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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|7}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 02:42, 3 December 2014

Phenoperidine
Clinical data
Routes of
administration		Intravenous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
MetabolismLiver
ExcretionBile and Urine
Identifiers
  • ethyl 1-(3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropyl)-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylate
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.008.391 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC23H29NO3
Molar mass367.481 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • OC(C1=CC=CC=C1)CCN(CC2)CCC2(C3=CC=CC=C3)OC(CC)=O
  • InChI=1S/C23H29NO3/c1-2-27-22(26)23(20-11-7-4-8-12-20)14-17-24(18-15-23)16-13-21(25)19-9-5-3-6-10-19/h3-12,21,25H,2,13-18H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:IPOPQVVNCFQFRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Phenoperidine was discovered by Janssen Pharmaceutica 1960.[1] Marketed as its hydrochloride as Operidine or Lealgin, is an opioid used as a general anesthetic. It is a derivative of isonipecotic acid, like pethidine, and is metabolized in part to norpethidine. It is 20-200 times as potent as pethidine as an analgesic. The greatly increased potency essentially eliminates the toxic effects of norpethidine accumulation which are seen when pethidine is administered in high doses or for long periods of time.

In humans 1 milligram is equipotent with 10 mg morphine. It has less effect on the circulatory system and is less hypnotic than morphine, but it has about the same emetic effect. The nausea can be prevented by giving droperidol or haloperidol. After an intravenous dose the analgesia sets in after 3–5 minutes.[2]

Phenoperidine shares structural similarities with both pethidine and haloperidol (and related butyrophenone antipsychotics, e.g. droperidol). While not commonly used today in clinical practice, it is of historical interest as a precursor in the development of some of the most widely used neuroleptic drugs on the market today.

Introduction

Phenoperidine behaves in a similar way to morphine and is classified as a narcotic analgesic. It can be used as a neuroleptanalgesia, with droperidol for instance. [3] It is also known for its “high potency, rapid onset of action, the intensity of its peak effect and short duration of pharmacological effects." [4]

History and Synthesis

Phenoperidine was developed in 1957 through modifications of an existing drug. To begin, two key analgesic compounds, pethidine (meperidine) and methadone, were both synthesized by Otto Eisleb. Methadone preluded the synthesis of pethidine in 1939. Analogues of both of these drugs were investigated during World War II and years after, with the primary focus being on methadone. Janssen Pharmaceutica located in Belgium synthesized dextromoramide from methadone in 1954 and afterwards the company pursued pethidine analogues due in part to the less complicated chemistry of the compound. In doing so, the methyl group attached to the pethidine nitrogen was replaced by a propiophenone group. With this modification, phenoperidine was synthesized in 1957. Phenoperidine was determined to have decreased stability and enhanced lipophilicity compared to pethidine. Soon after, studies in mice showed that phenoperidine was over 100 times more potent than pethidine. [5] At the time, phenoperidine was the “most potent opioid in the world” and was used extensively in the European market but not in the United States. Through further advances, Janssen Pharmaceutica created fentanyl in 1960, which proved to be ten times more potent than phenoperidine. [6] Interestingly, additional modifications led to the discovery of one of the World Health Organization’s essential medicines, claimed to be “one of the greatest advances of the 20th century psychiatry”—haloperidol. [7]

Historical Uses

In 1980, pethidine, morphine, diamorphine, and phenoperidine were the most prevalent analgesics used. Phenoperidine was only used in surgery and intensive care units. [8] At this time there was also a transition to sedatives, such as phenoperidine, from muscle relaxants. In fact, 66% of patients receiving ventilated intensive therapy Then, in 2000, phenoperidine was listed as a common narcotic epidural product. [9]

Dosage

The dosage is 0.05 mg/kg. [10]

Regulations

Phenoperidine is classified as a schedule 1 opiate and is categorized as a Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) controlled substance with a corresponding code 9641. [11]

Opioid Market

In 2011, the total global morphine equivalent opioid consumption per person was 61.66 mg/capita. While in the Americas, the total morphine equivalent opioid consumption was roughly 750 mg/capita. [12]

References

  1. ^ BE Patent 576331
  2. ^ Farmacevtiska specialiteter i Sverige (FASS) (in Swedish). Stockholm: Linfo. 1983. ISBN 91-85314-44-7.
  3. ^ "Phenoperidine". University of Rochester Medical Center. University of Rochester Medical Center. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  4. ^ Rollason, W.N. (1963). "Phenoperidine (R1406): A New Analgesic". Anaesthesia. 18 (1): 16-22. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  5. ^ Lopez-Munoz, Francisco; Alamo, Cecilio (2009). "The Consolidation of Neuroleptic Therapy: Janssen, the Discovery of Haloperidol and Its Introduction into Clinical Practice". Brain Research Bulletin. 79: 130-141. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  6. ^ Stanley, Theodore (2014). "The Fentanyl Story". The Journal of Pain. 15 (12): 1215-1226. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  7. ^ Lopez-Munoz, Francisco; Alamo, Cecilio (2009). "The Consolidation of Neuroleptic Therapy: Janssen, the Discovery of Haloperidol and Its Introduction into Clinical Practice". Brain Research Bulletin. 79: 130-141. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  8. ^ Chan, K.; Murray, G.R.; Rostron, C.; Calvey, T.N.; Williams, N.E. (1981). "Quantitative Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Phenoperidine in Human Plasma". Journal of Chromatography. 223: 213-218. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  9. ^ Aranda, Margaret; Hanson III, C. William (June 2000). "Anesthetics, Sedatives, and Paralytics: Understanding Their Use in the Intensive Care Unit". Surgical Clinics of North America. 80 (3). {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  10. ^ Hewer, C. Langton (April 1968). "Dose of Phenoperidine". Anaesthesia. 23 (2): 301. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  11. ^ "Dextromethorphan" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  12. ^ "Regional". Pain & Policy Studies Group. Pain & Policy Studies, University of Wisconsin—Madison. Retrieved 2014-11-24.
  • Kintz, P.; Godelar, B.; Mangin, P.; Lugnier, A.; Chaumont, A. (1989). "Simultaneous Determination of Pethidine (Meperidine), Phenoperidine, and Norpethidine (Normeperidine), their Common Metabolite, by Gas Chromatography with Selective Nitrogen Detection". Forensic Science International. 43 (3): 267–273. doi:10.1016/0379-0738(89)90154-0. PMID 2613140.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Claris, O.; Bertrix, L. (1988). "Phenoperidine: Pharmacology and Use in Pediatric Resuscitation". Pédiatrie (in French). 43 (6): 509–513. PMID 3186421.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • "Antipsychotics - Reference pathway". Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Kanehisa Laboratories, Kyoto University, University of Tokyo. Retrieved 2007-01-16.



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