Jump to content

List of Yale University people: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
→‎Film: Frances McDormand graduation date changed from 1992 to 1982
Line 718: Line 718:
* [[Thomas F. Lennon]] (B.A. 1973), Academy Award-winning documentary filmmaker
* [[Thomas F. Lennon]] (B.A. 1973), Academy Award-winning documentary filmmaker
* [[Ron Livingston]], (B.A. 1989), actor, best known for ''[[Office Space]]''
* [[Ron Livingston]], (B.A. 1989), actor, best known for ''[[Office Space]]''
* [[Frances McDormand]] (MFA 1992), actress
* [[Frances McDormand]] (MFA 1982), actress
* [[Bill Moseley]] actor
* [[Bill Moseley]] actor
* [[Paul Newman]], (DRA 1954) Academy Award-winning actor
* [[Paul Newman]], (DRA 1954) Academy Award-winning actor

Revision as of 17:41, 3 December 2011

Yalies are persons affiliated with Yale University, commonly including alumni, current and former faculty members, students, and others. Here follows a list of notable Yalies.

Notes:

Alumni

Nobel laureates

Paul Krugman
Sinclair Lewis

Pulitzer Prize winners

Technology and innovation

Business

Academics

College founders and presidents

Professors and scholars

Law and politics

Presidents and vice presidents, other heads of state, prime ministers and ministers

George W. Bush
Bill Clinton

Supreme Court justices

Information can be verified through the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges.[106]

Abe Fortas
Sonia Sotomayor

U.S. senators

Information can be verified at the Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress.[108]

Governors

Alumni who have served as Governors may also have served in other government capacities, such as President or Senator. In such cases, the names are left un-linked, but are annotated with a "See also:" which links to the section on this page where a more detailed entry can be found.

Executive council members

The following have worked within the cabinet for their respective governments.

Diplomats

Justices and attorneys

See also: Supreme Court Justices

Activists

Public intellectuals

William F. Buckley

Frontiersmen

Military

Other legislators

Other

Religion

James W.C. Pennington

History, literature, art, and architecture

Music

Athletics

Craig Breslow
Sarah Hughes

Film

Jodie Foster
File:Paul-Newman-portrait.jpg
Paul Newman
Liev Schreiber

Television

Fictional

(In alphabetical order by last name, if available)

(* attended but did not graduate from Yale)

Faculty

Professors who are also Yale alumni are listed in italics.

Nobel laureates

Others

Heads of Collegiate School, Yale College, and Yale University

Also see Ivy League Presidents.
Rectors of Yale College birth–death years as rector
1 Rev. Abraham Pierson (1641–1707) (1701–1707) Collegiate School
2 Rev. Samuel Andrew (1656–1738) (1707–1719) (pro tempore)
3 Rev. Timothy Cutler (1684–1765) (1719–1726) 1718/9: renamed Yale College
4 Rev. Elisha William(s) (1694–1755) (1726–1739)
5 Rev. Thomas Clap (1703–1767) (1740–1745)
Presidents of Yale College birth–death years as president
1 Rev. Thomas Clap (1703–1767) (1745–1766)
2 Rev. Naphtali Daggett (1727–1780) (1766–1777) (pro tempore)
3 Rev. Ezra Stiles (1727–1795) (1778–1795)
4 Timothy Dwight IV (1752–1817) (1795–1817)
5 Jeremiah Day (1773–1867) (1817–1846)
6 Theodore Dwight Woolsey (1801–1899) (1846–1871)
7 Noah Porter III (1811–1892) (1871–1886)
8 Timothy Dwight V (1828–1916) (1886–1899) 1887: renamed Yale University
9 Arthur Twining Hadley (1856–1930) (1899–1921)
10 James Rowland Angell (1869–1949) (1921–1937)
11 Charles Seymour (1885–1963) (1937–1951)
12 Alfred Whitney Griswold (1906–1963) (1951–1963)
13 Kingman Brewster, Jr. (1919–1988) (1963–1977)
14 Hanna Holborn Gray (1930– ) (1977–1977) (acting)
15 A. Bartlett Giamatti (1938–1989) (1977–1986)
16 Benno C. Schmidt, Jr. (1942– ) (1986–1992)
17 Howard R. Lamar (1923– ) (1992–1993) (acting)
18 Richard C. Levin (1947– ) (1993– )

References

  1. ^ "George Akerlof Wins Nobel Prize in Economics" Campus News at the University of California, Berkeley 10/10/01
  2. ^ "Nobel Laureate Raymond Davis Dies" Brookhaven National Laboratory press release, June 1, 2006
  3. ^ "Economist Peter Diamond wins Nobel Prize" MIT press release, October 11, 2010
  4. ^ "Nobel Prize biography of Enders". Nobelprize.org. September 8, 1985. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  5. ^ "Yale Engineering profile of Fenn". Eng.yale.edu. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  6. ^ "National Institutes of Health press release on Fenn". Nih.gov. October 9, 2002. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  7. ^ "Nobel Prize profile of Gell-Mann". Nobelprize.org. September 15, 1929. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  8. ^ "Alfred G. Gilman". Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica.com. July 1, 1941. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  9. ^ "Nobel Prize profile of Lawrence". Nobelprize.org. August 27, 1958. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  10. ^ Who Was Ernest O. Lawrence? from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
  11. ^ "Nobel Prize profile of Lederberg". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  12. ^ "Robert Richardson and David Lee win Nobel Prize in physics" Press release from Cornell University October 10, 1996
  13. ^ "Sinclair Lewis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica.com. January 10, 1951. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  14. ^ "Nobel Prize profile of Onsager". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  15. ^ "Nobel Prize profile of Richards". Nobelprize.org. February 23, 1973. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  16. ^ "Nobel Prize profile of Vickrey". Nobelprize.org. October 11, 1996. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  17. ^ "Nobel Prize profile of Whipple". Nobelprize.org. February 1, 1976. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  18. ^ "Eric F. Wieschaus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica.com. June 8, 1947. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  19. ^ Applebaum biography at Pulitzer Board[dead link]
  20. ^ Katharine Q. Seelye and James Barron (April 17, 2007). "Wall Street Journal Wins 2 Pulitzer Prizes". New York Times.
  21. ^ Greenhouse biography Pulitzer Board[dead link]
  22. ^ Putlizer Board citation for Greenhouse[dead link]
  23. ^ "May 13, 1993 New York Times notice on Hersey's death". New York Times. May 13, 1993. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  24. ^ Pulitzer Board citation for kennedy[dead link]
  25. ^ Yale Press Release
  26. ^ McCullough biography at Pulitzer Board[dead link]
  27. ^ "Meohringer biography at Pulitzer Board". Pulitzer.org. July 16, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  28. ^ Citation for Moehringer at Pulitzer Board[dead link]
  29. ^ "The Pulitzer Prizes | Drama". Pulitzer.org. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  30. ^ Allan Kozinn (April 24, 1990). "Mel Powell's Musical Journey to a Pulitzer Prize". New York Times.
  31. ^ "Power '92 wins nonfiction Pulitzer" from the Yale Daily News
  32. ^ Citation from Pulitzer Board for Power[dead link]
  33. ^ a b Yale Bulletin and Calendar, April 14, 2000 [dead link]
  34. ^ Schoofs biography at Pulitzer Board[dead link]
  35. ^ Spratlan biography at Pulitzer Board[dead link]
  36. ^ "Washington Post obituary "'Heidi Chronicles' Playwright Wendy Wasserstein", January 31, 2006 by Joe Holley". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  37. ^ Columbia Encyclopedia entry on Wilder
  38. ^ " Two alumni honored with Pulitzer Prizes" in April 6, 2004, article in the Yale Daily News[dead link]
  39. ^ "New York Times overview of winners in 2004". Nytimes.com. April 6, 2004. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  40. ^ Yale Bulletin and Calendar article "McClatchy among alumni elected to Academy of Arts and Letters" April 26 – May 3, 1999[dead link]
  41. ^ Citation for Wyner from Pulitzer Board[dead link]
  42. ^ Yale Economic Review "Alumni Profile: Daniel Yergin '68"[dead link]
  43. ^ Profile from Time Warner
  44. ^ Press release from Time Warner
  45. ^ "How Handspring CEO Vaults Ahead" by Elisa Batista, November 13, 2001, Wired Magazine
  46. ^ Profile from Forbes Magazine
  47. ^ Profile from the Seattle Times
  48. ^ Obituary from CNN October 18, 1997
  49. ^ Biography from Time magazine media kit
  50. ^ 1996 Fellow Award Recipient citation, Computer History Museum
  51. ^ The man behind the deal, By Yuval Rosenberg, November 17, 2004, CNN
  52. ^ Profile from TIME media kit
  53. ^ #44 John Mars, in "The World's Richest People" of 2006, Forbes Magazine
  54. ^ Singer, Natasha. "Robert L. McNeil Jr., Chemist Who Introduced Tylenol, Dies at 94", The New York Times, June 3, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  55. ^ McNerney's Challenge in the "Culture of Innovation" by Andrew Haeg, December 5, 2000, Minnesota Public Radio
  56. ^ Indra Nooyi flying high, August 16, 2006, The Times of India
  57. ^ "Joan C. McKinney, Campbellsville University presents first Algernon Sydney Sullivan Awards" (PDF). campbellsville.edu. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
  58. ^ Juan Trippe – Air Travel for All by Mike Brewster, May 25, 2004, Businessweek
  59. ^ Barnard entry in the Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition
  60. ^ Profile from the University of Mississippi
  61. ^ Barnard entry at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  62. ^ Profile from the Carnegie Corporation
  63. ^ Biography from A Princeton Companion by Alexander Leitch
  64. ^ Profile at the official website of the World Economic Forum
  65. ^ Dickinson entry at the Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition
  66. ^ A Princeton Companion by Alexander Leitch (1978) : "Dickinson, Jonathan (1688–1747), Princeton's first President, died after only four and a half months in office and is chiefly remembered for having been the leader of the little group who, in his words, 'first concocted the plan and foundation of the College.' To him, 'more than to any other man, the College . . . owes its origin,' wrote Professor William A. Packard in The Princeton Book (1879)."
  67. ^ "Biographical Profile: James Johnson Duderstadt" at the University of Michigan's "Millennium Project" website
  68. ^ "Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet : The Legacy Begins (1787–1851)" at the official website of Gallaudet University
  69. ^ "Chancellor's Office".
  70. ^ Entry at the Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition
  71. ^ Entry at the Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition
  72. ^ "The Chancellors of Washington University in St. Louis". Chancellorsroom.wustl.edu. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  73. ^ Entry at the Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition
  74. ^ Entry at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  75. ^ Entry at the Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition
  76. ^ "America's Founding Fathers: Delegates to the Constitutional Convention: William Samuel Johnson, Connecticut" article at the National Archives
  77. ^ "Contribution Kenjiro Yamanaka and Meisenkai" by Tasuku Takagi
  78. ^ Essays in Honour of Aptullah Kuran, page 12, C.Kafescioglu & L.Senocak eds., Yapi Kredi Publishing, Istanbul, 1999
  79. ^ "Boston Architectural College". The-bac.edu. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  80. ^ Biographical profile from Amherst College
  81. ^ Taylor, Kate (October 5, 2010). "New York Public Library Will Name Anthony W. Marx as New President". The New York Times.
  82. ^ Entry at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  83. ^ University of Florida, Past Presidents, Andrew Sledd.
  84. ^ Frederick William Wells, "A History of the Class of '79, Yale College", 440.
  85. ^ Entry at the Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition
  86. ^ "Facts about Cornell" from the official Cornell University website: "Founded 1865 By Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White."
  87. ^ "A Brief History" from the official Dartmouth College website: "The Reverend Eleazar Wheelock, a Congregational minister from Connecticut, founded Dartmouth College in 1769."
  88. ^ "Lawrence Lessig | Berkman Center". Cyber.law.harvard.edu. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  89. ^ "Morris Institute of Human Values". Morrisinstitute.com. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  90. ^ "Esmond R. Long and Florence B. Seibert". Chemical Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  91. ^ Yale University News[dead link]
  92. ^ Board of Regents, UC (2006). "Taube, Karl A". UC Riverside, Faculty Directory. Regents UC. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
  93. ^ "Daniel S. Weld" (PDF). Retrieved November 12, 2008.
  94. ^ Biographical entry from the Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
  95. ^ Biographical profile from the White House
  96. ^ Biographical information from the Biographical Dictionary of the U.S. Congress
  97. ^ Biographical entry at the official Bundespraesident website.
  98. ^ Biographical information from the Biographical Dictionary of the U.S. Congress
  99. ^ Biographical entry from the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (Encyclopædia Britannica)
  100. ^ Biographical profile from the White House
  101. ^ Biographical entry from the Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
  102. ^ Biographical entry at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
  103. ^ Yale Alumni Magazine, March 2002, accessed August 13, 2011.
  104. ^ Biographical entry at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  105. ^ "Abdulkarim Al-Eryani | Club de Madrid". Clubmadrid.org. October 12, 1934. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  106. ^ Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
  107. ^ Princeton Companion
  108. ^ Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
  109. ^ Lowell Palmer Weicker, Jr., Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 16, 2007.
  110. ^ Biographical information from the Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
  111. ^ Biographical information from the Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
  112. ^ Biographical information from the Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
  113. ^ Biographical information from the Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
  114. ^ Biographical information from the Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
  115. ^ Biographical entry at Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition
  116. ^ "Howard Dean" Biographical entry, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Archived 2009-10-31.
  117. ^ "W. Averell Harriman" Biographical entry, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Archived 2009-10-31.
  118. ^ Biographical profile from the Encyclopædia Britannica
  119. ^ Press release from the Washington State Governor's office: "Gov. Gregoire Unveils Official State Portrait of Gov. Gary Locke; Praises Key Accomplishments", January 4, 2006
  120. ^ Biographical information from the Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
  121. ^ Profile from the state of New York government web site
  122. ^ a b Biographical information from the Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
  123. ^ Biographical entry at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
  124. ^ http://mssa.library.yale.edu/madid/showzoom.php?imgNum=5565
  125. ^ Biographical information from the Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
  126. ^ Biographical information from the Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
  127. ^ Muhammad Ali's Boxing Day Gloves by Anna Rohlender, Forbes Magazine, December 12, 2001: "Forbes Fact: Born in Louisville, Ky., Ali's parents named him Cassius Marcellus Clay after a white Kentucky abolitionist of the same name. The 19th-century Cassius Clay served as a diplomat to Russia during the Civil War. "
  128. ^ "Muhammad Ali" Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006: "Ali was born in Louisville, Kentucky. His birth name was Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., named after famed Kentucky abolitionist Cassius Marcellus Clay. ". Archived 2009-10-31.
  129. ^ http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/csdewey.htm
  130. ^ http://politicalgraveyard.com/group/delta-psi.html
  131. ^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Jonathan Edwards", First published Tue Jan 15, 2002; substantive revision Tue Nov 7, 2006
  132. ^ George Marsden, Jonathan Edwards: A Life (2003), pg. 498–505.
  133. ^ Jonathan Edwards Center at Yale University, "About Us", Retrieved April 20, 2011
  134. ^ RandomHouse.ca | Author Spotlight: Yolanda Joe
  135. ^ "Faculty 2010–2011". Bryn Mawr. October 15, 2010. Retrieved October 15, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  136. ^ Karen Heller (May 1, 2003). "Bryn Mawr shows creative side as it makes way for arts". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 15, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  137. ^ Story, Louise (August 25, 2005). "Condé Nast Plans Business Magazine and Web Site". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
  138. ^ http://www.dukesmen.com/index.php?id=3#10
  139. ^ Schiff, Judith Ann (November 2002). "Rudy Vallee, The First Crooner". Yale Alumni Magazine. Retrieved July 12, 2010.
  140. ^ Sisario, Ben (June 7, 2009). "The Experimental, Led by the Obsessive". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
  141. ^ http://www.icasinc.org/bios/chance.html
  142. ^ Ivy League Sports
  143. ^ Yale University Bulldogs, Official Athletic Site
  144. ^ Yale Crew History. The Official Yale Crew Website, Yale University. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
  145. ^ Rotella, Carlo. "Edge of Greatness". Yale Alumni Magazine, July/August 2004. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
  146. ^ "Dick Cavett" profile by Hal Erickson, Allmovie at the New York Times
  147. ^ Sara Gilbert by Sandra Brennan, Allmovie at the New York Times
  148. ^ Michael Gross by Hal Erickson, Allmovie at the New York Times
  149. ^ Robert Picardo by Hal Erickson, Allmovie at the New York Times
  150. ^ "The Junger Brother" in Financial Times Magazine, March 31, 2001,by Nicholas Kralev; online version at homepage of Kralev
  151. ^ From the film American Psycho: KIMBALL: And where did he go to school? BATEMAN: Don't you know this? KIMBALL: I just wanted to know if you know. BATEMAN: Before Yale? If I remember correctly, Saint Paul's...Listen, I just...I just want to help.
  152. ^ Gossip Girl by Cecily von Ziegesar
  153. ^ From The Great Gatsby, Chapter 1: "...the history of the summer really begins on the evening I drove over there to have dinner with the Tom Buchanans. Daisy was my second cousin once removed and I'd known Tom in college."
  154. ^ "Jamie Buchman" Profile of the character at the show's official web site.
  155. ^ "Forbes Fictional 15: #5 Burns, Charles Montgomery Forbes Magazine December 1, 2005, by David M. Ewalt
  156. ^ From The Great Gatsby, in Chapter 1, "I was rather literary in college—one year I wrote a series of very solemn and obvious editorials for the 'Yale News.'" In Chapter 3, "I took dinner usually at the Yale Club..." In Chapter 7, "Jordan smiled. 'He was probably bumming his way home. He told me he was president of your class at Yale.'"
  157. ^ "Lost in Translation" review in Rolling Stone (September 8, 2003) by Peter Travers: "Charlotte (Johansson) is three decades younger than Bob, but she shares his sense of drift. A Yale philosophy grad, she's in Tokyo with her photographer husband (Giovanni Ribisi)..."
  158. ^ 'Voice on Literature' The Village Voice, review by Eliot Fremont-Smith, March 8, 1962
  159. ^ "The Junger Brother" in Financial Times Magazine, March 31, 2001, by Nicholas Kralev; online version at homepage of Kralev
  160. ^ From Florence of Arabia, Chapter 2: "Florence had grown up fascinated by her grandfather's tales of the Middle East. At college she majored in Arabic studies and was fluent by the time she graduated Yale."
  161. ^ Gilmore Girls, episode '"Let the Games Begin"' (Season 3, Episode 51)
  162. ^ Gilmore Girls, episode '"The Lorelais' First Day at Yale"' (Season 4, Episode 67)
  163. ^ Book review of Alex Raymond's Flash Gordon Volume 1 in Publishers Weekly, November 3, 2003: "The stories are swashbuckling adventures of Flash, 'Yale graduate and world-renowned Polo player,' and the lovely Dale Arden, who become stranded on the planet Mongo, a fierce place ruled with an iron fist by Ming the Merciless." Flash Gordon was introduced as a Yale alumnus in 1934 in the very first comic strip of the series.
  164. ^ From the script for Sabrina, "Linus Larrabee, the elder son, graduated from Yale, where his classmates voted him the man Most Likely to Leave his Alma Mater Fifty Million Dollars. "
  165. ^ The West Wing episode "Celestial Navigation" (season 1, episode 15), in which Lyman says "I'm a graduate of Harvard and Yale and I believe that my powers of debate can rise to meet the Socratic wonder that is the White House press corps"
  166. ^ The book Frank Merriwell at Yale(1897) by Burt Standish (pseudonym of Gilbert Patten), ISBN 0-8373-9009-5
  167. ^ Chronicle section the March 2, 1990 edition of the New York Times, by Susan Heller Anderson: "In the movie version of The Bonfire of the Vanities, TOM HANKS will play Sherman McCoy, the philandering, self-absorbed bond trader whose 'Yale chin' and prep-school background figure prominently in the TOM WOLFE best seller. Mr. Hanks visited Yale yesterday, soaking up information and atmosphere."
  168. ^ P.J. Farmer. Red Orc"s Rage. NY, Tor, 1991. ISBN 0-312-85036-0
  169. ^ Official ER site at NBC: "Newer additions to the ER include Neela Rasgotra (Nagra), a British-Indian medical student who arrives in Chicago after finishing her undergraduate degree in biophysics and molecular biology at Yale."
  170. ^ From Splendor in the Grass, Bud Stamper's father Ace Stamper says "We got a future, boy. The first thing we're gonna do, we're gonna get you an education – the best. Four years at Yale."
  171. ^ Stover at Yale, Owen Johnson, Grosset & Dunlap, 1911; online version at http://www.ctrl.org/stover/index.html
  172. ^ "Reading Homer" in the Harvard Alumni Magazine September–October 1997 issue
  173. ^ Movie review by Roger Ebert: "Kat, meanwhile, is baby-sitting for a 30-year-old Yale graduate who is an architect rehabbing a local landmark. She's been accepted to Yale for the fall, and so they have that in common. Also reckless romanticism. His name is Tim (William R. Moses), his wife is in Europe, and Kat falls head over heels in idealism with him. "
  174. ^ Scrubs episode '"My Déjà Vu, My Déjà Vu"' (aired May 9, 2006; Season 5, episode 115). See also Quotes at TV.com
  175. ^ Gossip Girl by Cecily von Ziegesar
  176. ^ Profile from the official web site of the show by NBC, which produced The West Wing
  177. ^ Gossip Girl by Cecily von Ziegesar
  178. ^ "Dogged Yale University Investigation Proves Batman Is a Proud Alum"
  179. ^ From Lonesome Dove, Augustus says that Wilbarger is "probably the only man who ever went to Yale College who was buried under a buffalo skull." (p.567)
  180. ^ Movie Review at TV Guide
  181. ^ Beverly Hills, 90210 episode "Hello Life, Goodbye Beverly Hills" (season 5, episode 30)
  182. ^ National Institutes of Health
  183. ^ Taffel, Max (September 1953). "Samuel Clark Harvey, 1886–1953". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 26 (1): b1–7. PMC 2599352.