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{{About|the disease|the virus that causes the disease|Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|the outbreak of the disease|2019–20 coronavirus outbreak}}
{{About|the disease|the virus that causes the disease|Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|the outbreak of the disease|2019–20 coronavirus outbreak}}
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'''Coronavirus disease 2019''' ('''COVID-19''') is an [[infectious disease]] caused by [[SARS-CoV-2]],<ref>{{cite web |title=What are the official names of the disease and the virus that causes it? |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses |website=Q&A on coronaviruses |publisher=World Health Organization |accessdate=22 February 2020}}</ref> a virus closely related to the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus|SARS virus]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200211-sitrep-22-ncov.pdf|title=Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situation report, 22|last=|first=|date=February 11, 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|issue=|doi=|volume=|pmid=|access-date=|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|year=}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite journal|last=Gorbalenya|first=Alexander E.|date=2020-02-11|title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus – The species and its viruses, a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862v1|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=2020.02.07.937862|doi=10.1101/2020.02.07.937862|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211175138/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862v1|archive-date=11 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51466362|title=Coronavirus disease named Covid-19|date=2020-02-11|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=2020-02-11|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211162411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51466362|archive-date=11 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
'''Coronavirus disease 2019''' ('''COVID-19''') is an [[infectious disease]] caused by [[SARS-CoV-2]],<ref>{{cite web |title=What are the official names of the disease and the virus that causes it? |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses |website=Q&A on coronaviruses |publisher=World Health Organization |accessdate=22 February 2020}}</ref> a virus closely related to the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus|SARS virus]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200211-sitrep-22-ncov.pdf|title=Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situation report, 22|last=|first=|date=February 11, 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|issue=|doi=|volume=|pmid=|access-date=|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|year=}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite journal|last=Gorbalenya|first=Alexander E.|date=2020-02-11|title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus – The species and its viruses, a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862v1|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=2020.02.07.937862|doi=10.1101/2020.02.07.937862|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211175138/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862v1|archive-date=11 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51466362|title=Coronavirus disease named Covid-19|date=2020-02-11|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=2020-02-11|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211162411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51466362|archive-date=11 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The disease is the cause of the [[2019–20 coronavirus outbreak]].<ref name="Hui14Jan2020">{{vcite journal|authors=Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, Ippolito G, Mchugh TD, Memish ZA, Drosten C, Zumla A, Petersen E|title=The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health – The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China|journal=Int J Infect Dis|year=2020 Jan 14|volume=91|issue=|pages=264–266|pmid=31953166|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009}}{{open access}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|title=Q&A on coronaviruses|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120174649/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|archive-date=20 January 2020|access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref> It is primarily spread between people via respiratory droplets from infected individuals when they [[cough]] or [[sneeze]].<ref name=CDC2020Spread>{{cite web |title=2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/transmission.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2Fabout%2Ftransmission.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |accessdate=18 February 2020 |language=en-us |date=11 February 2020}}</ref> Time from exposure to onset of symptoms is generally between 2 and 14 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|title=Symptoms of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) {{!}} CDC|date=2020-02-10|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|archive-date=30 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Spread can be limited by [[handwashing]] and other hygiene measures.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/2019-ncov-wuhan|title=MOH {{!}} Updates on 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Local Situation|website=www.moh.gov.sg|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov|title=Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|last=Health|first=Australian Government Department of|date=2020-01-21|website=Australian Government Department of Health|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>


People may have few symptoms or develop fever, cough, and shortness of breath.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Hessen27Jan2020" /><ref name="CDC2020Sym" /> Cases can progress to [[pneumonia]] and [[Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome|multi-organ failure]].<ref name="Hui14Jan2020" /><ref name=":0" /> The [[mortality rate]] is around 2%.<ref name=chinacdcweekly /> There is no vaccine or specific [[antiviral treatment]], with management involving treatment of symptoms, [[supportive care]], and experimental measures.<ref name="cdc21Jan20202">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/prevention-treatment.html|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|date=15 February 2020|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|access-date=20 February 2020}}</ref>
It is primarily spread through human-to-human transmission, via respiratory droplets from infected individuals when they [[cough]] or [[sneeze]].<ref name="CDC2020Spread">{{cite web |title=2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/transmission.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2Fabout%2Ftransmission.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |accessdate=18 February 2020 |language=en-us |date=11 February 2020}}</ref> It's incubation period is generally between 2 and 14 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|title=Symptoms of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) {{!}} CDC|date=2020-02-10|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|archive-date=30 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Advice to limit transmission includes wearing surgical face masks and maintaining good hygiene (such as washing hands regularly).<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/2019-ncov-wuhan|title=MOH {{!}} Updates on 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Local Situation|website=www.moh.gov.sg|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov|title=Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|last=Health|first=Australian Government Department of|date=2020-01-21|website=Australian Government Department of Health|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>


⚫
Cases were initially identified in [[Wuhan]], capital of [[Hubei|Hubei province]] in [[China]] in December 2019. Cases reported outside China have predominantly been in people who have recently travelled to [[Mainland China]], however a few cases of local transmission have also occurred. More than 2,300 deaths have been reported in [[Mainland China]], and 15 deaths in other parts of the world.<ref name="bno1">{{Cite web |url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/ |title=Tracking coronavirus: Map, data and timeline |date=10 February 2020 |website=[[BNO News]] |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128010639/https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/ |archive-date=28 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Infected individuals may be asymptomatic, but infection can also develop into symptoms such as fever, coughing, myalgia, tiredness and breathing difficulties. Further development can result in severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock and eventually death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus-china/questions-answers|title=Q & A on COVID-19|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref>


⚫
The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) and [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|U.S. Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC) recommend that persons who suspect that they are carrying the virus wear a surgical face mask and seek medical advice by calling a doctor rather than directly visiting a clinic in person.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/steps-when-sick.html|title=2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|last=CDC|date=2020-02-11|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public|title=Advice for public|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref> The WHO has declared the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak to be a [[Public Health Emergency of International Concern]] (PHEIC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)|title=Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131005904/https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)|archive-date=31 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/coronavirus-china-live-updates/2020/02/05/114ced8a-479c-11ea-bc78-8a18f7afcee7_story.html |title=Hundreds of evacuees to be held on bases in California; Hong Kong and Taiwan restrict travel from mainland China - The Washington Post<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207134650/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/coronavirus-china-live-updates/2020/02/05/114ced8a-479c-11ea-bc78-8a18f7afcee7_story.html |archive-date=7 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 19 February 2020, only Mainland China was listed as an area with known ongoing community spread of the disease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/areas-presumed-ongoing-community-transmission-2019-ncov|title=Areas with presumed ongoing community transmission of 2019-nCoV|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219092151/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/areas-presumed-ongoing-community-transmission-2019-ncov|archive-date=19 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
There are no vaccines nor antiviral medicines designated for treatment, with clinical measures generally confined to relieving symptoms and providing supportive care, but research is currently underway to develop new drugs and re-purpose existing medications.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maxmen|first=Amy|date=2020-02-15|title=More than 80 clinical trials launch to test coronavirus treatments|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00444-3|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=578|pages=347–348|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00444-3}}</ref>

⚫
The disease was initially presented to health authorities during December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei, China, as a cluster of people with pneumonia of no clear cause, from whom a strain of a novel coronavirus was first isolated and identified in early 2020 as 2019-nCoV (now labelled SARS-CoV-2). <ref name="bno1">{{Cite web|url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/|title=Tracking coronavirus: Map, data and timeline|date=10 February 2020|website=[[BNO News]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128010639/https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/|archive-date=28 January 2020|access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref>

⚫
The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) and [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|U.S. Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC) recommend that persons who suspect that they are carrying the virus wear a surgical face mask and seek medical advice by calling a doctor rather than directly visiting a clinic in person.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/steps-when-sick.html|title=2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|last=CDC|date=2020-02-11|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public|title=Advice for public|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref> The WHO has declared the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak to be a [[Public Health Emergency of International Concern]] (PHEIC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)|title=Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131005904/https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)|archive-date=31 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/coronavirus-china-live-updates/2020/02/05/114ced8a-479c-11ea-bc78-8a18f7afcee7_story.html |title=Hundreds of evacuees to be held on bases in California; Hong Kong and Taiwan restrict travel from mainland China - The Washington Post<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207134650/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/coronavirus-china-live-updates/2020/02/05/114ced8a-479c-11ea-bc78-8a18f7afcee7_story.html |archive-date=7 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 19 February 2020, only Mainland China was listed as an area with known ongoing community spread of the disease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/areas-presumed-ongoing-community-transmission-2019-ncov|title=Areas with presumed ongoing community transmission of 2019-nCoV|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219092151/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/areas-presumed-ongoing-community-transmission-2019-ncov|archive-date=19 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>The disease is the cause of the [[2019–20 coronavirus outbreak]].<ref name="Hui14Jan2020">{{vcite journal|authors=Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, Ippolito G, Mchugh TD, Memish ZA, Drosten C, Zumla A, Petersen E|title=The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health – The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China|journal=Int J Infect Dis|year=2020 Jan 14|volume=91|issue=|pages=264–266|pmid=31953166|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009}}{{open access}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|title=Q&A on coronaviruses|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120174649/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|archive-date=20 January 2020|access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref>


== Signs and symptoms ==
== Signs and symptoms ==
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== Prevention ==
== Prevention ==
Global health organisations have published preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection. Recommendations are similar to those published for other coronaviruses: frequent washing of hands with soap and water; not touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands; and practicing good respiratory hygiene.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/about/prevention.html|title=Coronavirus {{!}} About {{!}} Prevention and Treatment {{!}} CDC|date=2020-02-03|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215193934/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/about/prevention.html|archive-date=15 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public|title=Advice for public|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2020-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126025750/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public|archive-date=26 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
No vaccine currently exists against SARS-CoV-2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coronavirus.gov.hk/eng/covid19.html|title=COVID-19 Thematic Website, Together, We Fight the Virus, COVID-19|website=www.coronavirus.gov.hk|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref>


The [[Ministry of Health (Singapore)|Ministry of Health]] in [[Singapore]] advises people that "those who are unwell should wear a mask and see a doctor immediately [...] but there is no need to wear a mask if you are well" (The use of masks by healthy members of the public is not recommended outside of China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov|title=Coronavirus (COVID-19)|last=Health|first=Australian Government Department of|date=2020-01-21|website=Australian Government Department of Health|language=en|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref name=":1" />). It has advised against all non-essential travel to Mainland China. In addition, it lists several precautions under its health advisory<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19|title=MOH {{!}} Updates on COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) Local Situation|website=www.moh.gov.sg|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref>:
The use of masks by healthy members of the public is not recommended outside of China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov|title=Coronavirus (COVID-19)|last=Health|first=Australian Government Department of|date=2020-01-21|website=Australian Government Department of Health|language=en|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/2019-ncov-wuhan|title=MOH {{!}} Updates on 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Local Situation|website=www.moh.gov.sg|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov|title=Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|last=Health|first=Australian Government Department of|date=2020-01-21|website=Australian Government Department of Health|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>


⚫
To prevent transmission, the CDC recommends that infected individuals stay at home except to get medical care; call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider; wear a facemask (especially in public); cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue; regularly wash hands with soap and water; and avoid sharing personal household items.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/steps-when-sick.html|title=What to do if you are sick with 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|last=CDC|date=2020-02-11|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref>
* Do not eat raw or undercooked meats;
* Stay clear of crowded places and avoid close contact with people who are sick (something known as ''social distancing'');
* Maintain good hygiene and frequently wash hands when appropriate;
* Cough or sneeze into a tissue and directly dispose of the tissue into a garbage can;
* Wear a surgical face mask if you are coughing, sneezing or have other respiratory symptoms;
* Seek prompt medical attention if you are feeling unwell.


No vaccine currently exists against SARS-CoV-2.
⚫
If a person is suspected to be infected, to prevent transmission, the U.S. CDC recommends that the infected individual stay at home except to get medical care; call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider; wear a surgical face mask (especially in public); cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue; regularly wash hands with soap and water; and avoid sharing personal household items.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/steps-when-sick.html|title=What to do if you are sick with 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)|last=CDC|date=2020-02-11|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref>


== Management ==
== Management ==

Revision as of 13:01, 23 February 2020

This article is about the disease. For the virus that causes the disease, see Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. For the outbreak of the disease, see 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak.

Coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19)
Other names
  • 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease
  • Novel coronavirus pneumonia[1]
Symptoms
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsFever, cough, shortness of breath[2]
ComplicationsPneumonia, ARDS, kidney failure
CausesSARS-CoV-2
Diagnostic methodPCR testing, medical imaging
TreatmentSymptomatic and supportive

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2,[3] a virus closely related to the SARS virus.[4][5][6] The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak.[7][8] It is primarily spread between people via respiratory droplets from infected individuals when they cough or sneeze.[9] Time from exposure to onset of symptoms is generally between 2 and 14 days.[10] Spread can be limited by handwashing and other hygiene measures.[11][12]

People may have few symptoms or develop fever, cough, and shortness of breath.[13][14][2] Cases can progress to pneumonia and multi-organ failure.[7][8] The mortality rate is around 2%.[15] There is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment, with management involving treatment of symptoms, supportive care, and experimental measures.[16]

Cases were initially identified in Wuhan, capital of Hubei province in China in December 2019. Cases reported outside China have predominantly been in people who have recently travelled to Mainland China, however a few cases of local transmission have also occurred. More than 2,300 deaths have been reported in Mainland China, and 15 deaths in other parts of the world.[17]

The World Health Organization (WHO) and U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommend that persons who suspect that they are carrying the virus wear a surgical face mask and seek medical advice by calling a doctor rather than directly visiting a clinic in person.[18][19] The WHO has declared the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).[20][21] As of 19 February 2020, only Mainland China was listed as an area with known ongoing community spread of the disease.[22]

Signs and symptoms

Those infected may either be asymptomatic or develop symptoms, including fever, cough or shortness of breath.[13][14][2] Diarrhea or upper respiratory symptoms (e.g. sneezing, runny nose, sore throat) are less frequent.[23] Cases can progress to pneumonia, multi-organ failure, and death.[7][8]

The length of the incubation period is estimated to be between two and ten days by the World Health Organization and between two and 14 days by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).[24][2] A study had found rare cases where the incubation period was as long as 24 days.[25]

Cause

Scanning electron microscope image of SARS-CoV-2 (yellow)
Main article: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

The disease is caused by the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), previously referred to as the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).[5] The virus is thought to have an animal origin.[26]

It is primarily spread between people via respiratory droplets from the coughs and sneezes.[9] Officials in Shanghai confirmed several transmission modes, including direct transmission, contact transmission and aerosol transmission, the latter two involving transmission when someone touches a surface contaminated with tainted respiratory droplets and inhalation of air contaminated with tainted respiratory droplets.[27]

An epidemiological study of the first 72,314 cases suggested that there may have been a "continuous common source" of the outbreak in December 2019, which would imply that several animal to human zoonotic events occurred at the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. According to this theory, the primary source of infection became human-to-human transmission in early January 2020.[28]

Diagnosis

CDC laboratory test kit for COVID-19[29]

The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease.[30][31] Testing uses real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR).[32] The test can be done on respiratory or blood samples.[33] Results are generally available within a few hours to days.[34][35] Chinese scientists were able to isolate a strain of the coronavirus and publish the genetic sequence so that laboratories across the world could independently develop PCR tests to detect infection by the virus.[7][36][37][38][39]

Diagnostic guidelines released by Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University suggested methods for detecting infections based upon clinical features and epidemiological risk. These involved identifying patients who had at least two of the following symptoms in addition to a history of travel to Wuhan or contact with other infected patients: fever, imaging features of pneumonia, normal or reduced white blood cell count, or reduced lymphocyte count.[40]

Prevention

Global health organisations have published preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection. Recommendations are similar to those published for other coronaviruses: frequent washing of hands with soap and water; not touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands; and practicing good respiratory hygiene.[41][42]

The use of masks by healthy members of the public is not recommended outside of China.[43][11][12]

To prevent transmission, the CDC recommends that infected individuals stay at home except to get medical care; call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider; wear a facemask (especially in public); cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue; regularly wash hands with soap and water; and avoid sharing personal household items.[44]

No vaccine currently exists against SARS-CoV-2.

Management

There are no specific antiviral medications approved for this disease. Symptoms are managed with supportive care.[45] The WHO has published detailed treatment recommendations for hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when a SARS-CoV-2 infection is suspected.[46] The WHO also recommended volunteers take part in randomized controlled trials for testing the effectiveness and safety of potential treatments.[47]

The Beijing branch of China's National Health Commission suggested the use of lopinavir/ritonavir as part of treatment plans in the absence of an approved drug for this indication.[48] The lopinavir/ritonavir combination and interferon can now be claimed for via health insurance in some countries.[49]

Psychological

Infected individuals may experience distress from quarantine, travel restrictions, side effects of treatment, or fear of the infection itself. To address these concerns, the National Health Commission of China published a national guideline for psychological crisis intervention on 27 January 2020.[50][51]

Alternative medicine

See also: Misinformation related to the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak § Vaccine and treatment

Chinese health authorities recommend the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in addition to standard medical supportive care to prevent or treat the disease. On 22 January, National Health Commission put TCM into the third issue of the COVID diagnostic and treatment plan.[52] On 2 February, Wuhan officials ordered all patients to be put on a specific TCM treatment.[53][54] On 14 February, Wuhan opened a TCM-oriented temporary hospital.[55] The efficacy and safety of TCM has not been established in coronavirus infections.[56][57]

Prognosis

According to WHO, based on analysis of 44,000 cases of COVID-19 in Hubei province, around 80% of patients only have a mild form of the disease, 14% developed more severe disease such as pneumonia, 5% have critical disease, and 2% of cases are fatal.[15] Among those who died initially, many had preexisting conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease,[58] and the median time from initial symptoms to death was 14 days (range 6-41 days).[59]

Epidemiology

Main article: 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak

Overall mortality and morbidity rates due to infection are not well established; while the case fatality rate changes over time in the current outbreak, the proportion of infections that progress to diagnosable disease remains unclear.[60][61] However, preliminary research has yielded case fatality rate numbers between 2% and 3%;[62] in January 2020 the WHO suggested that the case fatality rate was approximately 3%,[63] and 2% in February 2020 in Hubei.[64] An unreviewed preprint study by Imperial College London among 55 fatal cases noted that early estimates of mortality may be too high as asymptomatic infections are missed. They estimated a mean infection fatality ratio (the mortality among infected) ranging from 0.8% when including asymptomatic carriers to 18% when including only symptomatic cases from Hubei province.[65]

Research

Vaccine

Many organizations are using published genomes to develop possible vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.[66][67] Bodies developing vaccines include the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,[68][69] the University of Hong Kong,[70] and Shanghai East Hospital.[70] Three vaccine projects are being supported by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), including projects by the biotechnology companies Moderna and Inovio Pharmaceuticals and another by the University of Queensland.[71] The United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) is cooperating with Moderna to create an RNA vaccine matching a spike of the coronavirus surface, and intends to start human trials by May 2020.[66] Inovio Pharmaceuticals is developing a DNA-based vaccination and collaborating with a Chinese firm, hoping to perform human trials in the summer of 2020.[72] In Australia, the University of Queensland is investigating the potential of a molecular clamp vaccine that would genetically modify viral proteins in order to stimulate an immune reaction.[71] In Canada, the International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, are working on a vaccine,[73] aiming to start animal testing in March 2020 and human testing in 2021.[73]

In January 2020, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies began work on developing a vaccine, utilizing the same technologies used to make its experimental Ebola vaccine.[74] In the following month, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) announced that it would collaborate with Janssen and, later, Sanofi Pasteur (the vaccine division of Sanofi) to develop a vaccine.[75][76] Sanofi has previously worked on a vaccine for SARS and it stated to expect to have a vaccine candidate within six months that could be ready to test in people within a year to 18 months.[75]

Antiviral

No drug has yet been approved to treat coronavirus infections in humans.[77] Research into potential treatments for the disease was initiated in January 2020, and several antiviral drugs are already in clinical trials.[66][67] Although completely new drugs may take until 2021 to develop,[78] several of the drugs being tested are already approved for other antiviral indications, or are already in advanced testing.[77]

Antivirals being tested include chloroquine;[79] darunavir;[80] galidesivir;[citation needed] interferon beta;[81][better source needed] the lopinavir/ritonavir combination;[82][67] PRO 140;[citation needed] REGN3048-3051 (Regeneron), a combination of two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies;[citation needed] the RNA polymerase inhibitor remdesivir;[83][84][81] and triazavirin.[85][better source needed]

Arbidol and Darunavir were proposed by the National Health Commission.[86][better source needed]

One multicentric trial has shown chloroquine to be effective and safe in COVID-19 associated pneumonia.[87]The drug is also being reported to be included in Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Pneumonia Caused by COVID-19 issued by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China for treatment of COVID-19 infection in larger populations in the future.[87]

Terminology

The World Health Organization on 11 February 2020 announced that "COVID-19" will be the official name of the disease. World Health Organization chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said "co" stands for "corona", "vi" for "virus" and "d" for "disease", while "19" was for the year, as the outbreak was first identified on December 31. Tedros said the name had been chosen to avoid references to a specific geographical location (i.e. China), animal species or group of people in line with international recommendations for naming aimed at preventing stigmatization.[88][89]

See also

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