital art Electronic publishing Cyberwarfare Electronic voting Video games Word processing Operations research Educational technology Document management
Category Outline WikiProject Commons

v t e Types of computer language
Types	Architecture description Data exchange Hardware description Knowledge representation Markup Modeling Programming language Query Shading Specification Stylesheet Transformation
See also	Category:Lists of computer languages Category:Lists of programming languages List of programming languages by type

v t e Types of programming languages
Level	Machine Assembly Compiled Interpreted Low-level High-level Very high-level Esoteric
Generation	First Second Third Fourth Fifth

v t e Programming languages
Comparison Timeline History
Ada ALGOL APL ArkTS Assembly BASIC C C++ C# Classic Visual Basic COBOL Erlang Forth Fortran Go Haskell Java JavaScript Julia Kotlin Lisp Lua MATLAB ML Object Pascal Pascal Perl PHP Prolog Python R Ruby Rust SQL Scratch Shell Simula Smalltalk Swift Visual Basic more...
Lists: Alphabetical Categorical Generational Non-English-based Category

v t e Types of programming languages
Level	Machine Assembly Compiled Interpreted Low-level High-level Very high-level Esoteric
Generation	First Second Third Fourth Fifth

v t e Data structures
Types	Collection Container
Abstract	Associative array Multimap Retrieval Data Structure List Stack Queue Double-ended queue Priority queue Double-ended priority queue Set Multiset Disjoint-set
Arrays	Bit array Circular buffer Dynamic array Hash table Hashed array tree Sparse matrix
Linked	Association list Linked list Skip list Unrolled linked list XOR linked list
Trees	B-tree Binary search tree AA tree AVL tree Red–black tree Self-balancing tree Splay tree Heap Binary heap Binomial heap Fibonacci heap R-tree R* tree R+ tree Hilbert R-tree Trie Hash tree
Graphs	Binary decision diagram Directed acyclic graph Directed acyclic word graph
List of data structures

v t e Database models
Common models	Flat Hierarchical Dimensional Network Relational Entity–relationship Enhanced Graph Object-oriented Entity–attribute–value
Other models	Multi-dimensional Array Semantic Star schema XML database
Implementations	Flat file Column-oriented Document-oriented Object–relational Deductive Temporal Valid time Transaction time Decision time XML data store Key–value store Ordered Key-Value Store Triplestore

Information processing

Information processes

information processes by function	perception attention influence operating communication reasoning learning storing decision-making
information processing abstractions	event processing sign processesing signal processing data processing stream processing agent processing state processing

Information processors

natural	nature as information processing humans as information processing systems society as information processing system
mixed	mixed reality brain–computer interface physical computing human–computer interaction
artificial	processors and processes bio-inspired computing ubiquitous computing artificial brain and mind uploading virtual reality virtual world

Information processing
theories and concepts

in biology	computational and systems biology genetic informatics and cellular computing computational neuroscience and neurocomputing
in cognitive psychology	information processing theory mind and intelligence cognitive informatics and neuroinformatics behavior informatics
in computer science	neural computation computation theory algorithms and information structures computational circuits artificial intelligence
in philosophy	computational theory of mind philosophy of information philosophy of artificial intelligence
interdisciplinary	information theory decision theory systems theory
other	infosphere inforg Decoding the Universe information overload

Optimization: Algorithms, methods, and heuristics

Unconstrained nonlinear

Functions

Gradients

Convergence	Trust region Wolfe conditions
Quasi–Newton	Berndt–Hall–Hall–Hausman Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno and L-BFGS Davidon–Fletcher–Powell Symmetric rank-one (SR1)
Other methods	Conjugate gradient Gauss–Newton Gradient Mirror Levenberg–Marquardt Powell's dog leg method Truncated Newton

Hessians

Newton's method

Constrained nonlinear

General	Barrier methods Penalty methods
Differentiable	Augmented Lagrangian methods Sequential quadratic programming Successive linear programming

Convex optimization

Convex
minimization

Linear and
quadratic

Interior point	Affine scaling Ellipsoid algorithm of Khachiyan Projective algorithm of Karmarkar
Basis-exchange	Simplex algorithm of Dantzig Revised simplex algorithm Criss-cross algorithm Principal pivoting algorithm of Lemke

Combinatorial

Paradigms

Graph
algorithms

Minimum spanning tree	Borůvka Prim Kruskal

Shortest path	Bellman–Ford SPFA Dijkstra Floyd–Warshall

Network flows

Metaheuristics
Evolutionary algorithm Hill climbing Local search Parallel metaheuristics Simulated annealing Spiral optimization algorithm Tabu search

Software

Quantum information science

General

Theorems

Quantum
communication

Quantum cryptography	Post-quantum cryptography Quantum coin flipping Quantum money Quantum key distribution BB84 SARG04 other protocols Quantum secret sharing

Quantum algorithms

Quantum
complexity theory

Quantum
processor benchmarks

Quantum
computing models

Quantum
error correction

Codes
- CSS
- quantum convolutional
- stabilizer
- Shor
- Bacon–Shor
- Steane
- Toric
- gnu
Entanglement-assisted

Physical
implementations

Quantum optics	Cavity QED Circuit QED Linear optical QC KLM protocol
Ultracold atoms	Neutral atom QC Trapped-ion QC
Spin-based	Kane QC Spin qubit QC NV center NMR QC
Superconducting	Charge qubit Flux qubit Phase qubit Transmon

Quantum
programming

v t e Database models
Common models	Flat Hierarchical Dimensional Network Relational Entity–relationship Enhanced Graph Object-oriented Entity–attribute–value
Other models	Multi-dimensional Array Semantic Star schema XML database
Implementations	Flat file Column-oriented Document-oriented Object–relational Deductive Temporal Valid time Transaction time Decision time XML data store Key–value store Ordered Key-Value Store Triplestore

v t e Evolutionary computation
Main Topics	Evolutionary algorithm Evolutionary data mining Evolutionary multimodal optimization Human-based evolutionary computation Interactive evolutionary computation
Algorithms	Cellular evolutionary algorithm Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) Cultural algorithm Differential evolution Evolutionary programming Genetic algorithm Genetic programming Gene expression programming Evolution strategy Natural evolution strategy Neuroevolution Learning classifier system
Related techniques	Swarm intelligence Ant colony optimization Bees algorithm Cuckoo search Particle swarm optimization Bacterial Colony Optimization
Metaheuristic methods	Firefly algorithm Harmony search Gaussian adaptation Memetic algorithm
Related topics	Artificial development Artificial intelligence Artificial life Digital organism Evolutionary robotics Fitness function Fitness landscape Fitness approximation Genetic operators Interactive evolutionary computation No free lunch in search and optimization Machine learning Mating pool Program synthesis
Journals	Evolutionary Computation (journal)

Subfields of and cyberneticians involved in cybernetics

Subfields

Cyberneticians

v t e Timelines of computing
Computing	Before 1950 1950–1979 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Scientific Women in computing
Computer science	Algorithms Artificial intelligence Binary prefixes Cryptography Machine learning Quantum computing
Software	Free and open-source software Hypertext technology Operating systems DOS family Windows Linux Programming languages Virtualization development Malware
Internet	Internet conflicts Web browsers Web search engines
Notable people	Kathleen Antonelli John Vincent Atanasoff Charles Babbage John Backus Jean Bartik George Boole Vint Cerf John Cocke Stephen Cook Edsger W. Dijkstra J. Presper Eckert Adele Goldstine Lois Haibt Betty Holberton Margaret Hamilton Grace Hopper David A. Huffman Bob Kahn Brian Kernighan Andrew Koenig Semyon Korsakov Nancy Leveson Ada Lovelace Donald Knuth Joseph Kruskal Douglas McIlroy Marlyn Meltzer John von Neumann Klára Dán von Neumann Dennis Ritchie Guido van Rossum Claude Shannon Frances Spence Bjarne Stroustrup Ruth Teitelbaum Ken Thompson Linus Torvalds Alan Turing Paul Vixie Larry Wall Stephen Wolfram Niklaus Wirth Steve Wozniak Konrad Zuse

v t e Scientific modelling
Biological	Cellular model Chemical process modeling Ecosystem model Infectious disease model Metabolic network modelling Modelling biological systems Protein structure prediction
Environmental	Atmospheric model Chemical transport model Climate model Geologic modelling Groundwater model Hydrological model Hydrological transport model Modular Ocean Model Wildfire modeling
Sustainability	Energy modeling Integrated assessment modelling Population model
Social	Biopsychosocial model Business process modelling Catastrophe modeling Construction and management simulation Crime mapping Economic model Input–output model
Related topics	Data visualization List of computer simulation software Mathematical modeling Systems theory Systems thinking Visual analytics

Operating systems

General

Variants

Kernel

Architectures	Exokernel Hybrid Microkernel Monolithic Multikernel vkernel Rump kernel Unikernel
Components	Device driver Loadable kernel module User space and kernel space

Process management

Concepts	Computer multitasking (Cooperative, Preemptive) Context switch Interrupt IPC Process Process control block Real-time Thread Time-sharing
Scheduling algorithms	Fixed-priority preemptive Multilevel feedback queue Round-robin Shortest job next

Memory management,
resource protection

Storage access,
file systems

Supporting concepts

Processor technologies

Models

Architecture

Instruction set
architectures

Types	Orthogonal instruction set CISC RISC Application-specific EDGE TRIPS VLIW EPIC MISC OISC NISC ZISC VISC architecture Quantum computing Comparison Addressing modes
Instruction sets	Motorola 68000 series VAX PDP-11 x86 ARM Stanford MIPS MIPS MIPS-X Power POWER PowerPC Power ISA Clipper architecture SPARC SuperH DEC Alpha ETRAX CRIS M32R Unicore Itanium OpenRISC RISC-V MicroBlaze LMC System/3x0 S/360 S/370 S/390 z/Architecture Tilera ISA VISC architecture Epiphany architecture Others

Execution

Instruction pipelining	Pipeline stall Operand forwarding Classic RISC pipeline
Hazards	Data dependency Structural Control False sharing
Out-of-order	Scoreboarding Tomasulo's algorithm Reservation station Re-order buffer Register renaming Wide-issue
Speculative	Branch prediction Memory dependence prediction

Parallelism

Level	Bit Bit-serial Word Instruction Pipelining Scalar Superscalar Task Thread Process Data Vector Memory Distributed
Multithreading	Temporal Simultaneous Hyperthreading Simultaneous and heterogenous Speculative Preemptive Cooperative
Flynn's taxonomy	SISD SIMD Array processing (SIMT) Pipelined processing Associative processing SWAR MISD MIMD SPMD

Processor
performance

Transistor count
Instructions per cycle (IPC)
- Cycles per instruction (CPI)
Instructions per second (IPS)
Floating-point operations per second (FLOPS)
Transactions per second (TPS)
Synaptic updates per second (SUPS)
Performance per watt (PPW)
Cache performance metrics
Computer performance by orders of magnitude

Types

By application	Embedded system Microprocessor Microcontroller Mobile Ultra-low-voltage ASIP Soft microprocessor
Systems on chip	System on a chip (SoC) Multiprocessor (MPSoC) Cypress PSoC Network on a chip (NoC)
Hardware accelerators	Coprocessor AI accelerator Graphics processing unit (GPU) Image processor Vision processing unit (VPU) Physics processing unit (PPU) Digital signal processor (DSP) Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) Secure cryptoprocessor Network processor Baseband processor

Word size

Core count

Components

Functional units	Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Address generation unit (AGU) Floating-point unit (FPU) Memory management unit (MMU) Load–store unit Translation lookaside buffer (TLB) Branch predictor Branch target predictor Integrated memory controller (IMC) Memory management unit Instruction decoder
Logic	Combinational Sequential Glue Logic gate Quantum Array
Registers	Processor register Status register Stack register Register file Memory buffer Memory address register Program counter
Control unit	Hardwired control unit Instruction unit Data buffer Write buffer Microcode ROM Counter
Datapath	Multiplexer Demultiplexer Adder Multiplier CPU Binary decoder Address decoder Sum-addressed decoder Barrel shifter
Circuitry	Integrated circuit 3D Mixed-signal Power management Boolean Digital Analog Quantum Switch

Power
management

Input devices

Pointing devices	Graphics tablet Game controller Light pen Mouse Optical Optical trackpad Pointing stick Touchpad Touchscreen Trackball
Other	Keyboard Image scanner Graphics card GPU Microphone Refreshable braille display Sound card Sound chip Webcam Softcam

Output devices

Removable
data storage

Computer case

Central processing unit
- Microprocessor
Motherboard
Memory
- RAM
- BIOS
Data storage
- HDD
- SSD (SATA / NVMe)
- SSHD
Power supply
- SMPS
MOSFET
- Power MOSFET
- VRM
Network interface controller
Fax modem
Expansion card

Ports

Current	Ethernet USB Thunderbolt Analog audio jack DisplayPort HDMI
Obsolete	FireWire (IEEE 1394) Parallel port Serial port Game port PS/2 port eSATA DVI VGA

Active

Personal computers	Amazon Digital Game Store Battle.net Big Fish Games Chrome Web Store Digital River Direct2Drive Discord Discover DMM Games Epic Games Store GameHouse GamersGate Gamesplanet Game Jolt GNOME Software GOG.com Humble Store itch.io MacGameStore MacUpdate Mac App Store Microsoft Store MSN Games Origin Pogo.com Pokki PureOS Software Center Robot Cache Snap Store Steam Ubisoft Connect WeGame WildTangent
Consoles	Microsoft Store Nintendo eShop PlayStation Store Xbox Games Store
Mobile apps	Amazon Appstore Apple App Store Appland Aptoide Cafe Bazaar Cydia F-Droid Galaxy Store GetJar Google Play Huawei AppGallery MiKandi OpenStore PureOS Software Center SlideME
Arcade	ALL.Net E-Amusement NESiCAxLive
Headsets	Meta Horizon Store

Defunct

See also[edit]