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As jet engine power and reliability have increased over the last decades, most of the widebody aircraft built today have only two engines.{{Fact|date=December 2008}} A [[twinjet]] design is more [[fuel-efficient]] than a comparable [[trijet]] or four-engined aircraft.{{Fact|date=December 2008}} The increased reliability of modern jet engines also allows aircraft to meet the [[ETOPS]] certification standard, which calculates reasonable safety margins for flights across oceans. The trijet design has been eliminated due to higher maintenance and fuel costs,{{Fact|date=December 2008}} and only the heaviest widebody aircraft today are built with four engines (the [[Airbus A340-600]], [[Airbus A380]] and [[Boeing 747-8]]).<ref>Note: As of 2008-11-30 published Airbus data, only a handful of Airbus A340-500 aircraft orders are still pending. See [[Airbus A340#Deliveries]] and [http://www.airbus.com/en/corporate/orders_and_deliveries/]</ref><ref>Note: This fact can be viewed in the Specifications section; click arrows under MTOW to sort by weight.</ref>
As jet engine power and reliability have increased over the last decades, most of the widebody aircraft built today have only two engines.{{Fact|date=December 2008}} A [[twinjet]] design is more [[fuel-efficient]] than a comparable [[trijet]] or four-engined aircraft.{{Fact|date=December 2008}} The increased reliability of modern jet engines also allows aircraft to meet the [[ETOPS]] certification standard, which calculates reasonable safety margins for flights across oceans. The trijet design has been eliminated due to higher maintenance and fuel costs,{{Fact|date=December 2008}} and only the heaviest widebody aircraft today are built with four engines (the [[Airbus A340-600]], [[Airbus A380]] and [[Boeing 747-8]]).<ref>Note: As of 2008-11-30 published Airbus data, only a handful of Airbus A340-500 aircraft orders are still pending. See [[Airbus A340#Deliveries]] and [http://www.airbus.com/en/corporate/orders_and_deliveries/]</ref><ref>Note: This fact can be viewed in the Specifications section; click arrows under MTOW to sort by weight.</ref>


The [[Boeing 777]] twinjet features the largest jet engine in the world, the [[General Electric GE90]], which is {{convert|128|in|m|2}} in diameter<ref> See [http://geae.com/engines/commercial/ge90/ge90-115b.html]</ref>. This is almost as wide as the entire fuselage of a [[Boeing 737]] at {{convert|148|in|m|2}}{{Fact|date=December 2008}}.
The [[Boeing 777]] twinjet features the largest and the strongest jet engine in the world, the [[General Electric GE90]], which is {{convert|128|in|m|2}} in diameter<ref> See [http://geae.com/engines/commercial/ge90/ge90-115b.html]</ref>. This is almost as wide as the entire fuselage of a [[Boeing 737]] at {{convert|148|in|m|2}}{{Fact|date=December 2008}}.


The massive takeoff weight of the [[Airbus A380]], roughly 1.2 million pounds, would not have been possible without the engine technology developed for the Boeing 777{{Fact|date=December 2008}}. The [[Trent 900]] engine pictured, used on the Airbus A380 has a fan blade diameter of {{convert|116|in|m|2}}, only slightly smaller than the GE90 engines on the Boeing 777.
The massive takeoff weight of the [[Airbus A380]], roughly 1.2 million pounds, would not have been possible without the engine technology developed for the Boeing 777{{Fact|date=December 2008}}. The [[Trent 900]] engine pictured, used on the Airbus A380 has a fan blade diameter of {{convert|116|in|m|2}}, only slightly smaller than the GE90 engines on the Boeing 777.

Revision as of 04:30, 17 February 2009

The Airbus A380 is the world's largest and widest passenger aircraft

A wide-body aircraft is a large airliner with two passenger aisles, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft. The typical fuselage diameter is 5 to 6 metres (16 to 20 feet).[1] In the typical widebody economy cabin, passengers are seated seven to ten abreast, allowing a total capacity of 200 to 600 passengers. The largest widebody aircraft are over 6 metres (20 ft) wide, and can accommodate up to eleven passengers abreast in high-density configurations. As well, wide-body aircraft are used for the transport of commercial freight and cargo[2] and other special uses, described further below.

For comparison, a traditional narrow-body airliner has a diameter of 3 to 4 metres (10 to 13 feet),[citation needed] with a single aisle, and seats between two and six people abreast.

Widebody aircraft were originally designed for a combination of efficiency and passenger comfort. However, airlines quickly gave in to economic factors, and reduced the extra passenger space in order to maximize revenue and profits.[3]. Depending on how the airline configures the aircraft, the size and seat pitch of the airline seats will vary significantly[4]. For example, aircraft scheduled for shorter flights are often configured at a higher seating density than long-haul aircraft.

Due to current economic pressures on the airline industry, high seating densities in the economy cabin are likely to continue.[5]

History

File:Pan Am 747 LAX.jpg
Boeing 747, the first wide-body passenger aircraft, operated by Pan American World Airways

Following the success of the narrow-body Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 in the late 1950s, airlines began seeking larger aircraft to meet the rising global demand for air travel. Engineers were faced with many challenges as airlines demanded more passenger seats per aircraft, longer fuel ranges and lower operating costs.[citation needed]

Early jet aircraft such as the 707 and DC-8 seated passengers along either side of a single aisle, with no more than six seats per row.[citation needed] Larger aircraft would have to be longer, higher (such as a double deck), or wider in order to accommodate the greater number of passenger seats. Engineers also realized that lengthening the fuselage would have resulted in aircraft that would be too long to be handled by airports, while having two decks created difficulties in meeting emergency evacuation regulations, which were extremely challenging provided the technology available at the time. These parameters left a wider fuselage as the best option: by adding a second aisle, the wider aircraft could accommodate as many as 10 seats across.[6]

The widebody age began in 1970 with the entry into service of the first wide-body airliner, the four-engined Boeing 747[7]. The main deck of the 747 features twin aisles and seats ten people abreast, while the upper-deck "hump" of the aircraft seats six abreast along a single aisle. New trijet wide-body aircraft soon followed, including the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and the Lockheed L-1011 Tristar. In 1974, Airbus introduced the Airbus A300, the first wide-body twinjet.[citation needed]

After the success of the early widebody aircraft, several successors came to market over the next two decades, including the Airbus A330-A340 Series and the Boeing 767-777. In the jumbo category, the capacity of the Boeing 747 was not surpassed until October 2007, when the Airbus A380 entered commercial service with the nickname Superjumbo.[8]

Design considerations

Cross-section comparison of Airbus A380 versus Boeing 747-400

Although wide-body aircraft have a larger frontal area (and thus greater form drag) than a narrow-body aircraft of similar capacity, they have several advantages over their narrow-body counterparts:[citation needed]

Airbus A300 cross-section, showing cargo, passenger, and overhead areas
  • Larger volume of space for passengers, giving a more open feeling to the space
  • Lower ratio of surface area to volume, and thus lower drag on a per-passenger basis
  • Twin aisles that accelerate loading, unloading, and evacuation compared to a single aisle
  • Wider fuselage that reduces the overall aircraft length, improving ground manoeuvrability and reducing the risk of tail strikes
  • Greater under-floor freight capacity
  • Better structural efficiency for larger aircraft than would be possible with a narrow-body design

British and Russian designers had proposed widebody aircraft similar in configuration to the Vickers VC-10 and Douglas DC-9, but with a wide-body fuselage.[citation needed] The British Three-Eleven project never left the drawing board, while the Russian Il-86 wide-body proposal eventually gave way to a more conventional wing-mounted engine design, most likely due to the inefficiencies of mounting such a large engine on the aft fuselage.

Engines

Mechanic working on a Rolls Royce Trent 900 engine during testing. The Trent is a typical type of high bypass turbofan used in wide-body airliners.

As jet engine power and reliability have increased over the last decades, most of the widebody aircraft built today have only two engines.[citation needed] A twinjet design is more fuel-efficient than a comparable trijet or four-engined aircraft.[citation needed] The increased reliability of modern jet engines also allows aircraft to meet the ETOPS certification standard, which calculates reasonable safety margins for flights across oceans. The trijet design has been eliminated due to higher maintenance and fuel costs,[citation needed] and only the heaviest widebody aircraft today are built with four engines (the Airbus A340-600, Airbus A380 and Boeing 747-8).[9][10]

The Boeing 777 twinjet features the largest and the strongest jet engine in the world, the General Electric GE90, which is 128 inches (3.25 m) in diameter[11]. This is almost as wide as the entire fuselage of a Boeing 737 at 148 inches (3.76 m)[citation needed].

The massive takeoff weight of the Airbus A380, roughly 1.2 million pounds, would not have been possible without the engine technology developed for the Boeing 777[citation needed]. The Trent 900 engine pictured, used on the Airbus A380 has a fan blade diameter of 116 inches (2.95 m), only slightly smaller than the GE90 engines on the Boeing 777.

Interiors

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Aircraft cabins.

The interiors of aircraft, known as the aircraft cabin, have been under constant evolution since the first passenger aircraft. Bar and lounge areas which were once installed on the Boeing 747 have mostly disappeared[citation needed], but a few have returned in first or business class on the Airbus A340-600[12] and on the Airbus A380.[13]

Emirates has installed showers for First Class passengers on the A380; twenty-five minutes are allotted for use of the room, and the shower operates for a maximum of five minutes.[14][15]

A comparison of interior cabin widths and economy class seating layout is further below in this article under widebody specifications, and further information can be found under external links.


Wake turbulence and separation

This picture from a NASA study on wingtip vortices qualitatively illustrates the wake turbulence.
Main article: Wake Turbulence

Aircraft are categorized by ICAO according to the wake turbulence they produce. Because wake turbulence is generally related to the weight of an aircraft, these categories are based on one of four weight categories:[16] light, medium, heavy, and super.[17]

Due to their weight, all current widebody aircraft are categorized as heavy, or in the case of the A380, super.

Main article: Separation (air traffic control)

The wake-turbulence category also is used to guide the separation of aircraft.[18] Super and heavy-category aircraft require greater separation behind them than those in other categories. In some countries, such as the United States, it is a requirement to suffix a heavy (or super) aircraft's call sign with the word "heavy" (or super) when communicating with air traffic control in certain areas.

All wide-body airlines

Very few passenger airlines have been economically successful operating a fleet consisting solely of widebody aircraft[citation needed]. The following companies operate an all-widebody fleet, and exist as a single company, without subsidiaries that operate narrow-body aircraft:

File:A340 Air Tahiti Nui.jpg
Airbus A340 from Air Tahiti Nui at the 2005 Paris Air Show

Interestingly, most of these airlines are based in small countries or territories; the only countries or territories on this list with more than 10 million inhabitants are Canada[19] (with a population over 30 million) and the Netherlands (16.5 million). In addition, each of the lower three airlines on the above list won the Skytrax Airline of the Year award at least once.[20][21][22]

Special uses

File:Space shuttle goose bay.jpg
A U.S. Space Shuttle mounted on a specially modified Boeing 747

Widebody aircraft are used in science, research, and the military. Two specially modified Boeing 747 aircraft, the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, are used to transport the U.S. Space Shuttle. Some widebody aircraft are used as flying command posts by the military, such as the Boeing E-4, while the Boeing E-767 is used for Airborne Early Warning and Control. New military weapons are tested aboard widebodies, as in the laser weapons testing on the Boeing YAL-1. Other widebody aircraft are used as flying research stations, such as the joint German-U.S. Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. Both Airbus[23] and Boeing[24] four-engine widebody aircraft are used to test new generations of aircraft engines in-flight. A few aircraft have also been converted for aerial firefighting, such as the Tanker 910 and the Evergreen Supertanker.

Some widebody aircraft are used as VIP transport. Germany uses the Airbus A310, while Russia uses the Ilyushin Il-96 to transport their highest leaders. The specially modified Boeing 747-200 used by the U.S. President is known as Air Force One, or the Boeing VC-25. More information can be found under: Air transports of heads of state and government.

Future development

File:Boeing787 model dreamliner-1.png
The Boeing 787, the first large composite aircraft, expected in service in 2010[25]

Airbus and Boeing are racing to market with two new wide-body designs, currently in development.[26] Both manufacturers have been under significant pressure to see who can get the most orders.[27]

Currently, the Boeing 787 has received more orders than Airbus, and will be first to enter into service with the airlines. The 787 is also the first large commercial aircraft to utilize a monolithic composite fuselage.[28]

The initial Airbus A350 design was only a minor upgrade to that of the A330/A340 series, but Airbus was forced to make significant design changes in response to feedback from the airlines.[29][30] In addition to being a few inches wider than the Boeing, Airbus claims that the A350 final specifications will be better than that of the 787.[31][32][33]

The article on competition between Airbus and Boeing further discusses the rivalry, while order counts between the two aircraft can be compared under Airbus A350 orders versus Boeing 787 orders.

Widebody specifications

Model EIS #

Eng.

Maximum[34]

MTOW

Inside Diameter,[35]

main passenger deck,

upper passenger deck

Outside Diameter,[35]

main passenger deck

Number of seats across in economy,[36]

main deck (seat width)[37]

Airbus A300 1974 2 171.7 tons[38] 208 inches (5.28 m)[38] 222 inches (5.64 m)[38][39] 8 across (17.0" wide) in 2-4-2 on TG[40][41]

8 across (17.0" wide) in 2-4-2 on LH[42]

Airbus A310 1982 2 164.0 tons[43] 208 inches (5.28 m)[43] 222 inches (5.64 m)[43] 8 across (17.4" wide) in 2-4-2 on AI[44][45]
Airbus A330 1994 2 233.0 tons[46] 208 inches (5.28 m) 222 inches (5.64 m)[46] 8 across (17.5" wide) in 2-4-2 on EK[47]

8 across (17.5" wide) in 2-4-2 on NW[48]

Airbus A340 1993 4 380.0 tons[49] 208 inches (5.28 m)[50] 222 inches (5.64 m)[50] 8 across (17.3" wide) in 2-4-2 on EY [51]
Airbus A350 2012 2 298.0 tons[52] 220 inches (5.59 m) [53] 234 inches (5.94 m) [53][54] 8 across (18.9" wide) in 2-4-2 proposed[55][56]

9 across (17.7" wide) in 3-3-3 proposed[55][57]

Airbus A380 2007 4 560.0 tons[58] 259 inches (6.58 m) [58]

233 inches (5.92 m) [58]

281 inches (7.14 m) [58] 10 across (18.6" wide) in 3-4-3 on SQ[59]

10 across (18.1" wide) in 3-4-3 on QF[60]

10 across (18.0" wide) in 3-4-3 on EK[61]

Boeing 747 1970 4 412.8 tons[62] 240 inches (6.10 m)[63][64]

136 inches (3.45 m)[65]

256 inches (6.50 m) [66] 10 across (17.7" wide) in 3-4-3 on TG[67]

10 across (17.2" wide) in 3-4-3 on NW[68][69]

Boeing 767 1982 2 204.1 tons[70] 186 inches (4.72 m)[71] 198 inches (5.03 m)[72] 7 across (18.0" wide) in 2-3-2 on UA[73][74]

7 across (17.0" wide) in 2-3-2 on US[75][76]

Boeing 777 1995 2 351.5 tons[77] 231 inches (5.87 m) [78] 244 inches (6.20 m) [78][79] 9 across (18.0" wide) in 2-5-2 on UA [80][81]

9 across (17.9" wide) in 3-3-3 on CO[82][83]

10 across (17.0" wide) in 3-4-3 on AF[84][85][86]

Boeing 787 2010[25] 2 245.0 tons[87] 215 inches (5.46 m)[88] 227 inches (5.77 m)[89][90] 8 across (18.5" wide) in 2-4-2 proposed[89]

9 across (17.2" wide) in 3-3-3 proposed[89]

Ilyushin Il-86 1980 4 208.0 tons[91][92] 224 inches (5.70 m) [91] 239 inches (6.08 m) [93] 9 across (18.0" wide) in 3-3-3[94]
Ilyushin Il-96 1992 4 240.0 tons[95] 224 inches (5.70 m) [96] 239 inches (6.08 m) [97] 9 across (18.0" wide) in 3-3-3 on SU[98]
L1011 Tristar 1972 3 231.3 tons[99] 225 inches (5.72 m)[100][101] 237 inches (6.02 m) 9 across (17.0" wide) in 2-5-2 on SV[102]
MD DC-10 1971 3 259.5 tons[103] 224 inches (5.69 m)[103] 237 inches (6.02 m)[103] 9 across (17.2" wide) in 2-5-2 on NW[104][105]
MD MD-11 1990 3 286.0 tons[106] 224 inches (5.69 m)[106] 237 inches (6.02 m)[106] 9 across (17.5" wide) in 3-3-3 on KL [107][108]


Gallery

Trivia

  • The lightest widebody aircraft ever built was the Airbus A300B1 with a maximum take-off weight of 291,000 lb (132,000 kg).[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ Paul J. C. Friedlander (1972-03-19). "the traveler's world; Test of a New Wide-Bodied Airbus". New York Times.
  2. ^ http://www.impactpub.com.au/aircargo/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2659&Itemid=60
  3. ^ Eric Pace (1981-05-24). "How Airline Cabins are Being Reshaped". New York Times.
  4. ^ http://www.uk-air.net/seatpitch.htm
  5. ^ http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=348873&story_id=12454133
  6. ^ Irving, Clive (1994). Wide Body: The Making of the Boeing 747. Coronet. ISBN 0 340 59983 9.
  7. ^ Rumerman, Judy. "The Boeing 747", U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Retrieved: 30 April 2006.
  8. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4183201.stm
  9. ^ Note: As of 2008-11-30 published Airbus data, only a handful of Airbus A340-500 aircraft orders are still pending. See Airbus A340#Deliveries and [1]
  10. ^ Note: This fact can be viewed in the Specifications section; click arrows under MTOW to sort by weight.
  11. ^ See [2]
  12. ^ http://www.etihadairways.com/sites/etihad/SiteCollectionDocuments/global/Documents/Call%20Centre/October07/A340-600%20FAM%20.pdf
  13. ^ http://www.emirates.com/uk/english/flying/our_fleet/emirates_a380/first_class/social_area_onboard_lounge.aspx
  14. ^ http://www.emirates.com/uk/english/flying/our_fleet/emirates_a380/first_class/shower_spa.aspx
  15. ^ http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/09/01/315369/double-luxury-how-the-airlines-are-configuring-their.html
  16. ^ http://www.eurocontrol.int/eec/public/standard_page/EEC_News_2008_3_RECAT.html
  17. ^ http://propilotnews.com/2008/08/airbus-a380-requires-new-super-wake.html
  18. ^ http://www.faa.gov/airports_airtraffic/air_traffic/publications/ATpubs/AIM/Chap7/aim0703.html
  19. ^ "Canada's population clock". Statistics Canada. 2007-12-04. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
  20. ^ Skytrax poll names Emirates airline of the year
  21. ^ Airline of the Year 2005
  22. ^ Airline of the Year 2008
  23. ^ http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/09/26/316574/pictures-airbus-prepares-a340-600-testbed-for-gtf-ground-runs.html
  24. ^ http://www.geae.com/aboutgeae/presscenter/airshows/singapore/singapore_20020226c.html
  25. ^ a b http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/12/09/319833/airbuss-boeing-787-dossier-could-have-wider-implications-for-both-airframers.html Airbus’s Boeing 787 dossier could have wider implications for both airframers, FlightGlobal.com, Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  26. ^ http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/04/10/business/airbus.php
  27. ^ http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/business/228341_qatar14.html
  28. ^ Norris, G.; Thomas, G.; Wagner, M. and Forbes Smith, C. (2005). Boeing 787 Dreamliner - Flying Redefined. Aerospace Technical Publications International. ISBN 0-9752341-2-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ "Airplane kingpins tell Airbus: Overhaul A350." Gates, D. Seattle Times. 29 March 2006.
  30. ^ "Redesigning the A350: Airbus’ tough choice." Hamilton, S., Leeham Company.
  31. ^ Airbus's A350 vision takes shape Flight International December 2006
  32. ^ 787 fact sheet Boeing
  33. ^ http://www.eads.com/xml/content/OF00000000400004/7/19/41508197.pdf Taking the lead: A350XWB presentation] EADS
  34. ^ Note: Maximum MTOW of heaviest passenger version, in metric tonnes. Data have been rounded up to nearest tenth of a metric ton. Margin of error should be assumed. Use for comparison only.
  35. ^ a b Note: Original airframe manufacturer source data specified in feet, inches, or meters, without error margin information. Thus, due to rounding and conversion errors, a margin of error of 2 inches should be taken into account. Compare with automotive specifications, currently published to within 2 millimeters.[3] Maximum interior cabin width is measured at chest or eye level when seated, as is usually a few inches wider than the cabin floor.
  36. ^ Note: Airlines custom-configure the interior layout as per their objectives. Isle width and armrest width also affect layout but are not shown here.
  37. ^ Note: Seat-width specifications are not always represented accurately; multiple sources are encouraged, as well as the comparison of multiple airlines. Unexpected widths may be in error and should not be included here.
  38. ^ a b c A300-600 specifications, Airbus
  39. ^ Note: There appears to be a unit conversion error on the Airbus webpage for the A300 O.D. specifications. 222 inches (5.64 m) is presumed to be correct.
  40. ^ [4]
  41. ^ TG New Fleet / Seat, Thai Airways
  42. ^ [5], seatguru.com
  43. ^ a b c A310 specifications, Airbus
  44. ^ Airbus 310-300 page, Air India
  45. ^ [6], seatguru.com
  46. ^ a b A330-200 specifications, Airbus, Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  47. ^ [7]
  48. ^ A330-200 seating and specifications page, NWA
  49. ^ http://www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a330a340/a340-600/specifications.html
  50. ^ a b A340-200 specifications, Airbus
  51. ^ [8], Etihad Airways
  52. ^ A3550-1000 Specifications, Airbus, Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  53. ^ a b A350 specifications, Airbus
  54. ^ Note: Possible error on original Airbus webpage, conversion of metric to imperial off by 1 inch on Airbus webpage.
  55. ^ a b 10-abreast A350 XWB 'would offer unprecedented operating cost advantage', Flightglobal.com
  56. ^ Note: Possible unit-conversion error in article, 48 cm used as source.
  57. ^ Note: Published article indicated most airlines will choose the 9-across configuration
  58. ^ a b c d A380 specifications, Airbus
  59. ^ [9]
  60. ^ [10], seatguru.com
  61. ^ [11], seatguru.com
  62. ^ http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/technical.html Boeing 747 specifications
  63. ^ Boeing 747 specifications, Boeing 747 airport planning report, Boeing
  64. ^ Note: Interior width for Boeing 747 main deck shown as 239 inches (6.07 m) or 240 inches (6.10 m) in different Boeing documents.
  65. ^ http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/7474sec2.pdf
  66. ^ http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/7474sec2.pdf
  67. ^ [12], Thai Airways
  68. ^ [13], NWA
  69. ^ [14]seatguru.com
  70. ^ http://www.boeing.com/commercial/767family/pf/pf_400prod.html, Boeing 767-400 Specifications, Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  71. ^ Boeing 767 specifications, Boeing
  72. ^ Note: An extensive Internet search did not reveal any original Boeing source for the actual O.D. of the B767.
  73. ^ [15]
  74. ^ [16], seatguru.com
  75. ^ [17]
  76. ^ [18]
  77. ^ "777 Airplane Characteristics for Airport Planning". Boeing. Retrieved on 2008-12-08.
  78. ^ a b Boeing 777 specifications, Boeing
  79. ^ Note: Boeing specifications for B777 O.D. do not convert precisely between inches and metric. Margin of error is unknown based on published Boeing material.
  80. ^ [19]
  81. ^ [20]
  82. ^ [21]
  83. ^ [22], seatguru.com
  84. ^ [23]
  85. ^ [24], seatguru.com
  86. ^ Note: Some Air France Boeing 777 aircraft seat 9 across. See http://www.airfrance.us/US/en/common/guidevoyageur/classeetconfort/plan_cabine_boeing.htm for specific aircraft.
  87. ^ "Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner Fact Sheet". Boeing. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
  88. ^ [25]
  89. ^ a b c [26]
  90. ^ http://www.boeing.com/commercial/787family/787-8prod.html Note: some Boeing B787 source material indicates 227 inches (5.77 m) outer diameter, while other Boeing sources indicate 226 inches (5.74 m)
  91. ^ a b http://www.airlines-inform.com/commercial-aircraft/Il-86.html
  92. ^ Note: Other references for the Ilyushin Il-86 MTOW ranged between 206 and 215 metric tonnes.
  93. ^ Gunston B, Aircraft of the Soviet Union, Osprey, London, 1984
  94. ^ Gunter Endres. "The Illustrated Directory of Modern Commercial Aircraft". Zenith Imprint, 2001. pp. pp. 358. ISBN 0760311250, ISBN 9780760311257 {{cite web}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  95. ^ http://www.pulkovo.ru/en/about/fleet/AircraftFleet/?id4=108&i4=6
  96. ^ http://www.flightglobal.com/directory/detail.aspx?aircraftCategory=CommercialAircraft&manufacturerType=CommercialAircraft&navigationItemId=389&aircraftId=42&manufacturer=0&keyword=&searchMode=Manufacturer&units=Metric
  97. ^ http://www.aeronautics.ru/il96.htm
  98. ^ http://www.seatguru.com/airlines/Aeroflot_Russian_Airlines/Aeroflot_Russian_Airlines_Ilyushin_IL-96-300_B.php
  99. ^ http://home2.swipnet.se/~w-26408/1011spec.htm L-1011 Specifications, Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  100. ^ http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/L1011.pdf
  101. ^ http://www.airliners.net/aviation-forums/tech_ops/read.main/191291/
  102. ^ http://www.saudiairlines.com/portal/site/saudiairlines/menuitem.d9a467d070ca6c65173ff63dc8f034a0/?vgnextoid=4e3b9f6412852110VgnVCM1000008c0f430aRCRD Saudi Airlines Seating Configuration, Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  103. ^ a b c http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/dc10.pdf DC-10 Airplane Characteristics for Airport Planning, Boeing, Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  104. ^ [27], eskyguide.com
  105. ^ Note: Retired from service in 2007.
  106. ^ a b c McDonnell Douglas (1998-08, Revision E). "MD-11 Airplane Characteristics for Airport Planning, Report MDC K0388" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  107. ^ [28]
  108. ^ [29] (Note: KLM's website does not include seat width information.)

See also

External links

Wikipedia links

Template:Giant aircraft

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