5G: Difference between revisions

5G
	File:5th generation mobile network (5G) logo.jpg 3GPP's 5G logo
Introduced	Late 2018
Website	https://www.gsma.com/solutions-and-impact/technologies/networks/5g-network-technologies-and-solutions/

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5G is the fifth generation of wireless communications technologies supporting cellular data networks. Large scale adoption began in 2019 and today virtually every telecommunication service provider in the developed world is upgrading its infrastructure to offer 5G functionality.

The frequency spectrum of 5G is divided into millimeter waves, mid-band, and low-band. Low-band uses a similar frequency range as the predecessor, 4G. 5G millimeter wave is the fastest, with actual speeds often being 1–2 Gbit/s down. Frequencies are above 24 GHz reaching up to 72 GHz which is above the extremely high frequency band's lower boundary. The reach is short, so more cells are required. Millimeter waves have difficulty traversing many walls and windows, so indoor coverage is limited.

5G mid-band is the most widely deployed, in over 30 networks. Speeds in a 100 MHz wide band are usually 100–400 Mbit/s down. In the lab and occasionally in the field, speeds can go over a gigabit per second. Frequencies deployed are from 2.4 GHz to 4.2 GHz. Sprint and China Mobile are using 2.5 GHz, while others are mostly between 3.3 and 4.2 GHz. Many areas can be covered simply by upgrading existing towers, which lowers the cost. Mid-band networks have better reach, bringing the cost close to the cost of 4G.

5G low-band offers similar capacity to advanced 4G. In the United States, T-Mobile and AT&T launched low-band services on the first week of December 2019. T-Mobile CTO Neville Ray warns that speeds on their 600 MHz 5G may be as low as 25 Mbit/s down.^[1] AT&T, using 850 MHz, will also usually deliver less than 100 Mbit/s in 2019. The performance will improve, but cannot be significantly greater than robust 4G in the same spectrum.

Verizon, AT&T, and almost all 5G providers in 2019 have latencies between 25–35 milliseconds. The "air latency" (between a phone and a tower) in 2019 equipment is 8–12 ms. The latency to the server, farther back in the network, raise the average to ~30 ms, 25–40% lower than typical 4G deployed. Adding "Edge Servers" close to the towers can bring latency down to 10–20 ms. Lower latency, such as the often touted 1 ms, is years away and does not include the time to the server.

The industry project 3GPP defines any system using "5G NR" (5G New Radio) software as, "5G",^[2] a definition that came into general use by late 2018. Previously, some reserved the term 5G for systems that deliver download speeds of 20 GHz shared called for by ITU IMT-2020. 3GPP will submit their 5G NR to the ITU.^[3] In addition to traditional mobile operator services, 5G NR also addresses specific requirements for private mobile networks ranging from industrial IoT to critical communications.

Overview

5G networks are digital cellular networks, in which the service area covered by providers is divided into small geographical areas called cells. Analog signals representing sounds and images are digitized in the telephone, converted by an analog to digital converter and transmitted as a stream of bits. All the 5G wireless devices in a cell communicate by radio waves with a local antenna array and low power automated transceiver (transmitter and receiver) in the cell, over frequency channels assigned by the transceiver from a pool of frequencies that are reused in other cells. The local antennas are connected with the telephone network and the Internet by a high bandwidth optical fiber or wireless backhaul connection. As in other cell networks, a mobile device crossing from one cell to another is automatically "handed off" seamlessly to the new cell.

Verizon and a few others are using millimeter waves.^[4] Millimeter waves have shorter range than microwaves, therefore the cells are limited to smaller size. Millimeter waves also have more trouble passing through building walls.^[5] Millimeter wave antennas are smaller than the large antennas used in previous cellular networks. Some are only a few inches (several centimeters) long.

Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output), was deployed in 4G as early as 2016. Massive MIMO, typically uses 32 to 128 small antennas at each cell. In the right frequencies and configuration, it can increase performance from 4 to 10 times^[6]. Multiple bitstreams of data are transmitted simultaneously. In a technique called beamforming, the base station computer will continuously calculate the best route for radio waves to reach each wireless device, and will organize multiple antennas to work together as phased arrays to create beams of millimeter waves to reach the device.^[5]^[7]

The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created and revised by the 3GPP. The family is a full revision from GSM in terms of encoding methods and hardware, although some GSM sites can be retrofitted to broadcast in the UMTS/W-CDMA format.

T-Mobile USA and AT&T are announcing low-band 5G in December 2019. The performance, reach, and cost will be similar to 4G in the same band when the 5G systems are fully developed and can access more carrier frequencies.

The new 5G wireless devices also have 4G LTE capability, as the new networks use 4G for initially establishing the connection with the cell, as well as in locations where 5G access is not available.^[8]

5G can support up to a million devices per square kilometer, while 4G supports only up to 100,000 devices per square kilometer.^[9]^[10]

Usage scenario

The ITU-R has defined three main uses for 5G. They are Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC).^[11] Only eMBB is deployed in 202-; URLLC and mMTC are several years away in most locations.

Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) uses 5G as a progression from 4G LTE mobile broadband services, with faster connections, higher throughput, and more capacity.

Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) refer to using the network for mission critical applications that require uninterrupted and robust data exchange.

Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) would be used to connect to a large number of devices, 5G technology will connect some of the 50 billion connected IoT devices.^[12] Most will use the less expensive Wi-Fi. Drones, transmotting via 4G or 5G, will aid in disaster recovery efforts, providing real-time data for emergency responders.^[12] Most cars will have a 4G or 5G cellular connection for many services. Autonomous cars do not require 5G, as they have to be able to operate where they do not have a network connection.^[13] While remote surgeries have been performed over 5G, most remote surgery will be performed in facilities with a fiber connection, usually faster and more reliable than any wireless connection.

Performance

Speed

5G speeds will range from ~50Mbit/s to over 2Gbit/s at the start.^[14] The fastest 5G, known as mmWave, delivers speeds of up to and over 2Gbit/s. As of July 3, 2019, mmWave had a top speed of 1.8Gbit/s^[15] on AT&T's 5G network.

Sub-6 GHz 5G (mid-band 5G), by far the most common, will usually deliver between 100 & 400 Mbit/s, but will have a much farther reach than mmWave, especially outdoors.^[15]

Low-band spectrum offers the farthest area coverage but is slower than the others.

5G NR speed in sub-6 GHz bands can be slightly higher than the 4G with a similar amount of spectrum and antennas,^[16]^[17] although some 3GPP 5G networks will be slower than some advanced 4G networks, such as T-Mobile's LTE/LAA network, which achieves 500+ Mbit/s in Manhattan^[18] and Chicago.^[19] The 5G specification allows LAA (License Assisted Access) as well, but LAA in 5G has not yet been demonstrated. Adding LAA to an existing 4G configuration can add hundreds of megabits per second to the speed, but this is an extension of 4G, not a new part of the 5G standard.^[18]

The similarity in terms of throughput between 4G and 5G in the existing bands is because 4G already approaches the Shannon limit on data communication rates. 5G speeds in the less common millimeter wave spectrum, with its much more abundant bandwidth and shorter range, and hence greater frequency reuseability, can be substantially higher.^[20]

Latency

In 5G, the "air latency"^[21] in equipment shipping in 2019 is 8–12 milliseconds.^[22] The latency to the server must be added to the "air latency". Verizon reports the latency on its 5G early deployment is 30 ms:^[23] Edge Servers close to the towers can reduce latency to 10–20 ms. 1–4 ms will be extremely rare for years outside the lab.

Standards

Initially, the term was associated with the International Telecommunication Union's IMT-2020 standard, which required a theoretical peak download speed of 20 gigabits per second and 10 gigabits per second upload speed, along with other requirements.^[24] Then, the industry standards group 3GPP chose the 5G NR (New Radio) standard together with LTE as their proposal for submission to the IMT-2020 standard.^[25]^[26]

The first phase of 3GPP 5G specifications in Release-15 is scheduled to complete in 2019. The second phase in Release-16 is due to be completed in 2020.^[27]

5G NR can include lower frequencies (FR1), below 6 GHz, and higher frequencies (FR2), above 24 GHz. However, the speed and latency in early FR1 deployments, using 5G NR software on 4G hardware (non-standalone), are only slightly better than new 4G systems, estimated at 15 to 50% better.^[28]^[29]^[30]

IEEE covers several areas of 5G with a core focus in wireline sections between the Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU). The 1914.1 standards focus on network architecture and dividing the connection between the RRU and BBU into two key sections. Radio Unit (RU) to the Distributor Unit (DU) being the NGFI-I (Next Generation Fronthaul Interface) and the DU to the Central Unit (CU) being the NGFI-II interface allowing a more diverse and cost-effective network. NGFI-I and NGFI-II have defined performance values which should be compiled to ensure different traffic types defined by the ITU are capable of being carried. 1914.3 standard is creating a new Ethernet frame format capable of carrying IQ data in a much more efficient way depending on the functional split utilized. This is based on the 3GPP definition of functional splits. Multiple network synchronization standards within the IEEE groups are being updated to ensure network timing accuracy at the RU is maintained to a level required for the traffic carried over it.

5G NR

5G NR (New Radio) is a new air interface developed for the 5G network.^[31] It is supposed to be the global standard for the air interface of 3GPP 5G networks.^[32]

Pre-standard implementations

5GTF: The 5G network implemented by American carrier Verizon for Fixed Wireless Access in late 2010s uses a pre-standard specification known as 5GTF (Verizon 5G Technical Forum). The 5G service provided to customers in this standard is incompatible with 5G NR. There are plans to upgrade 5GTF to 5G NR "Once [it] meets our strict specifications for our customers," according to Verizon.^[33]
5G-SIG： Pre-standard specification of 5G developed by KT Corporation. Deployed at Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics.^[34]

Internet of Things

In the Internet of Things (IoT), 3GPP is going to submit evolution of NB-IoT and eMTC (LTE-M) as 5G technologies for the LPWA (Low Power Wide Area) use case.^[35]

Deployment

Beyond mobile operator networks, 5G is also expected to be used for private networks with applications in industrial IoT, enterprise networking, and critical communications.

Initial 5G NR launches depended on existing LTE (4G) infrastructure in non-standalone (NSA) mode (5G NR software on LTE radio hardware), before maturation of the standalone (SA) mode (5G NR software on 5G NR radio hardware) with the 5G core network.

As of April 2019, the Global Mobile Suppliers Association had identified 224 operators in 88 countries that have demonstrated, are testing or trialling, or have been licensed to conduct field trials of 5G technologies, are deploying 5G networks or have announced service launches).^[36] The equivalent numbers in November 2018 were 192 operators in 81 countries.^[37] The first country to adopt 5G on a large scale was South Korea, in April 2019. Swedish telecoms giant Ericsson predicted that 5G internet will cover up to 65% of the world's population by the end of 2025.^[38] Also, it plans to invest 1 billion reais ($238.30 million) in Brazil to add a new assembly line dedicated to 5th generation technology (5G) for its Latin American operations.^[39]

When South Korea launched its 5G network, all carriers used Samsung, Ericsson, and Nokia base stations and equipment, except for LG U Plus, who also used Huawei equipment.^[40]^[41] Samsung was the largest supplier for 5G base stations in South Korea at launch, having shipped 53,000 base stations at the time, out of 86,000 base stations installed across the country at the time.^[42]

The first fairly substantial deployments were in April 2019. In South Korea, SK Telecom claimed 38,000 base stations, KT Corporation 30,000 and LG U Plus 18,000; of which 85% are in six major cities.^[43] They are using 3.5 GHz (sub-6) spectrum in non-standalone (NSA) mode and tested speeds were from 193 to 430 Mbit/s down.^[44] 260,000 signed up in the first month and 4.7 million by the end of 2019.^[45]

Nine companies sell 5G radio hardware and 5G systems for carriers: Altiostar, Cisco Systems, Datang Telecom/Fiberhome, Ericsson, Huawei, Nokia, Qualcomm, Samsung, and ZTE.^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51]^[52]

Spectrum

Large quantities of new radio spectrum (5G NR frequency bands) have been allocated to 5G^[53]. For example, in July 2016, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) freed up vast amounts of bandwidth in underused high-band spectrum for 5G. The Spectrum Frontiers Proposal (SFP) doubled the amount of millimeter-wave unlicensed spectrum to 14 GHz and created four times the amount of flexible, mobile-use spectrum the FCC had licensed to date.^[54] In March 2018, European Union lawmakers agreed to open up the 3.6 and 26 GHz bands by 2020.^[55]

As of March 2019, there are reportedly 52 countries, territories, special administrative regions, disputed territories and dependencies that are formally considering introducing certain spectrum bands for terrestrial 5G services, are holding consultations regarding suitable spectrum allocations for 5G, have reserved spectrum for 5G, have announced plans to auction frequencies or have already allocated spectrum for 5G use.^[56]

Unlicensed spectrum

MNOs are increasingly using unlicensed spectrum in the 2.4 and 5 gigahertz (GHz) frequency bands. 4G & 5G networks also use these bands. to offload traffic in heavily congested areas and provide connectivity for billions of IoT devices. Advancements in Wi-Fi, LTE in Unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U), License Assisted Access (LAA), and MulteFire use 4G & 5G technologies in these bands..

5G devices

Samsung Galaxy S10 5G, the first smartphone able to connect to 5G networks^[57]

In March 2019, the Global Mobile Suppliers Association released the industry's first database tracking worldwide 5G device launches.^[58] In it, the GSA identified 23 vendors who have confirmed the availability of forthcoming 5G devices with 33 different devices including regional variants. There were seven announced 5G device form factors: (telephones (×12 devices), hotspots (×4), indoor and outdoor customer-premises equipment (×8), modules (×5), Snap-on dongles and adapters (×2), and USB terminals (×1)).^[59] By October 2019, the number of announced 5G devices had risen to 129, across 15 form factors, from 56 vendors.^[60]

In the 5G IoT chipset arena, as of April 2019 there were four commercial 5G modem chipsets and one commercial processor/platform, with more launches expected in the near future.^[61]

On March 6, 2020 the first ever all-5G smartphone Samsung Galaxy S20 was released. According to Business Insider, the 5G feature was showcased as more expensive in comparison with 46; the line up starts at US $1000, in comparison with Samsung Galaxy S10e which started at US $750.^[62] On March 19, HMD Global, the current maker of Nokia-branded phones, announced the Nokia 8.3, which it claimed as having a wider range of 5G compatibility than any other phone released to that time. The mid-range model, with an initial Eurozone price of €599, is claimed to support all 5G bands from 600 MHz to 3.8 GHz.^[63]

Availability

Availability by Country or region.

Australia

Telstra began its 5G service in areas of Sydney and Melbourne in May 2019 with plans to roll out the service to other cities in the coming years.^[64] Optus has also switched on 5G in limited areas, and are currently expanding their 5G network across Australia. Vodafone's 5G network is expected to go live in mid-2020.^[65]

Argentina

Argentina expects deployment of 5G around the end of 2019 or the beginning of 2020 according to some reports^[66] or in 2021 or 2022 according to a different estimate.^[67] In late 2017, a lab test of a 5G system achieved a download speed of 20 Gbit/s.^[68] A single terminal in a shopping center in Buenos Aires was experimentally equipped with 5G in early 2019. Its download speeds were as high as 700 Mbit/s.^{[citation needed]}

Bulgaria

Initial showcase of 5G network was demonstrated to reach 2.2Gbit/s in February 2018 by the local telecommunication provider A1. The operator received license for a 5G frequency in 2019 and test implementation with 5G equipment by Nokia was first demonstrated. Availability for the end users is expected in 2020.^[69]

Canada

The government of Canada announced a planned roll out of 5G in 2019. An auction for the 5G spectrum is expected in 2020, a decision on a higher frequency spectrum in 2021, and a new frequency proposal by 2022. The government has committed to an investment of $199 million over the course of five years in order to modernize spectrum equipment; wireless operators are expected to invest $26 billion, and have already invested $17.6 billion.^[70]^[71] The roll out will be location based, with initial availability decisions being based on the type of community — city, urban, or rural. Among other benefits, the 5G network is expected to help connect Canada's under-served rural communities.^[72] It is currently undecided as to whether or not Canada will use Huawei products as part of their infrastructure. Both Bell and Telus have deployment plans involving the company, whereas Rogers does not.^[71]

Carrier	Availabity
Bell	2020
Rogers	2020
Telus	2020
Fido	Late 2020
Koodo	Late 2020
Virgin	Late 2020
Freedom	2021
SaskTel	2021+
Videotron	2021+

Discount prepaid carriers such as Public Mobile and Chatr aren't expected to upgrade to 5G for a number of years.^[73]

China

China has launched its 5G national network and started commercial operation on 1 November 2019. At launch, Chinese state media called it the world's largest 5G network.^[74]^[75]

Finland

Finland held an auction for 5G spectrum in 2018. In this the three telecom operators Elisa, DNA and Telia all won a license to use the 3.5 GHz spectrum for 5G networks. As of March 3, 2020, all three have commercial network in few cities, Elisa operating in most (11 cities), but all three are expanding their coverage throughout 2020.^{[citation needed]}

Germany

Germany held an auction for 5G spectrum in June 2019. The winning companies are committed to providing 5G coverage to 98% of households by 2022.^[76]

Carrier City	Deutsche Telekom	Vodafone	Telefónica	1&1 Drillisch
Berlin	Partial	Partial	—	—
Frankfurt am Main	—	Partial	—	—
Cologne / Bonn	Partial	Partial	—	—
Darmstadt	Partial	—	—	—
Hamburg	Planned	Partial	—	—
Munich	Partial	—	—	—
Karlsruhe	—	Partial	—	—
Nuremberg	—	—	—	—
Wolfsburg	—	Partial	—	—
Sources:^[77]^[78]

Operator	Infrastructures	Spectrum n78 (3.6 GHz TDD)	Spectrum n1 (2.1 GHz FDD)	Spectrum n28 (700 MHz FDD)
Deutsche Telekom (Build-Out)	Ericsson and Huawei	90 MHz (10 MHz with limitations)	20 MHz	10 MHz
Vodafone (Build-Out)	Ericsson and Huawei	90 MHz (20 MHz with limitations)	20 MHz	10 MHz
Telefónica (Planned)	Nokia and Huawei	70 MHz	2021: 20 MHz / 2025: 10 MHz	10 MHz
1&1 Drillisch (Planned)	N/A	50 MHz	2021: 0 MHz / 2025: 10 MHz	0 MHz

India

On 23 February 2018, Bharti Airtel and Chinese multinational telecom gear Huawei have successfully conducted India's first 5G network trial under a test setup at the former's network experience centre in Manesar, Gurugram.^[79] However, the Indian government is looking to ban Huawei from future 5G spectrum auctions due to security reasons. In response, Airtel made a statement stating that it may look for alternatives for 5G as it no longer wishes to continue with Huawei infrastructures.^[80]^[81] Nevertheless, Huawei urged the Department of Telecom to make an independent decision on 5G rollout.^[82]^[83] Huawei, further said that it won't invest more if government denies permission for 5G auctions. The Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson Ravesh Kumar, said that the Indian government will take a call on this issue. A Telecom Committee is all-set to look up on this matter, from various ministries and departments. Whatever fits in economic and security interest, the committee will decide on this.^[84]

In August 2019, the Chinese government increased its pressure on India not to ban Huawei, indicating it could retaliate against Indian companies doing business in China.^[85] While Australia and the United Kingdom have expressed their concerns over cyber security of India.^[86] Australian national security and cyber officials have also warned India over security threats of Huawei.^[87]^[88] In Indian Economic Summit 2019, Wilbur Ross said that the U.S. hopes that India “does not inadvertently subject itself to untoward security risk” by using 5G equipment from the Chinese tech giant and mentioned that India should take its own decision on Huawei.^[89] The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has issued, white paper press statement stating that 5G is set to transform communication networks and will bring massive growth in Indian economy by 2021.^[90]^[91] TRAI has also ordered telecom companies to identify specific use causes for 5G launch.^[92]

Operator	Infrastructures
Airtel (Planned)	Huawei and Nokia
BSNL (Planned)	Nokia and Coriant
Jio (Planned)	Samsung
Vodafone Idea (Planned)	Ericsson
Sources:^[93]^[94]^[95]^[96]^[97]

Ireland

Carrier City	Eir	Three	Vodafone
Athlone	Live	—	—
Bray	Live	—	—
Carlow	Live	—	—
Castlebar	Live	—	—
Cork	Live	—	Live
Drogheda	Live	—	—
Dublin	Live	—	Live
Dundalk	Live	—	—
Ennis	Live	—	—
Galway	Live	—	Live
Kilkenny	Live	—	—
Killarney	Planned	—	—
Letterkenny	Live	—	—
Limerick	Live	—	Live
Naas	Live	—	—
Navan	Live	—	—
Sligo	Live	—	—
Tralee	Live	—	—
Trim	Live	—	—
Waterford	Live	—	Live
Wexford	Live	—	—
Sources:^[98]^[99]^[100]^[101]

In August 2019, Vodafone Ireland switched on 5G connectivity in Cork, Dublin, Galway, Limerick and Waterford cities initially, with a view to expanding its network over time.^[102]

Eir switched on 100 sites across 10 towns and cities during October 2019 with plans to add another 100 sites by the end of the year. Telecom Imagine offers fixed 5G broadband in mostly rural areas of the country which do not have fibre broadband.^[101]

Italy

Carrier City	Iliad	TIM	Vodafone	Wind Tre
Bari	—	Planned	—	—
Brescia	—	Partial	—	—
Bologna	—	Planned	Partial	—
Florence	—	Planned	—	—
Matera	—	Planned	—	—
Milan	—	Planned	Partial	—
Naples	—	Partial	Partial	—
Rome	—	Partial	Partial	—
Turin	—	Partial	Partial	—
Verona	—	Planned	—	—
Sources:^[103]^[104]^[105]

Operator	Infrastructures
Iliad	Cisco Systems, CommScope and Nokia
TIM	Ericsson
Vodafone	Huawei
Wind Tre	Ericsson and ZTE
Sources:^[106]^[107]^[108]^[109]

Japan

Service availability before July 2020 (2020 Summer Olympics).

SoftBank: SoftBank to be first in Japan to launch 5G services, on March 27. Offering test services for the Japanese national basketball team's reinforced match held at Saitama Super Arena on August 22.

KDDI(au): Developed a mechanism to be used for security at venues linked to drones (small unmanned aerial vehicles) and robot cameras. A test service is scheduled to start after autumn.

NTT DoCoMo: Will launch on March. Provides sports watching services using 5G at Rugby World Cup 2019.

Rakuten: The new telecom joins with 5G.

Operator	Infrastructures
NTT DoCoMo (Planned)
KDDI(au) (Planned)
SoftBank (Planned)
Rakuten (Planned)

Monaco

On 9 July 2019, Monaco Telecom launched its 5G network covering the entire city area in conjunction with the presentation of the commercial offer, using only Huawei equipment.^[110]^[111]^[112]

Netherlands

Because the Dutch government must move a ground satellite system that would interfere with 5G to a new location, an auction of the 3.5GHz range (commonly associated with 5G) is being postponed—expected in early 2022.^[113]

New Zealand

After early 5G trials in August 2019, Vodafone NZ launched its 5G service in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Queenstown on December 10, 2019, with plans to roll out the service to other cities in 2020.^[114] Vodafone has partnered with Nokia to provide 5G.

Norway

In Norway, the first 5G-test was done in 2017.^[115] Telenor launched 5G in Elverum in September 2019,^[116] planning to launch in Trondheim soon after.^[117]^[118] Competitor Ice claimed to be ready for 5G in Oslo and Akershus, Drammen, Bergen, Fredrikstad, Sarpsborg, Stavanger og Sandnes, Trondheim, Skien, Porsgrunn and Kristiansand in November 2019.^[119] Telia plan to start their 5G network in 2020, with full national coverage by 2023.^[120]

Pakistan

On 22 August 2019, Zong became the first network to test 5G in Pakistan. The tests were conducted by Pakistani telecom company Zong along with Chinese telecom gear company Huawei at Zong's headquarters in Islamabad.^[121]^[122]^[123] On 6 January 2020, Zong claimed that it had successfully completed South Asia's first official 5G video call.^[124]

Telenor Pakistan is also working on implementing 5G in Pakistan.^[125]

Jazz, Pakistan's largest network in terms of registered users, also successfully conducted 5G tests using Huawei equipment on 4 January 2020 in Islamabad.^[126] According to officials, Pakistan Telecommunication Authority allotted Jazz with a trial spectrum of 100 MHz from 2600 MHz band for its 5G network for six months which is extendable. As a result, the company successfully integrated a 5G site to its network, where the live testing of the 5G equipment was showcased to the media. Currently, Jazz is authorized to conduct public trials of its 5G network at five locations in Islamabad: F8, G7, E7, and some areas of Blue Area.^[127]

Pakistan Telecommunication Authority hopes 5G will be available in Pakistan by 2021.^[128] The commercial launch of 5G in Pakistan is currently dependent on Pakistan Telecommunication Authority agreeing a regulatory and policy framework, which has yet to be finalized. But trials conducted by Jazz, and Zong indicate that operators have done their part.^[129] However, due to recent economic recession, 4G services haven't been able to scale at a reasonable rate by operators who feel financially squeezed. This could delay the commercial launch of 5G in Pakistan. Currently, PTA has granted permission to PMCL (Jazz) and CMPak (Zong) for six months to conduct test and trial of 5G technology under limited environment.^[130]

Operator	Infrastructures
Zong (Planned)	Huawei
Jazz (Planned)	Huawei
Telenor Pakistan (Planned)	Ericsson, Nokia
Sources:^[131]^[132]^[126]^[125]^[133]

Philippines

5G in the Philippines started in 2016 when Smart Communications tested 5G and recorded a speed of 2.5 Gbit/s and 14.97 Gbit/s in its Technolab test in 2018, laying the groundwork for 5G infrastructure in the country.^[134]

Globe Telecom started offering 5G services in the Philippines since July 2019, making Philippines the first country to roll out 5G network in Southeast Asia,^[135]^[136] and third in Asia after South Korea and Japan.^[135] Huawei being Globe Telecom's long time partner ensures that the Philippines will be ahead of other countries in developing its 5G spectrum.

The country's largest telecom PLDT is also planning to roll out its 5G services in the 4th quarter of 2019 tapping Nokia and Finland's Erricson as their technology provider but was delayed. Recently, PLDT CEO Manuel V. Pangilinan announced he is tapping Huawei to provide 5G network in the first quarter of 2020.^[137] The telco titan forged a partnership with the Araneta Group to launch 5G technology in Araneta City, which will be transformed into the country's first Smart 5G Lifestyle Hub.^[138] Local telecoms are also ramping up their 5G infrastructure investment through the help of other 5G technology providers.

Carrier	Availability
Globe Telecom (Planned)
Smart Communications (Planned)^[137]	Q2 2020
Dito Telecommunity (Planned)
Now Telecom (Planned)

Poland

State-owned Exatel was the first company to conduct the test of 5G connectivity in Poland in 2017.^[139] In December 2018, T-Mobile launched first 5G tests in Warsaw with hardware from Huawei, and Katowice and Orange Polska in Gliwice.^[140] In March 2019, Orange Polska together with Ericsson launched test in Zakopane, followed by Warsaw in September and together with Nokia in Lublin in October of the same year. In July 2019, Play launched another tests in Toruń and Grójec, using hardware from Huawei. In October, 2019, T-Mobile launched an experimental 5G installation in Kraków. The network created together with Nokia was activated in the headquarters of hub:raum innovation center. Its signal was available only inside the building for the T-Mobile business partners and startups cooperating with the innovation centre.^[141]

Play will be the first carrier to offer commercial 5G network in Gdańsk, Gdynia and Sopot from January, 2020.^[142]

On January 3, 2020, Cyfrowy Polsat, owner of Plus, began 5G roll-out in seven cities.^[143]

In 2020 the auction will be held by The Office of Electronic Communications to allocate further frequencies for 5G.^[144]

Carrier City	Orange	T-Mobile	Play	Plus
Bytom	Test	—	—	—
Chorzów	Test	—	—	—
Gdańsk	—	—	January 2020	Q1 2020
Gdynia	—	—	January 2020	—
Gliwice	Test	—	—	—
Grójec	—	—	Test	—
Katowice	Test	Test	—	Q1 2020
Kołobrzeg	Test	—	—	—
Koszalin	Test	—	—	—
Kraków	—	Test	—	—
Lublin	Test	—	—	—
Łódź	—	—	—	Q1 2020
Piekary Śląskie	Test	—	—	—
Poznań	—	—	—	Q1 2020
Sopot	—	—	January 2020	—
Szczecin	—	—	—	Q1 2020
Toruń	—	—	Test	—
Warszawa	Test	Test	Test	Q1 2020
Wrocław	—	—	—	Q1 2020
Zakopane	Test	—	—	—
Sources:^[139]^[140]^[144]^[145]

Romania

Starting May 2019, Vodafone Romania offer 5G connectivity in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca and Mamaia.^[146]

DIGI | RCS & RDS and Ericsson go live with 5G mobile service in Romania since June 2019 ^[147]

Orange Romania switches on 5G network in November 2019 and has become the first country within the Orange S.A. Group to commercially launch 5G ^[148]

Russian Federation

In June 2019, "Huawei signed a deal with Russia's largest telecoms operator MTS to develop 5G technologies and launch a fifth-generation network in Russia within the next year."^[149]

In July 2019, Moscow announced the opening of 5G demo centres for testing new technologies and city services. The demo centres provide access to 5G networks for Russian and foreign companies via 5G laboratories operating on the principle of vendor neutrality, which means openness to business, information security and respect for patent law.^{[citation needed]}

Agreements on launching a 5G network have been signed with Russia's main telecom operators. The operators will deploy segments of permanently operating 5G zones, test new functionalities of the 5th generation network, and interact with each other.^{[citation needed]}

Each of the 4 operators will have its own pilot zone: at the Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy, Skolkovo, Sparrow Hills and Tverskaya Street. At the same time, the operators will work with the regulator independently on frequency bids and permits.

In 2018, Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin and Sergei Soldatenkov, CEO of MegaFon, Russia's second largest mobile phone operator, have signed a cooperation agreement aimed at developing communication services and information and telecommunications technologies in Moscow.^{[citation needed]}

Beeline has also signed a five-year renewable agreement with the Moscow authorities under which it will deploy a pilot 5G network in the capital next year alongside NB-IoT, Smart City and virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR) solutions.

Ericsson has been selected by Tele2 Russia to upgrade its network with the 5G-ready Ericsson Radio System including software, as part of a five-year network modernisation deal to enable higher speeds and capacity and prepare for the 5G launch.

Tele2 Russia has also entered into a partnership agreement with Huawei, involving strategic cooperation in the development of a 5G-oriented transport and core network, including testing of ultra-wideband communication networks.^{[citation needed]}

At the Mobile World Congress, Ericsson signed a 5G “roadmap agreement” with MTS. The agreement outlines the rollout of 5G networks for the operator in the 2019–2022 timeframe.

The commercial launch of 5G is one of Moscow's priority projects. The first pilot zones will be small areas in key locations across Moscow. These areas fall into two main categories: crowded places (parks and central streets), where more consumer tech 5G tests and demonstrations will be held; and innovation centres and technoparks, where technology companies will be able to test industrial 5G. The project is being implemented in cooperation with Huawei, Nokia, Ericsson, Qualcomm and IBM.^{[citation needed]}

During the 2018 World Cup, MegaFon used Nokia 5G equipment to demonstrate VR Broadcast technology for indoor coverage at a venue for media representatives and football fans. Fifty people used VR glasses to watch the VR broadcast, with 20 VR glasses being used simultaneously at speeds of up to 35 Mbit/s per device.^{[citation needed]}

San Marino

San Marino is covered by the 5G network of TIM San Marino using telecommunications infrastructures produced by Nokia; however no commercial offer is available yet (July 2019).^[150]

South Africa

Rain, one of the smaller telecommunication players in South Africa, launched 5G in September 2019, to be used as a home internet service.^[151]

The two biggest telecommunications providers in South Africa, MTN and Vodacom, don’t have commercial 5G services as of March 2020.

South Korea (Republic of Korea)

By the middle of June 2019, South Korea had over one million 5G subscribers.^[152]

Taiwan

Taiwan is aiming for service availability by June 2020, according to Vice Premier Chen Chi-mai.^[153] In June 2019, the American tech company Qualcomm started construction on a 5G center in Taipei.^[154]

Thailand

Thailand held an auction for 5G spectrum in February 16, 2020.^[155] On February 24, 2020, AIS announced the official launch of the First 5G service Commercial in Thailand.^[156]^[157] On March 17, 2020, TrueMove H has become Thailand’s second operator to launch commercial 5G services after receiving its 2.6GHz spectrum licence.^[158]^[159]

Carrier City/Town	AIS	TrueMove H	CAT	TOT	DTAC
Amnat Charoen	—	Partial	—	—	—
Ang Thong	—	Partial	—	—	—
Aranyaprathet	—	Partial	—	—	—
Bangkok	Partial	Partial	Planned	Planned	Planned
Bueng Kan	—	Partial	—	—	—
Buriram	—	Partial	—	—	—
Chachoengsao	—	Partial	—	—	—
Chai Nat	—	Partial	—	—	—
Cha-am	—	Partial	—	—	—
Chaiyaphum	—	Partial	—	—	—
Chanthaburi	—	Partial	—	—	—
Chiang Khan	—	Partial	—	—	—
Chiang Mai	Partial	Partial	—	—	—
Chiang Rai	—	Partial	—	—	—
Chonburi	Partial	Partial	—	—	—
Chumphon	—	Partial	—	—	—
Hat Yai	—	Partial	—	—	—
Hua Hin	—	Partial	—	—	—
Kalasin	—	Partial	—	—	—
Kamphaeng Phet	—	Partial	—	—	—
Kanchanaburi	—	Partial	—	—	—
Khlong Luang	—	Partial	—	—	—
Khon Kaen	—	Partial	—	—	—
Krabi	—	Partial	—	—	—
Lampang	—	Partial	—	—	—
Lamphun	—	Partial	—	—	—
Lopburi	—	Partial	—	—	—
Mae Hong Son	—	Partial	—	—	—
Mae Sot	—	Partial	—	—	—
Maha Sarakham	—	Partial	—	—	—
Mukdahan	—	Partial	—	—	—
Nakhon Nayok	—	Partial	—	—	—
Nakhon Pathom	Partial	Partial	—	—	—
Nakhon Phanom	—	Partial	—	—	—
Nakhon Ratchasima	Partial	Partial	—	—	—
Nakhon Sawan	—	Partial	—	—	—
Nakhon Si Thammarat	—	Partial	—	—	—
Nan	—	Partial	—	—	—
Narathiwat	—	Partial	—	—	—
Nong Bua Lamphu	—	Partial	—	—	—
Nong Khai	—	Partial	—	—	—
Nonthaburi	—	Partial	—	—	—
Pattani	—	Partial	—	—	—
Pattaya	Partial	Partial	—	—	—
Phang Nga	—	Partial	—	—	—
Phatthalung	—	Partial	—	—	—
Phayao	—	Partial	—	—	—
Phitsanulok	—	Partial	—	—	—
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya	—	Partial	—	—	—
Phrae	—	Partial	—	—	—
Phuket	Partial	Partial	—	—	—
Prachinburi	—	Partial	—	—	—
Prachuap Khiri Khan	—	Partial	—	—	—
Ranong	—	Partial	—	—	—
Ratchaburi	—	Partial	—	—	—
Rayong	—	Partial	—	—	—
Roi Et	—	Partial	—	—	—
Sakon Nakhon	—	Partial	—	—	—
Salaya	—	Partial	—	—	—
Sam Phran	Partial	Partial	—	—	—
Samut Prakan	—	Partial	—	—	—
Samut Sakhon	—	Partial	—	—	—
Samut Songkhram	—	Planned	—	—	—
Saraburi	—	Partial	—	—	—
Satun	—	Partial	—	—	—
Sing Buri	—	Partial	—	—	—
Sisaket	—	Partial	—	—	—
Songkhla	—	Partial	—	—	—
Sukhothai	—	Partial	—	—	—
Suphan Buri	—	Partial	—	—	—
Surat Thani	—	Partial	—	—	—
Surin	—	Partial	—	—	—
Trang	—	Partial	—	—	—
Trat	—	Partial	—	—	—
Ubon Ratchathani	—	Partial	—	—	—
Udon Thani	—	Partial	—	—	—
Uthai Thani	Partial	Partial	—	—	—
Uttaradit	Partial	Partial	—	—	—
Yala	Partial	Partial	—	—	—
Yasothon	Partial	Partial	—	—	—
Sources:^[160]^[161]^[162]^[163]

United Kingdom

Carrier City	EE	O2	Three	Vodafone
Aberdeen	—	—	Live	—
Abingdon	—	—	Live	—
Aldershot	—	—	Live	—
Balloch	—	—	Live	—
Barrow-in-Furness	—	—	Live	—
Basildon	—	—	Live	—
Bath	—	—	Live	—
Bedford	—	—	Live	—
Belfast	Live	Live	—	—
Birkenhead	—	—	Live	Live
Birmingham	Live	Planned	Live	Live
Blackpool	—	—	Live	Planned
Bolton	—	—	Planned	—
Borehamwood	—	—	Live	—
Bournemouth	—	—	—	Planned
Bradford	—	—	Live	—
Brighton	—	—	Live	—
Bristol	Live	Planned	Live	Live
Brookmans Park	—	—	Live	—
Cannock	—	—	Live	—
Cardiff	Live	Live	Live	Live
Chatham	—	—	Live	—
Clayton-le-Woods	—	—	Live	—
Coventry	Live	—	Live	—
Crawley	—	—	Live	—
Cullingworth	—	—	Live	—
Derby	—	—	Planned	—
Doncaster	—	—	Live	—
Dundee	—	—	Live	—
Edinburgh	Live	Live	Planned	—
Guildford	—	—	—	Planned
Glasgow	Planned	—	Live	Live
Gorebridge	—	—	Live	—
Grimsby	—	—	Live	—
Guildford	—	—	Live	—
Heanor	—	—	Live	—
Hedge End	—	—	Live	—
Hemel Hempstead	—	—	Live	—
Huddersfield	—	—	Live	—
Hull	Planned	—	Planned	—
Inchinnan	—	—	Live	—
Ipswich	—	—	Live	—
Leeds	Planned	Live	Live	Live
Leicester	Planned	—	Live	—
Leyland	—	—	Live	—
Liverpool	Planned	—	Live	Live
London	Live	Live	Live	Live
Lower Stondon	—	—	Live	—
Luton	—	—	Live	—
Maidstone	—	—	Live	—
Manchester	Live	Planned	Live	Live
Middlesbrough	—	—	Planned	—
Milton Keynes	—	—	Planned	—
Motherwell	—	—	Live	—
Neston	—	—	Live	—
Newbury	—	—	—	Planned
Newcastle	Planned	—	—	—
Newquay	—	—	Live	—
Nottingham	Partial	—	Live	—
Nuneaton	—	—	Live	—
Peterborough	—	—	Live	—
Portsmouth	—	—	—	Planned
Plymouth	—	—	Live	Planned
Preston	—	—	Live	—
Reading	—	—	Live	Planned
Redcar	—	—	Live	—
Rotherham	—	—	Planned	—
Royston	—	—	Live	—
Sheffield	Planned	—	Live	—
Shelly Green	—	—	Live	—
Slough	—	Planned	Live	—
St Albans	—	—	Live	—
Stoke-on-Trent	—	—	—	Planned
Sunderland	—	—	Live	—
Swadlincote	—	—	Live	—
Swansea	—	—	Live	—
Swindon	—	—	Live	—
Walsall	Live	—	Live	Planned
Watford	Live	—	—	—
Westhoughton	—	—	Live	—
Wickford	—	—	Live	—
Wigan	—	—	Live	—
Wolverhampton	Live	—	Planned	Live
Sources:^[164]^[165]^[166]^[167]

United States

Video produced by the FCC about 5G in the United States

The four major US carriers have announced plans to deploy 5G in 2019, beginning with major metropolitan areas. On July 31, Atlanta became the first city to have it available from all four carriers.^[168]

T-Mobile launched nationwide 5G on December 2, 2019.^[169]

Carrier City	AT&T	Sprint	T-Mobile	Verizon
Atlanta	Live	Live	Live	Live
Austin	Live	—	Live	—
Birmingham	Live	—	Live	—
Boise	—	—	Live	Live
Boston	Live	—	Live	Live
Bridgeport	Live	—	Live	—
Buffalo	Live	—	Live	—
Charlotte	Live	—	Live	Live
Chicago	—	Live	Live	Live
Cincinnati	—	—	Live	Planned
Cleveland	—	—	Live	Live
Columbus	—	—	Live	Live
Dallas–Fort Worth	Live	Live	Live	Live
Denver	—	—	Live	Live
Des Moines	—	—	Live	Live
Detroit	—	—	Live	Live
Fort Myers	—	—	Live	—
Houston	Live	Live	Live	Live
Indianapolis	Live	—	Live	Live
Jacksonville	Live	—	Live	—
Kansas City	—	Live	Live	Planned
Las Vegas	Live	—	Live	—
Little Rock	—	—	Live	Planned
Los Angeles	Live	Live	Live	Live
Louisville	Live	—	Live	—
Memphis	—	—	Live	Live
Minneapolis–Saint Paul	—	—	Live	Live
Miami	—	—	Live	Live
Milwaukee	Live	—	Live	—
Nashville	Live	—	Live	—
New Orleans	Live	—	Live	—
New York	Live	Live	Live	Live
Oklahoma City	Live	—	Live	—
Omaha	—	—	Live	Live
Orlando	Live	—	—	—
Panama City	—	—	Live	Live
Philadelphia	—	—	Live	—
Phoenix	—	Live	Live	Live
Pittsburgh	Live	—	Live	—
Providence	Live	—	Live	Live
Raleigh	Live	—	Live	—
Rochester	Live	—	Live	–
Salt Lake City	—	—	Live	Live
San Antonio	Live	—	Live	—
San Diego	Live	—	Live	Planned
San Francisco	Live	—	—	—
San Jose	Live	—	—	—
Sioux Falls	—	—	Live	Live
Tampa	Live	—	—	—
Waco	Live	—	Live	—
Washington, D.C.	Live	Live	Live	Live
Sources:^[170]^[171]

Operator	Infrastructures
AT&T	Nokia, Ericsson, and Samsung
Sprint	Nokia, Ericsson, and Samsung
T-Mobile	Nokia, Ericsson, and Samsung
Verizon	Nokia, Ericsson, and Samsung

In June 2019, Senators John Thune and Brian Schatz introduced the STREAMLINE Small Cell Deployment Act (S. 1699), a proposal to limit local government involvement in the location of 5G equipment.^[172] The bill was referred to committee, but never voted upon.^[173]

On March 27, 2019, Senator John Cornyn introduced the Secure 5G and Beyond Act of 2020 (S. 893), a bill that would require the President to develop a security strategy in regards to 5G and other next generation telecommunications systems and infrastructure.^[174]^[175] President Donald Trump signed the bill into law on March 23, 2020.^[176]

Uruguay

Uruguay state-owned operator Antel with vendor Nokia announced the first 5G commercial network in Latin America in April 2019.^[177]

Vietnam

Viettel was handed the country's first licence to trial 5G in January 2019 and tests were launched in Hanoi in cooperation with Swedish vendor Ericsson in May. The test permit is valid for one year until 21 January 2020 and allows the firm to trial the technology in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. The military-owned company, which plans to launch commercial 5G services in 2020, announced that data connection speeds ranged from 1.5Gbit/s to 1.7Gbit/s. A third cellco, MobiFone, is expected to test 5G in Hanoi, Hai Phong and Da Nang.^[178] On 17 September 2019, Viettel started installation of 5G testing infrastructure, which was eventually released on 20 September.

Qatar

Oreedoo claims all major cities are covered by 5G network. Vodafone Qatar also offers 5G.

In other countries

Mexico could begin 5G service in 2021, according to José Otero, director for Latin America and the Caribbean of 5G Américas.^[179]^[180]^[181]
Sweden plans to begin rolling 5G services out sometime in 2020.^[182]
Panama plans to begin rolling out 5G in 2020–2021 using Huawei equipment for all infrastructure.^[183]^[184]

Technology

New radio frequencies

The air interface defined by 3GPP for 5G is known as New Radio (NR), and the specification is subdivided into two frequency bands, FR1 (below 6 GHz) and FR2 (mmWave),^[185] each with different capabilities.

Frequency range 1 (< 6 GHz)

The maximum channel bandwidth defined for FR1 is 100 MHz, due to the scarcity of continuous spectrum in this crowded frequency range. The band most widely being used for 5G in this range is 3.3-4.2 GHz. The Korean carriers are using 3.5 GHz although some millimeter wave spectrum has also been allocated.

Frequency range 2 (> 24 GHz)

The minimum channel bandwidth defined for FR2 is 50 MHz and the maximum is 400 MHz, with two-channel aggregation supported in 3GPP Release 15. In the U.S., Verizon is using 28 GHz and AT&T is using 39 GHz. 5G can use frequencies of up to 300 GHz.^[186] The higher the frequency, the greater the ability to support high data transfer speeds.

FR2 coverage

5G in the 24 GHz range or above use higher frequencies than 4G, and as a result, some 5G signals are not capable of traveling large distances (over a few hundred meters), unlike 4G or lower frequency 5G signals (sub 6 GHz). This requires placing 5G base stations every few hundred meters in order to use higher frequency bands. Also, these higher frequency 5G signals cannot penetrate solid objects easily, such as cars, trees, and walls, because of the nature of these higher frequency electromagnetic waves. 5G cells can be deliberately designed to be as inconspicuous as possible, which finds applications in places like restaurants and shopping malls. ^[187]


Cell types		Deployment environment	Max. number of users	Output power (mW)	Max. distance from base station
5G NR FR2	Femtocell	Homes, businesses	Home: 4–8 Businesses: 16–32	indoors: 10–100 outdoors: 200–1000	10s of meters
	Pico cell	Public areas like shopping malls, airports, train stations, skyscrapers	64 to 128	indoors: 100–250 outdoors: 1000–5000	10s of meters
	Micro cell	Urban areas to fill coverage gaps	128 to 256	outdoors: 5000−10000	few hundreds of meters
	Metro cell	Urban areas to provide additional capacity	more than 250	outdoors: 10000−20000	hundreds of meters
Wi-Fi (for comparison)		Homes, businesses	less than 50	indoors: 20–100 outdoors: 200–1000	few 10s of meters

Massive MIMO

Massive MIMO (multiple input and multiple output) antennas increases sector throughput and capacity density using large numbers of antennas and Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO). Each antenna is individually-controlled and may embed radio transceiver components. Nokia claimed a five-fold increase in the capacity increase for a 64-Tx/64-Rx antenna system. The term "massive MIMO" was coined by Nokia Bell Labs researcher Dr. Thomas L. Marzetta in 2010, and has been launched in 4G networks, such as Softbank in Japan.^[188]

Of more than 562 separate 5G demonstrations, tests or trials globally of 5G technologies, at least 94 of them have involved testing Massive MIMO in the context of 5G.^[189]

Edge computing

Edge computing is delivered by computing servers closer to the ultimate user. It reduces latency and data traffic congestion.^[190]^[191]

Small cell

Small cells are low-powered cellular radio access nodes that operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum that have a range of 10 meters to a few kilometers. Small cells are critical to 5G networks, as 5G's radio waves can't travel long distances, because of 5G's higher frequencies.

Beamforming

Beamforming, as the name suggests, is used to direct radio waves to a target. This is achieved by combining elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. This improves signal quality and data transfer speeds. 5G uses beamforming due to the improved signal quality it provides. Beamforming can be accomplished using phased array antennas.

Wifi-cellular convergence

One expected benefit of the transition to 5G is the convergence of multiple networking functions to achieve cost, power, and complexity reductions. LTE has targeted convergence with Wi-Fi band/technology via various efforts, such as License Assisted Access (LAA; 5G signal in unlicensed frequency bands that are also used by Wi-Fi) and LTE-WLAN Aggregation (LWA; convergence with Wi-Fi Radio), but the differing capabilities of cellular and Wi-Fi have limited the scope of convergence. However, significant improvement in cellular performance specifications in 5G, combined with migration from Distributed Radio Access Network (D-RAN) to Cloud- or Centralized-RAN (C-RAN) and rollout of cellular small cells can potentially narrow the gap between Wi-Fi and cellular networks in dense and indoor deployments. Radio convergence could result in sharing ranging from the aggregation of cellular and Wi-Fi channels to the use of a single silicon device for multiple radio access technologies.^{[citation needed]}

NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access)

NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access) is a proposed multiple-access technique for future cellular systems via allocation of power.

SDN/NFV

Initially, cellular mobile communications technologies were designed in the context of providing voice services and Internet access. Today a new era of innovative tools and technologies is inclined towards developing a new pool of applications. This pool of applications consists of different domains such as the Internet of Things (IoT), web of connected autonomous vehicles, remotely controlled robots, and heterogeneous sensors connected to serve versatile applications.^[192] In this context, network slicing has emerged as a key technology to efficiently embrace this new market model.^[193]

Channel coding

The channel coding techniques for 5G NR have changed from Turbo codes in 4G to polar codes for the control channels and LDPC (low-density parity check codes) for the data channels.^[194]^[195]

Operation in unlicensed spectrum

Like LTE in unlicensed spectrum, 5G NR will also support operation in unlicensed spectrum (NR-U).^[196] In addition to License Assisted Access (LAA) from LTE that enable carriers to use those unlicensed spectrum to boost their operational performance for users, in 5G NR it will support standalone NR-U unlicensed operation that will allow new 5G NR networks to be established in different environments without acquiring operational license in licensed spectrum, for instance for localized private network or lower the entry barrier for providing 5G internet services to the public.^[196]

Concerns

Interference issues

The spectrum used by various 5G proposals will be near that of passive remote sensing such as by weather and Earth observation satellites, particularly for water vapor monitoring. Interference will occur and will potentially be significant without effective controls. An increase in interference already occurred with some other prior proximate band usages.^[197]^[198] Interference to satellite operations impairs numerical weather prediction performance with substantially deleterious economic and public safety impacts in areas such as commercial aviation.^[199]^[200]

The concerns prompted U.S. Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross and NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine in February 2019 to urge the FCC to delay some spectrum auction proposals, which was rejected.^[201] The chairs of the House Appropriations Committee and House Science Committee wrote separate letters to FCC chair Ajit Pai asking for further review and consultation with NOAA, NASA, and DoD, and warning of harmful impacts to national security.^[202] Acting NOAA director Neil Jacobs testified before the House Committee in May 2019 that 5G out-of-band emissions could produce a 30% reduction in weather forecast accuracy and that the resulting degradation in ECMWF model performance would have resulted in failure to predict the track and thus the impact of Superstorm Sandy in 2012. The United States Navy in March 2019 wrote a memorandum warning of deterioration and made technical suggestions to control band bleed-over limits, for testing and fielding, and for coordination of the wireless industry and regulators with weather forecasting organizations.^[203]

At the 2019 quadrennial World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC), atmospheric scientists advocated for a strong buffer of −55 decibel watts (dBW), European regulators agreed on a recommendation of −42 dBW, and US regulators (the FCC) recommended a restriction of −20 dBW, which is 150 times weaker than the European proposal. The ITU decided on an intermediate −33 dBW until 1 September 2027 and after that a standard of −39 dBW.^[204] This is closer to the European recommendation but even the delayed higher standard is much weaker than that pleaded for by atmospheric scientists, triggering warnings from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) that the ITU standard, at 10 times less stringent than its recommendation, brings the "potential to significantly degrade the accuracy of data collected".^[205] A representative of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) also warned of interference,^[206] and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), sternly warned, saying that society risks "history repeat[ing] itself" by ignoring atmospheric scientists' warnings (referencing global warming, monitoring of which could be imperiled).^[207] In December 2019, a bipartisan request was sent from the US House Science Committee to the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to investigate why there is such a discrepancy between recommendations of US civilian and military science agencies and the regulator, the FCC.^[208]

Surveillance concerns

Due to fears of potential espionage of foreign users by Chinese equipment vendors, several countries (including Australia and the United Kingdom as of early 2019)^[209] have taken actions to restrict or eliminate the use of Chinese equipment in their respective 5G networks. Chinese vendors and the Chinese government have denied these claims.

In 2019, the United States via its FBI, the British GCHQ, other intelligence agencies, and several criminal prosecuting organizations, were heavily involved in adjusting surveillance standards. The 5G security architecture is being adjusted to allow as much metadata as possible to be collected for mass surveillance purposes. This happens via the 3SALI meetings of the 3GPP standardization organization.^[210]

A report published by the European Commission and European Agency for Cybersecurity details the security issues surrounding 5G while notoriously trying to avoid mentioning Huawei. The report warns against using a single supplier for a carrier's 5G infrastructure, specially those based outside the European Union. (Nokia and Ericsson are the only European manufacturers of 5G equipment.)^[211]

Health concerns

The development of the technology has elicited a range of responses regarding concerns that 5G radiation could have adverse health effects.^[212] An opinion piece published on Scientific American's online blog section asserts that complete scientific research regarding its effects has not been conducted and that there could be health risks.^[213] Another opinion piece in the same publication offers outlooks from both sides of the debate, and ends in a call for more and higher quality studies on the issue.^[214] Wired characterized fears that the technology could cause cancer, infertility, autism, Alzheimer's, and mysterious bird deaths as "conspiracy theory".^[215] The US FCC and nearly all other regulators claim 5G radiation will have no significant health effects.

In April 2019, the city of Brussels in Belgium blocked a 5G trial because of radiation laws.^[216] In Geneva, Switzerland, a planned upgrade to 5G was stopped for the same reason.^[217] The Swiss Telecommunications Association (ASUT) has said that studies have been unable to show that 5G frequencies have any health impact.^[218] Several Swiss cantons adopted moratoriums on 5G technology on health grounds, though the federal offices in charge of environment and telecommunications say that the cantons have no jurisdiction to do so.^[219]

Dr. Paul Ben-Ishai, a member of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Physics department, recently detailed how human sweat ducts act like an array of helical antennas when exposed to 5G wavelengths.^[220] When this occurs, EM waves interact in complex forms, resulting in potential health effects.^[221]

Health concerns related to radiation from cell telephone towers and cell telephones are not new. Although electromagnetic hypersensitivity is not scientifically recognized, diffuse unproven symptoms such as headache and tiredness have been claimed to result from exposure to electromagnetic fields such as those that carry 5G and Wi-Fi despite no mechanism or valid scientific explanation having been proven.^[222] However, 5G technology presents new issues that depart from 4G technology, namely, higher microwave frequencies from 2.6 GHz to 28 GHz, compared to 700–2500 MHz typically used by 4G. Because the higher millimeter wave used in 5G does not penetrate objects easily, this requires the installation of antennas every few hundred meters, which has sparked concern among the public.^[212]

An international appeal to the European Union made on September 13, 2017 garnered over 180 signatures from scientists representing 35 countries.^[223] They cite unproven concerns over the 10 to 20 billion connections to the 5G network and the subsequent increase in RF-EMF exposure affecting the global populace constantly. The appeal also references the International Agency for Research on Cancer's (IARC) conclusion in 2011 that frequencies 30 kHz – 300 GHz are likely carcinogenic in humans.^[224] This research was seemingly confirmed by the US Department of Health and Human Services' National Toxicology Program (NTP), which studied prolonged exposure to RF radiation on rats and noticed significant increases in cancer formation.^[225]

Critics of 5G say that these millimeter wavelengths have not been tested extensively on the general public. Most experts believe that more scientific research is needed; however, no health concerns have yet been proven,^[226] as, even though millimeter wave technology has been used in technology such as radar for many decades,^[227]^[228]^[229] there is considerable research regarding the association of cancer to the use of radar devices by police officers.^[230]

United States Senator Richard Blumenthal in 2018 said "I know of no reliable studies—classified or otherwise—that have been done about 5G technology. There may have been studies by the military but, so far as I know, they failed to meet the specifications that are required in terms of the numbers of animals or other ways of measuring that would be required."^[231]

In 2018, Dr. Martin Pall, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry and Basic Medical Sciences at Washington State University believes "Putting in tens of millions of 5G antennae without a single biological test of safety has got to be about the stupidest idea anyone has had in the history of the world."^[232] He cites the increased number of phased arrays, the high energy pulses which can easily penetrate the human body, and the bulk of antennae required to operate the network as potential causes for concern.

Writing in The New York Times in 2019, William Broad reported that RT America began airing programming linking 5G to harmful health effects, such as "brain cancer, infertility, autism, heart tumors, and Alzheimer's disease". Broad asserts that the claims, which he states have increased in 2019, have spread to hundreds of blogs and websites but "lack scientific support".^[233]

In January 2019, more than 180 scientists and doctors from 36 countries sent a letter to officials of the European Union demanding a moratorium on 5G coverage in Europe until potential hazards for human health have been fully investigated.^[234] According to the "Statement on emerging health and environmental issues (2018)" edited by European Commission's Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks (SCHEER), "5G networks will soon be rolled out for mobile phone and smart device users. How exposure to electromagnetic fields could affect humans remains a controversial area, and studies have not yielded clear evidence of the impact on mammals, birds or insects. The lack of clear evidence to inform the development of exposure guidelines to 5G technology leaves open the possibility of unintended biological consequences."^[235]

According to CNET,^[236] "Members of Parliament in the Netherlands are also calling on the government to take a closer look at 5G. Switzerland is taking steps to monitor 5G's impact on people. Several leaders in Congress have written to the Federal Communications Commission expressing concern about potential health risks. In Mill Valley, California, the city council blocked the deployment of new 5G wireless cells."^[236]^[237]^[238]^[239]^[240] Similar concerns were raised in Vermont^[241] and New Hampshire.^[236]

In February 2019, Senator Blumenthal questioned 5G industry representatives about health risks and related studies, finding that the industry has not done studies, nor were any ongoing.^[242]

In July 2019, The New York Times wrote an article detailing how an influential study from the year 2000,^[243] which determined that wireless technology carried a high chance of causing negative health effects in humans, made a scientific error by failing to study the protective benefits of human skin.^[244] The article claimed that many of the alleged health concerns around 5G and other wireless technologies in humans have not been scientifically proven.^[244]

In August 2019, a court in the USA decided that 5G technology will not be deployed without environmental impact and historic preservation reviews.^[245]

In the third quarter of 2019, after campaigning by activist groups, a series of small localities in the UK, including Totnes, Brighton and Hove, Glastonbury, and Frome passed resolutions against the implementation of further 5G infrastructure.^[246]^[247] For example, the Totnes Town Council passed a symbolic moratorium on the building of additional 5G masts pending additional research on the health effects of 5G.^[248]

In 2020, Ofcom, the UK regulatory body, revealed the results of 5G radiation testing in 10 cites. No health risks were identified and the result of measurement equated to 0.039% of a safe exposure level.^[249]

Security concerns

On October 18, 2018, a team of researchers from ETH Zurich, the University of Lorraine and the University of Dundee released a paper entitled, “A Formal Analysis of 5G Authentication”.^[250]^[251] It alerted that 5G technology could open ground for a new era of security threats. The paper described the technology as “immature and insufficiently tested,” the one that “enables the movement and access of vastly higher quantities of data, and thus broadens attack surfaces”. Simultaneously, network security companies such as Fortinet,^[252] Arbor Networks,^[253] A10 Networks,^[254] and Voxility^[255] advised on personalized and mixed security deployments against massive DDoS attacks foreseen after 5G deployment.

IoT Analytics estimated an increase in the number of IoT devices, enabled by 5G technology, from 7 billion in 2018 to 21.5 billion by 2025.^[256] This can raise the attack surface for these devices to a substantial scale, and the capacity for DDoS attacks, cryptojacking, and other cyberattacks could boost proportionally.^[251]

Marketing of non-5G services

In various parts of the world, carriers have launched numerous differently branded technologies, such as "5G Evolution", which advertise improving existing networks with the use of "5G technology".^[257] However, these pre-5G networks are an improvement on specifications of existing LTE networks that are not exclusive to 5G. While the technology promises to deliver faster speeds, and is described by AT&T as a "foundation for our evolution to 5G while the 5G standards are being finalized," it cannot be considered to be true 5G. When AT&T announced 5G Evolution, 4x4 MIMO, the technology that AT&T is using to deliver the faster speeds, had already been put in place by T-Mobile without being branded with the 5G moniker. It is claimed that such branding is a marketing move that will cause confusion with consumers, as it is not made clear that such improvements are not true 5G.^[258]

History

In April 2008, NASA partnered with Geoff Brown and Machine-to-Machine Intelligence (M2Mi) Corp to develop 5G communications technology.^[259]
In 2008, the South Korean IT R&D program of "5G mobile communication systems based on beam-division multiple access and relays with group cooperation" was formed.^{[citation needed]}
In August 2012, New York University founded NYU WIRELESS, a multi-disciplinary academic research centre that has conducted pioneering work in 5G wireless communications.^[260]^[261]^[262]
On 8 October 2012, the UK's University of Surrey secured £35M for a new 5G research centre, jointly funded by the British government's UK Research Partnership Investment Fund (UKRPIF) and a consortium of key international mobile operators and infrastructure providers, including Huawei, Samsung, Telefonica Europe, Fujitsu Laboratories Europe, Rohde & Schwarz, and Aircom International. It will offer testing facilities to mobile operators keen to develop a mobile standard that uses less energy and less radio spectrum, while delivering speeds faster than current 4G with aspirations for the new technology to be ready within a decade.^[263]^[264]^[265]^[266]
On 1 November 2012, the EU project "Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society" (METIS) starts its activity toward the definition of 5G. METIS achieved an early global consensus on these systems. In this sense, METIS played an important role of building consensus among other external major stakeholders prior to global standardization activities. This was done by initiating and addressing work in relevant global fora (e.g. ITU-R), as well as in national and regional regulatory bodies.^[267]
Also in November 2012, the iJOIN EU project was launched, focusing on "small cell" technology, which is of key importance for taking advantage of limited and strategic resources, such as the radio wave spectrum. According to Günther Oettinger, the European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society (2014–2019), "an innovative utilization of spectrum" is one of the key factors at the heart of 5G success. Oettinger further described it as "the essential resource for the wireless connectivity of which 5G will be the main driver".^[268] iJOIN was selected by the European Commission as one of the pioneering 5G research projects to showcase early results on this technology at the Mobile World Congress 2015 (Barcelona, Spain).
In February 2013, ITU-R Working Party 5D (WP 5D) started two study items: (1) Study on IMT Vision for 2020 and beyond, and; (2) Study on future technology trends for terrestrial IMT systems. Both aiming at having a better understanding of future technical aspects of mobile communications toward the definition of the next generation mobile.^[269]
On 12 May 2013, Samsung Electronics stated that they had developed a "5G" system. The core technology has a maximum speed of tens of Gbit/s (gigabits per second). In testing, the transfer speeds for the "5G" network sent data at 1.056 Gbit/s to a distance of up to 2 kilometers with the use of an 8*8 MIMO.^[270]^[271]
In July 2013, India and Israel agreed to work jointly on development of fifth generation (5G) telecom technologies.^[272]
On 1 October 2013, NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone), the same company to launch world's first 5G network in Japan, wins Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications Award at CEATEC for 5G R&D efforts.^[273]
On 6 November 2013, Huawei announced plans to invest a minimum of $600 million into R&D for next generation 5G networks capable of speeds 100 times faster than modern LTE networks.^[274]
On 3 April 2019, South Korea became the first country to adopt 5G.^[275] Just hours later, Verizon launched its 5G services in the United States, and disputed South Korea's claim of becoming the world's first country with a 5G network, because allegedly, South Korea's 5G service was launched initially for just six South Korean celebrities so that South Korea could claim the title of having the world's first 5G network.^[276] In fact, the three main South Korean telecommunication companies (SK Telecom, KT, and LG Uplus) added more than 40,000 users to their 5G network on the launch day.^[277]
In June 2019, Philippines became the first in Southeast Asia to roll out 5G network after Globe Telecom commercially launched its 5G data plans to customers.^[278]
AT&T bring 5G service to consumers and businesses in December 2019 ahead of plans to offer nationwide^[which?] 5G in the first half of 2020.^[279]^[280]

Other Applications

Automobiles

5G Automotive Association have been promoting the C-V2X communication technology that will first be deployed in 4G. It provides for communication between vehicles and communication between vehicles and infrastructures.^[281]

Public safety

Mission-critical push-to-talk (MCPTT) and mission-critical video and data are expected to be furthered in 5G.^[282]

Fixed wireless

Fixed wireless connections will offer an alternative to fixed line broadband (ADSL, VDSL, Fiber optic, and DOCSIS connections) in some locations.^[283]^[284]^[285]

Wireless video transmission for broadcast applications

Sony has tested the possibility of using local 5G networks to replace the SDI cables currently used in broadcast camcorders.^[286]

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External links

Media related to 5G at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by 4th Generation (4G)	Mobile telephony generations	Succeeded by

[1] Ray, Neville (June 18, 2018). "FCC testimony Neville Ray". FCC.gov.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)^{[dead link]}

[2] "Understanding 3GPP – starting with the basics". Qualcomm. August 1, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2020.

[3] "Preparing the ground for IMT-2020". www.3gpp.org. Archived from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.

[4] Rappaport, T.S.; Sun, Shu; Mayzus, R.; Zhao, Hang; Azar, Y.; Wang, K.; Wong, G.N.; Schulz, J.K.; Samimi, M. (January 1, 2013). "Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!". IEEE Access. 1: 335–349. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2260813. ISSN 2169-3536.

[Nordrum-5] Nordrum, Amy; Clark, Kristen (January 27, 2017). "Everything you need to know about 5G". IEEE Spectrum magazine. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. Archived from the original on January 20, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.

[6] ""I am crazy about Massive MIMO," Kitihara of Softbank ordering 1,000's of Massive MIMO bases". wirelessone.news. Retrieved March 27, 2020.

[Hoffman-7] Hoffman, Chris (January 7, 2019). "What is 5G, and how fast will it be?". How-To Geek website. How-To Geek LLC. Archived from the original on January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.

[Segan-8] Segan, Sascha (December 14, 2018). "What is 5G?". PC Magazine online. Ziff-Davis. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.

[9] Shatrughan Singh (March 16, 2018). "Eight Reasons Why 5G Is Better Than 4G". Altran. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.

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 }}
-'''5G''' is the fifth generation of wireless communications technologies supporting cellular data networks. A much heralded improvement to previous technologies, advocates claim it will revolutionize mobile communications and accelerate the advent of the [[Internet of Things| IoT]]. Large scale adoption began in 2019 and today virtually every telecommunication service provider in the developed world is upgrading its infrastructure to offer 5G functionality.
+'''5G''' is the fifth generation of wireless communications technologies supporting cellular data networks. Large scale adoption began in 2019 and today virtually every telecommunication service provider in the developed world is upgrading its infrastructure to offer 5G functionality.
-The [[Electromagnetic spectrum|frequency spectrum]] of 5G is divided into millimeter waves, mid-band and low-band. Low-band uses a similar frequency range as the predecessor, [[4G]]. 5G millimeter wave is the fastest, with actual speeds often being 1–2 Gbit/s down. Frequencies are above 24&nbsp;GHz reaching up to 72&nbsp;GHz which is above the [[extremely high frequency]] band's lower boundary. The reach is short, so more cells are required. Millimeter waves have difficulty traversing many walls and windows, so indoor coverage is limited.
+The [[Electromagnetic spectrum|frequency spectrum]] of 5G is divided into millimeter waves, mid-band, and low-band. Low-band uses a similar frequency range as the predecessor, [[4G]]. 5G millimeter wave is the fastest, with actual speeds often being 1–2 Gbit/s down. Frequencies are above 24&nbsp;GHz reaching up to 72&nbsp;GHz which is above the [[extremely high frequency]] band's lower boundary. The reach is short, so more cells are required. Millimeter waves have difficulty traversing many walls and windows, so indoor coverage is limited.
-G mid-band is the most widely deployed, in over 20 networks. Speeds in a 100&nbsp;MHz wide band are usually 100–400 Mbit/s down. In the lab and occasionally in the field, speeds can go over a gigabit per second. Frequencies deployed are from 2.4&nbsp;GHz to 4.2&nbsp;GHz. [[Sprint Corporation|Sprint]] and [[China Mobile]] are using 2.5&nbsp;GHz, while others are mostly between 3.3 and 4.2&nbsp;GHz, a range which offers increased reach. Many areas can be covered simply by upgrading existing towers, which lowers the cost.
+G mid-band is the most widely deployed, in over 30 networks. Speeds in a 100&nbsp;MHz wide band are usually 100–400 Mbit/s down. In the lab and occasionally in the field, speeds can go over a gigabit per second. Frequencies deployed are from 2.4&nbsp;GHz to 4.2&nbsp;GHz. [[Sprint Corporation|Sprint]] and [[China Mobile]] are using 2.5&nbsp;GHz, while others are mostly between 3.3 and 4.2&nbsp;GHz.  Many areas can be covered simply by upgrading existing towers, which lowers the cost.  Mid-band networks have better reach, bringing the cost close to the cost of 4G.
 G low-band offers similar capacity to advanced 4G.
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 [[Verizon Wireless|Verizon]], AT&T, and almost all 5G providers in 2019 have latencies between 25–35 milliseconds. The "air latency" (between a phone and a tower) in 2019 equipment is 8–12 ms. The latency to the server, farther back in the network, raise the average to ~30 ms, 25–40% lower than typical 4G deployed. Adding "Edge Servers" close to the towers can bring latency down to 10–20 ms. Lower latency, such as the often touted 1 ms, is years away and does not include the time to the server.
-The industry project [[3GPP]] defines any system using "[[5G NR]]" (5G New Radio) software as, "5G",{{Citation needed|reason=Which 3GPP spec has this definition?|date=January 2020}} a definition that came into general use by late 2018. Previously, some reserved the term for systems that deliver frequencies of 20&nbsp;GHz shared called for by [[ITU]] [[IMT-2020]]. 3GPP will submit their 5G NR to the ITU.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1901-imt2020_news|title=Preparing the ground for IMT-2020|publisher=www.3gpp.org|access-date=2019-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414233657/https://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1901-imt2020_news|archive-date=April 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to traditional mobile operator services, 5G NR also addresses specific requirements for private mobile networks ranging from industrial [[Internet of things|IoT]] to critical communications.
+The industry project [[3GPP]] defines any system using "[[5G NR]]" (5G New Radio) software as, "5G",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2017/08/02/understanding-3gpp-starting-basics|title=Understanding 3GPP – starting with the basics|date=2017-08-01|website=Qualcomm|language=en|access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref> a definition that came into general use by late 2018. Previously, some reserved the term 5G for systems that deliver download speeds of 20&nbsp;GHz shared called for by [[ITU]] [[IMT-2020]]. 3GPP will submit their 5G NR to the ITU.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1901-imt2020_news|title=Preparing the ground for IMT-2020|publisher=www.3gpp.org|access-date=2019-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414233657/https://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1901-imt2020_news|archive-date=April 14, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to traditional mobile operator services, 5G NR also addresses specific requirements for private mobile networks ranging from industrial [[Internet of things|IoT]] to critical communications.
 ==Overview==
 G networks are [[digital signal|digital]] [[cellular network]]s, in which the service area covered by providers is divided into small geographical areas called ''cells''. [[Analog signal]]s representing sounds and images are digitized in the telephone, converted by an [[analog to digital converter]] and transmitted as a stream of [[binary digit|bits]]. All the 5G wireless devices in a cell communicate by radio waves with a local [[antenna (radio)|antenna]] array and low power automated [[transceiver]] ([[transmitter]] and [[radio receiver|receiver]]) in the cell, over frequency channels assigned by the transceiver from a pool of frequencies that are reused in other cells. The local antennas are connected with the [[Public switched telephone network|telephone network]] and the [[Internet]] by a high bandwidth [[optical fiber]] or wireless [[Backhaul (telecommunications)|backhaul connection]]. As in other cell networks, a mobile device crossing from one cell to another is automatically "[[Handover|handed off]]" seamlessly to the new cell.
-Verizon and a few others are using [[millimeter wave]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work! |journal = IEEE Access |date = 2013-01-01 |issn = 2169-3536 |pages = 335–349 |volume = 1 |doi = 10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2260813 |first = T.S. |last = Rappaport |first2 = Shu |last2 = Sun |first3 = R. |last3 = Mayzus |first4 = Hang |last4 = Zhao |first5 = Y. |last5 = Azar |first6 = K. |last6 = Wang |first7 = G.N. |last7 = Wong |first8 = J.K. |last8 = Schulz |first9 = M. |last9 = Samimi}}</ref> Millimeter waves have shorter range than [[microwave]]s, therefore the cells are limited to smaller size. Millimeter waves also have more trouble passing through building walls.<ref name="Nordrum">{{cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/video/telecom/wireless/everything-you-need-to-know-about-5g|title=Everything you need to know about 5G|last=Nordrum|first=Amy|last2=Clark|first2=Kristen|date=27 January 2017|work=IEEE Spectrum magazine|publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers|format=|doi=|accessdate=23 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120153848/https://spectrum.ieee.org/video/telecom/wireless/everything-you-need-to-know-about-5g|archive-date=January 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Millimeter wave antennas are smaller than the large antennas used in previous cellular networks. They are only a few inches (several centimeters) long. Another technique used for increasing the data rate is massive MIMO ([[multiple-input multiple-output]]).<ref name="Nordrum" /> Each cell will have multiple antennas communicating with the wireless device, received by multiple antennas in the device, thus multiple [[bitstream]]s of data will be transmitted simultaneously, in parallel. In a technique called ''[[beamforming]]'', the base station computer will continuously calculate the best route for radio waves to reach each wireless device, and will organize multiple antennas to work together as [[phased array]]s to create beams of millimeter waves to reach the device.<ref name="Nordrum" /><ref name="Hoffman">{{cite web|url=https://www.howtogeek.com/340002/what-is-5g-and-how-fast-will-it-be/|title=What is 5G, and how fast will it be?|last=Hoffman|first=Chris|date=7 January 2019|work=How-To Geek website|publisher=How-To Geek LLC|format=|doi=|accessdate=23 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041504/https://www.howtogeek.com/340002/what-is-5g-and-how-fast-will-it-be/|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Verizon and a few others are using [[millimeter wave]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work! |journal = IEEE Access |date = 2013-01-01 |issn = 2169-3536 |pages = 335–349 |volume = 1 |doi = 10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2260813 |first = T.S. |last = Rappaport |first2 = Shu |last2 = Sun |first3 = R. |last3 = Mayzus |first4 = Hang |last4 = Zhao |first5 = Y. |last5 = Azar |first6 = K. |last6 = Wang |first7 = G.N. |last7 = Wong |first8 = J.K. |last8 = Schulz |first9 = M. |last9 = Samimi}}</ref> Millimeter waves have shorter range than [[microwave]]s, therefore the cells are limited to smaller size. Millimeter waves also have more trouble passing through building walls.<ref name="Nordrum">{{cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/video/telecom/wireless/everything-you-need-to-know-about-5g|title=Everything you need to know about 5G|last=Nordrum|first=Amy|last2=Clark|first2=Kristen|date=27 January 2017|work=IEEE Spectrum magazine|publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers|format=|doi=|accessdate=23 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120153848/https://spectrum.ieee.org/video/telecom/wireless/everything-you-need-to-know-about-5g|archive-date=January 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Millimeter wave antennas are smaller than the large antennas used in previous cellular networks. Some are only a few inches (several centimeters) long.
+Massive MIMO ([[multiple-input multiple-output]]), was deployed in 4G as early as 2016. Massive MIMO, typically uses 32 to 128 small antennas at each cell. In the right frequencies and configuration, it can increase performance from 4 to 10 times<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wirelessone.news/9-mimo/687-china-mobile-softbank-ordering-1-000-s-of-massive-mimo-bases-2|title="I am crazy about Massive MIMO," Kitihara of Softbank ordering 1,000's of Massive MIMO bases|website=wirelessone.news|access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref>.  Multiple [[bitstream]]s of data are transmitted simultaneously. In a technique called ''[[beamforming]]'', the base station computer will continuously calculate the best route for radio waves to reach each wireless device, and will organize multiple antennas to work together as [[phased array]]s to create beams of millimeter waves to reach the device.<ref name="Nordrum" /><ref name="Hoffman">{{cite web|url=https://www.howtogeek.com/340002/what-is-5g-and-how-fast-will-it-be/|title=What is 5G, and how fast will it be?|last=Hoffman|first=Chris|date=7 January 2019|work=How-To Geek website|publisher=How-To Geek LLC|format=|doi=|accessdate=23 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041504/https://www.howtogeek.com/340002/what-is-5g-and-how-fast-will-it-be/|archive-date=January 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Over 20 networks are deployed using mid-band spectrum, from 2.4 to 4.2&nbsp;GHz. Mid-band networks have better reach, bringing the cost close to the cost of 4G.
 The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created and revised by the 3GPP. The family is a full revision from GSM in terms of encoding methods and hardware, although some GSM sites can be retrofitted to broadcast in the UMTS/W-CDMA format.
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 ===Usage scenario===
-The [[ITU-R]] has defined three main uses for 5G. They are Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://electronicdesign.com/embedded-revolution/5g-it-s-not-here-yet-closer-you-think|title=5G—It's Not Here Yet, But Closer Than You Think|date=31 October 2017|access-date=January 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204238/https://www.electronicdesign.com/embedded-revolution/5g-it-s-not-here-yet-closer-you-think|archive-date=January 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Only eMBB is deployed in 2019; URLLC and mMTC are several years away in most locations.
+The [[ITU-R]] has defined three main uses for 5G. They are Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://electronicdesign.com/embedded-revolution/5g-it-s-not-here-yet-closer-you-think|title=5G—It's Not Here Yet, But Closer Than You Think|date=31 October 2017|access-date=January 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204238/https://www.electronicdesign.com/embedded-revolution/5g-it-s-not-here-yet-closer-you-think|archive-date=January 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Only eMBB is deployed in 202-; URLLC and mMTC are several years away in most locations.
 Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) uses 5G as a progression from 4G LTE [[mobile broadband]] services, with faster connections, higher throughput, and more capacity.
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) refer to using the network for [[mission critical]] applications that require uninterrupted and robust data exchange.
-Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) would be used to connect to a large number of [[LPWAN|low power, low cost devices, which have high scalability and increased battery lifetime, in a wide area]]. 5G technology will connect some of the 50 billion connected IoT devices.<ref name="newsroom.intel.com">{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.intel.com/editorials/intel-accelerates-the-future-with-first-global-5g-modem/|title=Intel Accelerates the Future with World's First Global 5G Modem|website=Intel Newsroom|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906234205/https://newsroom.intel.com/editorials/intel-accelerates-the-future-with-first-global-5g-modem/|archive-date=September 6, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Most will use the less expensive Wi-Fi. Drones will aid in disaster recovery efforts, providing real-time data for emergency responders.<ref name="newsroom.intel.com"/> Smart cities will monitor air and water quality through millions of sensors, giving them insights needed to provide a better quality of life.<ref name="newsroom.intel.com"/> Most cars will have a 4G or 5G cellular connection for many services. Autonomous cars do not require 5G, as they have to be able to operate where they do not have a network connection.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wirelessone.news/10-r/1283-ford-self-driving-cars-will-be-fully-capable-of-operating-without-c-v2x|title=Ford: Self-driving cars "will be fully capable of operating without C-V2X"|website=wirelessone.news|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref> While remote surgeries have been performed over 5G, most remote surgery will be performed in facilities with a fiber connection, usually faster and more reliable than any wireless connection.
+Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) would be used to connect to a large number of [[LPWAN|devices,]] 5G technology will connect some of the 50 billion connected IoT devices.<ref name="newsroom.intel.com">{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.intel.com/editorials/intel-accelerates-the-future-with-first-global-5g-modem/|title=Intel Accelerates the Future with World's First Global 5G Modem|website=Intel Newsroom|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906234205/https://newsroom.intel.com/editorials/intel-accelerates-the-future-with-first-global-5g-modem/|archive-date=September 6, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Most will use the less expensive Wi-Fi. Drones, transmotting via 4G or 5G, will aid in disaster recovery efforts, providing real-time data for emergency responders.<ref name="newsroom.intel.com"/> Most cars will have a 4G or 5G cellular connection for many services. Autonomous cars do not require 5G, as they have to be able to operate where they do not have a network connection.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wirelessone.news/10-r/1283-ford-self-driving-cars-will-be-fully-capable-of-operating-without-c-v2x|title=Ford: Self-driving cars "will be fully capable of operating without C-V2X"|website=wirelessone.news|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref> While remote surgeries have been performed over 5G, most remote surgery will be performed in facilities with a fiber connection, usually faster and more reliable than any wireless connection.
 == Performance ==
 === Speed ===
-G speeds will range from ~50Mbit/s to over 2Gbit/s at the start, and is expected to grow to even 100Gbit/s, 100x faster than 4G.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justaskgemalto.com/en/difference-4g-5g/|title=What is the difference between 4G and 5G?|date=2018-03-14|website=Just Ask Gemalto EN|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> The fastest 5G, known as mmWave, delivers speeds of up to and over 2Gbit/s. As of July 3, 2019, mmWave had a top speed of 1.8Gbit/s<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/features/we-ran-5g-speed-tests-on-verizon-at-t-ee-and-more-heres-what-we-found/|title=We tested 5G speeds across the globe|last=Dolcourt|first=Jessica|website=CNET|language=en|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> on AT&T's 5G network, much faster than 4G's highest average speed of 85.8Mbit/s<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tomsguide.com/us/best-mobile-network,review-2942.html|title=Fastest wireless network in 2020|website=Tom's Guide|language=en|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref> on Verizon's network in Chicago. The problem with this though is that it cannot go through walls, trees, etc. because of the high frequency.
+G speeds will range from ~50Mbit/s to over 2Gbit/s at the start.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justaskgemalto.com/en/difference-4g-5g/|title=What is the difference between 4G and 5G?|date=2018-03-14|website=Just Ask Gemalto EN|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> The fastest 5G, known as mmWave, delivers speeds of up to and over 2Gbit/s. As of July 3, 2019, mmWave had a top speed of 1.8Gbit/s<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/features/we-ran-5g-speed-tests-on-verizon-at-t-ee-and-more-heres-what-we-found/|title=We tested 5G speeds across the globe|last=Dolcourt|first=Jessica|website=CNET|language=en|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> on AT&T's 5G network.
-Sub-6&nbsp;GHz 5G (mid-band 5G), by far the most common, will usually deliver between 100 & 400 Mbit/s, but will have a much farther reach than mmWave, not being limited by walls, trees, and other obstacles which interfere with mmWave transmission.<ref name="auto"/>
+Sub-6&nbsp;GHz 5G (mid-band 5G), by far the most common, will usually deliver between 100 & 400 Mbit/s, but will have a much farther reach than mmWave, especially outdoors.<ref name="auto"/>
-Low-band spectrum offers the farthest area coverage but is slower than the others, though still faster than 4G.
+Low-band spectrum offers the farthest area coverage but is slower than the others.
 G NR speed in sub-6&nbsp;GHz bands can be slightly higher than the 4G with a similar amount of spectrum and antennas,<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://wirelessone.news/10-r/1025-no-material-difference-between-5g-lte|title=No 'Material Difference Between 5G & LTE'|last=Dave|website=wirelessone.news|access-date=2018-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620231953/http://wirelessone.news/10-r/1025-no-material-difference-between-5g-lte|archive-date=June 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=http://wirelessone.news/10-r/1036-5g-nr-only-25-to-50-faster-not-truly-a-new-generation|title=5G NR Only 25% to 50% Faster, Not Truly a New Generation|last=Dave|website=wirelessone.news|access-date=2018-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620231902/http://wirelessone.news/10-r/1036-5g-nr-only-25-to-50-faster-not-truly-a-new-generation|archive-date=June 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> although some 3GPP 5G networks will be slower than some advanced [[4G|4G networks]], such as T-Mobile's [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]]/LAA network, which achieves 500+ Mbit/s in [[Manhattan]]<ref name="PCMAG" /> and Chicago.<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=https://smartmobtech.com/news/testing-the-first-ever-5g-network-phone-in-usa/|title=Testing the first ever 5G network phone in USA|website=smartmobtech.com|access-date=2019-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703080655/https://smartmobtech.com/news/testing-the-first-ever-5g-network-phone-in-usa/|archive-date=July 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The 5G specification allows LAA (License Assisted Access) as well, but LAA in 5G has not yet been demonstrated. Adding LAA to an existing 4G configuration can add hundreds of megabits per second to the speed, but this is an extension of 4G, not a new part of the 5G standard.<ref name="PCMAG">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/359649/t-mobiles-laa-creates-screaming-fast-speeds-in-nyc|title=T-Mobile's LAA Creates Screaming Fast Speeds in NYC|work=PCMAG|access-date=2018-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625080416/https://www.pcmag.com/news/359649/t-mobiles-laa-creates-screaming-fast-speeds-in-nyc|archive-date=June 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 === Latency ===
-In 5G, the "air latency"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senki.org/5g-latency-reality-checks/|title=5G Latency – Reality Checks|date=2018-12-09|website=SENKI|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006093732/https://www.senki.org/5g-latency-reality-checks/|archive-date=October 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> in equipment shipping in 2019 is 8–12 milliseconds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etsi.org/technologies/5g|title=ETSI – Mobile|last=Sabine Dahmen-Lhuissier|website=ETSI|access-date=April 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420181706/https://www.etsi.org/technologies/5g|archive-date=April 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The latency to the server must be added to the "air latency". Verizon reports the latency on its 5G early deployment is 30 ms:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.verizon.com/about/news/customers-chicago-and-minneapolis-are-first-world-get-5g-enabled-smartphones-connected-5g|title=Customers in Chicago and Minneapolis are first in the world to get 5G-enabled smartphones connected to a 5G network|date=2019-04-03|website=verizon.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508050055/https://www.verizon.com/about/news/customers-chicago-and-minneapolis-are-first-world-get-5g-enabled-smartphones-connected-5g|archive-date=May 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> "Edge Servers close to the towers can reduce latency to 10–20 ms. 1–4 ms will be extremely rare for years outside the lab."
+In 5G, the "air latency"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senki.org/5g-latency-reality-checks/|title=5G Latency – Reality Checks|date=2018-12-09|website=SENKI|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006093732/https://www.senki.org/5g-latency-reality-checks/|archive-date=October 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> in equipment shipping in 2019 is 8–12 milliseconds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etsi.org/technologies/5g|title=ETSI – Mobile|last=Sabine Dahmen-Lhuissier|website=ETSI|access-date=April 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420181706/https://www.etsi.org/technologies/5g|archive-date=April 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The latency to the server must be added to the "air latency". Verizon reports the latency on its 5G early deployment is 30 ms:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.verizon.com/about/news/customers-chicago-and-minneapolis-are-first-world-get-5g-enabled-smartphones-connected-5g|title=Customers in Chicago and Minneapolis are first in the world to get 5G-enabled smartphones connected to a 5G network|date=2019-04-03|website=verizon.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508050055/https://www.verizon.com/about/news/customers-chicago-and-minneapolis-are-first-world-get-5g-enabled-smartphones-connected-5g|archive-date=May 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Edge Servers close to the towers can reduce latency to 10–20 ms. 1–4 ms will be extremely rare for years outside the lab.
-[[Network simulation]] can be used to predict the performance of 5G networks prior to deployment.
 == Standards ==
@@ Line 104: / Line 102: @@
 [[File:5G Standort Deutsche Telekom.jpg|thumb|5G 3.5 GHz Cell Site of Deutsche Telekom in Darmstadt, Germany]]
 [[File:Vodafone 5G Karlsruhe.jpg|thumb|5G 3.5 GHz Cell Site of Vodafone in Karlsruhe, Germany]]
-Beyond mobile operator networks, 5G is also expected to be widely used for private networks with applications in industrial IoT, enterprise networking, and critical communications.
+Beyond mobile operator networks, 5G is also expected to be used for private networks with applications in industrial IoT, enterprise networking, and critical communications.
-Initial 5G NR launches will depend on existing LTE (4G) infrastructure in [[5G NR#Non-Standalone Mode|non-standalone (NSA) mode]] (5G NR software on LTE radio hardware), before maturation of the [[5G NR#Standalone Mode|standalone (SA) mode]] (5G NR software on 5G NR radio hardware) with the 5G core network.
+Initial 5G NR launches depended on existing LTE (4G) infrastructure in [[5G NR#Non-Standalone Mode|non-standalone (NSA) mode]] (5G NR software on LTE radio hardware), before maturation of the [[5G NR#Standalone Mode|standalone (SA) mode]] (5G NR software on 5G NR radio hardware) with the 5G core network.
-As of April 2019, the [[Global Mobile Suppliers Association]] had identified 224 operators in 88 countries that are actively investing in 5G (i.e. that have demonstrated, are testing or trialling, or have been licensed to conduct field trials of 5G technologies, are deploying 5G networks or have announced service launches).<ref>[https://gsacom.com/paper/lte-5g-market-statistics-8-april-2019/?utm=reports4g GSA: LTE and 5G Market Statistics, 8 April 2019] (retrieved 24 April 2019)</ref> The equivalent numbers in November 2018 were 192 operators in 81 countries.<ref>GSA: [https://gsacom.com/paper/5g-investments-global-progress-feb19/ 5G Investments: Trials, Deployments, Launches – Updated March 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402105309/https://gsacom.com/paper/5g-investments-global-progress-feb19/ |date=April 2, 2019 }} (retrieved 2nd March 2019)</ref> The first country to adopt 5G on a large scale was South Korea, in April 2019. Swedish telecoms giant Ericsson predicted that superfast 5G internet will cover up to 65% of the world's population by the end of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/25/5g-will-span-two-thirds-of-global-population-in-6-years-ericsson-says.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129032631/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/25/5g-will-span-two-thirds-of-global-population-in-6-years-ericsson-says.html |archive-date=November 29, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also, it plans to invest 1 billion reais ($238.30 million) in Brazil to add a new assembly line dedicated to 5th generation technology (5G) for its Latin American operations.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/25/technology/25reuters-ericsson-brazil.html] {{dead link|date=December 2019}}</ref>
+As of April 2019, the [[Global Mobile Suppliers Association]] had identified 224 operators in 88 countries that have demonstrated, are testing or trialling, or have been licensed to conduct field trials of 5G technologies, are deploying 5G networks or have announced service launches).<ref>[https://gsacom.com/paper/lte-5g-market-statistics-8-april-2019/?utm=reports4g GSA: LTE and 5G Market Statistics, 8 April 2019] (retrieved 24 April 2019)</ref> The equivalent numbers in November 2018 were 192 operators in 81 countries.<ref>GSA: [https://gsacom.com/paper/5g-investments-global-progress-feb19/ 5G Investments: Trials, Deployments, Launches – Updated March 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402105309/https://gsacom.com/paper/5g-investments-global-progress-feb19/ |date=April 2, 2019 }} (retrieved 2nd March 2019)</ref> The first country to adopt 5G on a large scale was South Korea, in April 2019. Swedish telecoms giant Ericsson predicted that 5G internet will cover up to 65% of the world's population by the end of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/25/5g-will-span-two-thirds-of-global-population-in-6-years-ericsson-says.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129032631/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/25/5g-will-span-two-thirds-of-global-population-in-6-years-ericsson-says.html |archive-date=November 29, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also, it plans to invest 1 billion reais ($238.30 million) in Brazil to add a new assembly line dedicated to 5th generation technology (5G) for its Latin American operations.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/25/technology/25reuters-ericsson-brazil.html] {{dead link|date=December 2019}}</ref>
 When South Korea launched its 5G network, all carriers used Samsung, Ericsson, and Nokia [[base station]]s and equipment, except for [[LG U Plus]], who also used Huawei equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Technology/Telecom-s-5G-revolution-triggers-shakeup-in-base-station-market|title=Telecom's 5G revolution triggers shakeup in base station market|website=Nikkei Asian Review|access-date=April 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421060807/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Technology/Telecom-s-5G-revolution-triggers-shakeup-in-base-station-market|archive-date=April 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcrwireless.com/20190410/5g/samsung-electronics-supplies-53000-5g-base-stations-korean-carriers|title=Samsung Electronics supplies 53,000 5G base stations for Korean carriers|date=April 10, 2019|website=RCR Wireless News|access-date=April 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412133224/https://www.rcrwireless.com/20190410/5g/samsung-electronics-supplies-53000-5g-base-stations-korean-carriers|archive-date=April 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Samsung was the largest supplier for 5G base stations in South Korea at launch, having shipped 53,000 base stations at the time, out of 86,000 base stations installed across the country at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2019041008040872343|title=삼성 5G기지국 5만3000개 깔았다…화웨이 5배 '압도'|date=10 April 2019|website=아시아경제}}</ref>
-The first fairly substantial deployments were in April 2019. In South Korea, [[SK Telecom]] claimed 38,000 base stations, [[KT Corporation]] 30,000 and [[LG U Plus]] 18,000; of which 85% are in six major cities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mobileworldlive.com/asia/asia-news/samsung-dominates-korea-5g-deployments/|title=Samsung dominates Korea 5G deployments|date=2019-04-10|website=Mobile World Live|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410231539/https://www.mobileworldlive.com/asia/asia-news/samsung-dominates-korea-5g-deployments/|archive-date=April 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> They are using 3.5&nbsp;GHz (sub-6) spectrum in [[5G NR#Non-Standalone Mode|non-standalone (NSA) mode]] and tested speeds were from 193 to 430 [[Mbit/s]] down.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/5G-networks/Fast-but-patchy-Trying-South-Korea-s-new-5G-service|title=Fast but patchy: Trying South Korea's new 5G service|website=Nikkei Asian Review|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412032625/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/5G-networks/Fast-but-patchy-Trying-South-Korea-s-new-5G-service|archive-date=April 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> 260,000 signed up in the first month and the goal is 10% of phones on 5G by the end of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wirelessone.news/10-r/1401-250-000-5g-signups-in-korea-3-690-bases-added-one-week|title=Korea 5G far ahead: 250,000 5G in Korea, goal 8-10M in one year, 3,690 bases added one week (First look)|website=wirelessone.news|access-date=2019-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508052008/http://wirelessone.news/10-r/1401-250-000-5g-signups-in-korea-3-690-bases-added-one-week|archive-date=May 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The first fairly substantial deployments were in April 2019. In South Korea, [[SK Telecom]] claimed 38,000 base stations, [[KT Corporation]] 30,000 and [[LG U Plus]] 18,000; of which 85% are in six major cities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mobileworldlive.com/asia/asia-news/samsung-dominates-korea-5g-deployments/|title=Samsung dominates Korea 5G deployments|date=2019-04-10|website=Mobile World Live|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410231539/https://www.mobileworldlive.com/asia/asia-news/samsung-dominates-korea-5g-deployments/|archive-date=April 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> They are using 3.5&nbsp;GHz (sub-6) spectrum in [[5G NR#Non-Standalone Mode|non-standalone (NSA) mode]] and tested speeds were from 193 to 430 [[Mbit/s]] down.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/5G-networks/Fast-but-patchy-Trying-South-Korea-s-new-5G-service|title=Fast but patchy: Trying South Korea's new 5G service|website=Nikkei Asian Review|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412032625/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/5G-networks/Fast-but-patchy-Trying-South-Korea-s-new-5G-service|archive-date=April 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> 260,000 signed up in the first month and 4.7 million by the end of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wirelessone.news/10-r/1660-korea-5g-falls-by-half-miracle-over-2|title=Korea 5G Falls by Half. Miracle Over?|website=wirelessone.news|access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref>
-Nine companies sell 5G radio hardware and 5G systems for carriers: Altiostar, [[Cisco Systems]], [[Datang Telecom Group|Datang Telecom]], [[Ericsson]], [[Huawei]], [[Nokia]], [[Qualcomm]], [[Samsung]], and [[ZTE]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3005645/japan-allocates-5g-spectrum-conditions-cement-curbs-chinese-vendors|title=Japan allocates 5G spectrum, excludes Chinese equipment vendors|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=April 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412124745/https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3005645/japan-allocates-5g-spectrum-conditions-cement-curbs-chinese-vendors|archive-date=April 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huawei.com/en/press-events/news/2018/2/Huawei-Launches-Full-Range-of-5G-End-to-End-Product-Solutions|title=Huawei Launches Full Range of 5G End-to-End Product Solutions|website=huawei|access-date=April 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413185504/https://www.huawei.com/en/press-events/news/2018/2/Huawei-Launches-Full-Range-of-5G-End-to-End-Product-Solutions|archive-date=April 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/10/japan-allocates-5g-spectrum-to-carriers-blocks-huawei-and-zte-gear/|title=Japan allocates 5G spectrum to carriers, blocks Huawei and ZTE gear|date=April 10, 2019|website=VentureBeat|access-date=April 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413185508/https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/10/japan-allocates-5g-spectrum-to-carriers-blocks-huawei-and-zte-gear/|archive-date=April 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.retailnews.asia/samsung-signals-big-5g-equipment-push-again-at-factory/|title=Samsung signals big 5G equipment push, again, at factory|date=January 4, 2019|access-date=April 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413185504/https://www.retailnews.asia/samsung-signals-big-5g-equipment-push-again-at-factory/|archive-date=April 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/amp/news/nokia-says-it-is-the-one-stop-shop-for-5g-network-gear|title=Nokia says it is the one-stop shop for 5G network gear &#124; TechRadar|website=techradar.com|access-date=April 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413185503/https://www.techradar.com/amp/news/nokia-says-it-is-the-one-stop-shop-for-5g-network-gear|archive-date=April 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/networks/offerings/5g/5g-radio|title=5G radio – Ericsson|date=February 6, 2018|website=Ericsson.com|access-date=April 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413185504/https://www.ericsson.com/en/networks/offerings/5g/5g-radio|archive-date=April 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|language=it|url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/5g-risposta-usa-all-avanzata-cinese-si-chiama-cisco-ABqN30WB|title=5G, gli Stati Uniti hanno la risposta per resistere all'avanzata cinese|work=[[Il Sole 24 Ore]]|author=Riccardo Barlaam|date=21 February 2019|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725155730/https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/5g-risposta-usa-all-avanzata-cinese-si-chiama-cisco-ABqN30WB|archive-date=July 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Nine companies sell 5G radio hardware and 5G systems for carriers: Altiostar, [[Cisco Systems]], [[Datang Telecom Group|Datang Telecom/Fiberhome]], [[Ericsson]], [[Huawei]], [[Nokia]], [[Qualcomm]], [[Samsung]], and [[ZTE]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3005645/japan-allocates-5g-spectrum-conditions-cement-curbs-chinese-vendors|title=Japan allocates 5G spectrum, excludes Chinese equipment vendors|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=April 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412124745/https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3005645/japan-allocates-5g-spectrum-conditions-cement-curbs-chinese-vendors|archive-date=April 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huawei.com/en/press-events/news/2018/2/Huawei-Launches-Full-Range-of-5G-End-to-End-Product-Solutions|title=Huawei Launches Full Range of 5G End-to-End Product Solutions|website=huawei|access-date=April 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413185504/https://www.huawei.com/en/press-events/news/2018/2/Huawei-Launches-Full-Range-of-5G-End-to-End-Product-Solutions|archive-date=April 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/10/japan-allocates-5g-spectrum-to-carriers-blocks-huawei-and-zte-gear/|title=Japan allocates 5G spectrum to carriers, blocks Huawei and ZTE gear|date=April 10, 2019|website=VentureBeat|access-date=April 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413185508/https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/10/japan-allocates-5g-spectrum-to-carriers-blocks-huawei-and-zte-gear/|archive-date=April 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.retailnews.asia/samsung-signals-big-5g-equipment-push-again-at-factory/|title=Samsung signals big 5G equipment push, again, at factory|date=January 4, 2019|access-date=April 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413185504/https://www.retailnews.asia/samsung-signals-big-5g-equipment-push-again-at-factory/|archive-date=April 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/amp/news/nokia-says-it-is-the-one-stop-shop-for-5g-network-gear|title=Nokia says it is the one-stop shop for 5G network gear &#124; TechRadar|website=techradar.com|access-date=April 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413185503/https://www.techradar.com/amp/news/nokia-says-it-is-the-one-stop-shop-for-5g-network-gear|archive-date=April 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/networks/offerings/5g/5g-radio|title=5G radio – Ericsson|date=February 6, 2018|website=Ericsson.com|access-date=April 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413185504/https://www.ericsson.com/en/networks/offerings/5g/5g-radio|archive-date=April 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|language=it|url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/5g-risposta-usa-all-avanzata-cinese-si-chiama-cisco-ABqN30WB|title=5G, gli Stati Uniti hanno la risposta per resistere all'avanzata cinese|work=[[Il Sole 24 Ore]]|author=Riccardo Barlaam|date=21 February 2019|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725155730/https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/5g-risposta-usa-all-avanzata-cinese-si-chiama-cisco-ABqN30WB|archive-date=July 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ===Spectrum===
-Large quantities of new [[radio spectrum]] ([[5G NR frequency bands]]) have been allocated to 5G<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://5gamericas.org/files/9114/9324/1786/5GA_5G_Spectrum_Recommendations_2017_FINAL.pdf|title=5G Spectrum Recommendations|accessdate=October 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223023245/http://www.5gamericas.org/files/9114/9324/1786/5GA_5G_Spectrum_Recommendations_2017_FINAL.pdf|archive-date=December 23, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> in order to enable its increased throughput when compared with 4G. For example, in July 2016, the U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) freed up vast amounts of bandwidth in underused high-band spectrum for 5G. The Spectrum Frontiers Proposal (SFP) doubled the amount of millimeter-wave unlicensed spectrum to 14&nbsp;GHz and created four times the amount of flexible, mobile-use spectrum the FCC had licensed to date.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wireless.engineering.nyu.edu/fcc-spectrum-frontier-proposal-updated/|title=FCC Spectrum Frontier Proposal {{!}} NYU WIRELESS|date=2016-07-15|work=NYU WIRELESS|access-date=2017-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526040346/http://wireless.engineering.nyu.edu/fcc-spectrum-frontier-proposal-updated/|archive-date=May 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2018, [[European Union]] lawmakers agreed to open up the 3.6 and 26&nbsp;GHz bands by 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://reuters.com/article/us-eu-telecoms-spectrum/eu-countries-lawmakers-strike-deal-to-open-up-spectrum-for-5g-idUSKCN1GE2IB|title=EU countries, lawmakers strike deal to open up spectrum for 5G|author=Foo Yun Chee|date=3 March 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107015756/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-telecoms-spectrum/eu-countries-lawmakers-strike-deal-to-open-up-spectrum-for-5g-idUSKCN1GE2IB|archive-date=January 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Large quantities of new [[radio spectrum]] ([[5G NR frequency bands]]) have been allocated to 5G<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://5gamericas.org/files/9114/9324/1786/5GA_5G_Spectrum_Recommendations_2017_FINAL.pdf|title=5G Spectrum Recommendations|accessdate=October 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223023245/http://www.5gamericas.org/files/9114/9324/1786/5GA_5G_Spectrum_Recommendations_2017_FINAL.pdf|archive-date=December 23, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>. For example, in July 2016, the U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) freed up vast amounts of bandwidth in underused high-band spectrum for 5G. The Spectrum Frontiers Proposal (SFP) doubled the amount of millimeter-wave unlicensed spectrum to 14&nbsp;GHz and created four times the amount of flexible, mobile-use spectrum the FCC had licensed to date.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wireless.engineering.nyu.edu/fcc-spectrum-frontier-proposal-updated/|title=FCC Spectrum Frontier Proposal {{!}} NYU WIRELESS|date=2016-07-15|work=NYU WIRELESS|access-date=2017-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526040346/http://wireless.engineering.nyu.edu/fcc-spectrum-frontier-proposal-updated/|archive-date=May 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2018, [[European Union]] lawmakers agreed to open up the 3.6 and 26&nbsp;GHz bands by 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://reuters.com/article/us-eu-telecoms-spectrum/eu-countries-lawmakers-strike-deal-to-open-up-spectrum-for-5g-idUSKCN1GE2IB|title=EU countries, lawmakers strike deal to open up spectrum for 5G|author=Foo Yun Chee|date=3 March 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=3 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107015756/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-telecoms-spectrum/eu-countries-lawmakers-strike-deal-to-open-up-spectrum-for-5g-idUSKCN1GE2IB|archive-date=January 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 As of March 2019, there are reportedly 52 countries, territories, special administrative regions, disputed territories and dependencies that are formally considering introducing certain spectrum bands for terrestrial 5G services, are holding consultations regarding suitable spectrum allocations for 5G, have reserved spectrum for 5G, have announced plans to [[Spectrum auction|auction frequencies]] or have already allocated spectrum for 5G use.<ref>GSA: [https://gsacom.com/paper/5g-spectrum-licensing-mar-2029/ Spectrum for Terrestrial 5G Networks: Licensing Developments Worldwide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402093330/https://gsacom.com/paper/5g-spectrum-licensing-mar-2029/ |date=April 2, 2019 }} (March 2019)</ref>
-Research has been done into the most suitable candidates for spectrum ranges for 5G.<ref name="spectrum1">Mirfananda, Ahmad & Suryanegara, Muhammad. (2016). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305649303_5G_spectrum_candidates_beyond_6_GHz_A_simulation_of_Jakarta_environment 5G spectrum candidates beyond 6 GHz: A simulation of Jakarta environment]. 30–35. 10.1109/TENCONSpring.2016.7519373.</ref> Due to the demand for spectrum resources and wide frequency range of 5G technology, it is necessary to plan high, medium and low frequency bands in stages in frequency planning, gradually release frequency resources and guarantee the frequency requirements of 5G.<ref>Fang Jian, Li Jingchun, Huang Biao, Feng Yan. [http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DXKX201512017.htm Research status and prospect of 5G spectrum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105072434/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DXKX201512017.htm |date=November 5, 2019 }}. Telecommunications science, 2015, 31(12):111–118</ref> The frequency spectrum became a focus due to predictions that the 3G/4G frequency spectrum would not suffice to accommodate the amount of traffic that 5G will need to handle.<ref name="spectrum1" />
 ===Unlicensed spectrum===
-MNOs are increasingly using unlicensed spectrum in the 2.4 and 5 gigahertz (GHz) frequency bands. 5G networks will need to tap into the vast amount of spectrum available in these unlicensed bands to offload traffic in heavily congested areas and provide connectivity for billions of IoT devices. Advancements in Wi-Fi, LTE in Unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U), License Assisted Access (LAA), and MulteFire, among others, provide better quality and regulated access to unlicensed spectrum.
+MNOs are increasingly using unlicensed spectrum in the 2.4 and 5 gigahertz (GHz) frequency bands. 4G & 5G networks also use these bands. to offload traffic in heavily congested areas and provide connectivity for billions of IoT devices. Advancements in Wi-Fi, LTE in Unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U), License Assisted Access (LAA), and MulteFire use 4G & 5G technologies in these bands..
 == 5G devices ==
@@ Line 2,245: / Line 2,241: @@
 ==== Uruguay ====
-[[Uruguay]] state-owned operator [[Antel]] with vendor [[Nokia]] launched the first 5G commercial network in Latin America in April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2019/04/10/antel-and-nokia-make-the-first-5g-call-on-a-commercial-network-in-latin-america/|title=ANTEL and Nokia make the first 5G call on a commercial network in Latin America|website=Nokia|access-date=August 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820233427/https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2019/04/10/antel-and-nokia-make-the-first-5g-call-on-a-commercial-network-in-latin-america/|archive-date=August 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[Uruguay]] state-owned operator [[Antel]] with vendor [[Nokia]] announced the first 5G commercial network in Latin America in April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2019/04/10/antel-and-nokia-make-the-first-5g-call-on-a-commercial-network-in-latin-america/|title=ANTEL and Nokia make the first 5G call on a commercial network in Latin America|website=Nokia|access-date=August 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820233427/https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2019/04/10/antel-and-nokia-make-the-first-5g-call-on-a-commercial-network-in-latin-america/|archive-date=August 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==== Vietnam ====
-Vietnam is aiming for service availability by January 2020 – ahead of Singapore and Malaysia, being the second ASEAN-state to roll-out 5G in the Southeast Asia Region--, according to The Diplomat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Drillsma |first=Ryan |date=26 July 2019 |title=Vietnam Rushes to Adopt 5G |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/vietnam-rushes-to-adopt-5g/ |website=[[The Diplomat]] |location=Hanoi |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728040847/https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/vietnam-rushes-to-adopt-5g/ |archive-date=July 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> As previously reported by CommsUpdate, market leader Viettel was handed the country's first licence to trial 5G in January 2019 and tests were launched in Hanoi in cooperation with Swedish vendor Ericsson in May. The test permit is valid for one year until 21 January 2020 and allows the firm to trial the technology in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. The military-owned company, which plans to launch commercial 5G services in 2020, announced that data connection speeds ranged from 1.5Gbit/s to 1.7Gbit/s. A third cellco, MobiFone, is expected to test 5G in Hanoi, Hai Phong and Da Nang.<ref>{{Cite news |author=ASEAN2025 |date=10 July 2019 |title=VNPT readies Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City 5G trials |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2019/07/10/vnpt-readies-hanoi-ho-chi-minh-city-5g-trials/ |website=[[TeleGeography]] |location=Vietnam |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710110353/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2019/07/10/vnpt-readies-hanoi-ho-chi-minh-city-5g-trials/ |archive-date=July 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 17 September 2019, Viettel started installation of 5G testing infrastructure, which was eventually released on 20 September.
+Viettel was handed the country's first licence to trial 5G in January 2019 and tests were launched in Hanoi in cooperation with Swedish vendor Ericsson in May. The test permit is valid for one year until 21 January 2020 and allows the firm to trial the technology in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. The military-owned company, which plans to launch commercial 5G services in 2020, announced that data connection speeds ranged from 1.5Gbit/s to 1.7Gbit/s. A third cellco, MobiFone, is expected to test 5G in Hanoi, Hai Phong and Da Nang.<ref>{{Cite news |author=ASEAN2025 |date=10 July 2019 |title=VNPT readies Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City 5G trials |url=https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2019/07/10/vnpt-readies-hanoi-ho-chi-minh-city-5g-trials/ |website=[[TeleGeography]] |location=Vietnam |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710110353/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2019/07/10/vnpt-readies-hanoi-ho-chi-minh-city-5g-trials/ |archive-date=July 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 17 September 2019, Viettel started installation of 5G testing infrastructure, which was eventually released on 20 September.
 ==== Qatar ====
+Oreedoo claims all major cities are covered by 5G network. Vodafone Qatar also offers 5G.
-[[Ooredoo]] has announced that the company is the first operator in the world to launch a live ''5G network'' on the 3.5&nbsp;GHz spectrum band. The breakthrough announcement was made in an event attended by Ooredoo senior management at the Ooredoo Tower in West Bay, Qatar. Now it's one of the first and only countries in the world where all major cities are covered by 5G network and a great number of mobile phones are available in the Qatar market for commercial use. Vodafone Qatar is also working immensely on 5G revolution in the state of Qatar, and has covered its network in many parts of the country.
-Ooredoo Qatar and Vodafone Qatar has also launched various cellular plans readily available for customers for purchase and use in the price of 4G.
-Users can also readily participate in various free trials of the network.
 === In other countries ===
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 ==== Frequency range 1 (< 6 GHz) ====
-The maximum channel bandwidth defined for FR1 is 100&nbsp;MHz, due to the scarcity of continuous spectrum in this crowded frequency range. The band most widely being used for 5G in this range is around 3.5&nbsp;GHz. The Korean carriers are using 3.5&nbsp;GHz although some millimeter wave spectrum has also been allocated.
+The maximum channel bandwidth defined for FR1 is 100&nbsp;MHz, due to the scarcity of continuous spectrum in this crowded frequency range. The band most widely being used for 5G in this range is 3.3-4.2 GHz. The Korean carriers are using 3.5&nbsp;GHz although some millimeter wave spectrum has also been allocated.
 ==== Frequency range 2 (> 24 GHz) ====
-The minimum channel bandwidth defined for FR2 is 50&nbsp;MHz and the maximum is 400&nbsp;MHz, with two-channel aggregation supported in 3GPP Release 15. In the U.S., Verizon is using 28&nbsp;GHz and AT&T is using 39&nbsp;GHz. 5G can use frequencies of up to 300&nbsp;GHz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lifewire.com/5g-vs-4g-4156322|title=5G vs 4G: Everything You Need to Know|author=Tim Fisher|website=Lifewire|access-date=April 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421230135/https://www.lifewire.com/5g-vs-4g-4156322|archive-date=April 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The higher the frequency, the greater the ability to support high data transfer speeds without interfering with other wireless signals or becoming overly cluttered. Due to this, 5G can support approximately 1,000 more devices per meter than 4G.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/the-shift-from-4g-to-5g-will-change-just-about-everything/|title=The Shift From 4G to 5G Will Change Just About Everything|website=adweek.com|access-date=April 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421230136/https://www.adweek.com/digital/the-shift-from-4g-to-5g-will-change-just-about-everything/|archive-date=April 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The minimum channel bandwidth defined for FR2 is 50&nbsp;MHz and the maximum is 400&nbsp;MHz, with two-channel aggregation supported in 3GPP Release 15. In the U.S., Verizon is using 28&nbsp;GHz and AT&T is using 39&nbsp;GHz. 5G can use frequencies of up to 300&nbsp;GHz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lifewire.com/5g-vs-4g-4156322|title=5G vs 4G: Everything You Need to Know|author=Tim Fisher|website=Lifewire|access-date=April 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421230135/https://www.lifewire.com/5g-vs-4g-4156322|archive-date=April 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The higher the frequency, the greater the ability to support high data transfer speeds.
 ===== FR2 coverage =====
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 {{See also|Multi-user MIMO}}
 Massive MIMO (multiple input and multiple output) [[Antenna (radio)|antennas]] increases sector throughput and capacity density using large numbers of antennas and [[Multi-user MIMO]] (MU-MIMO). Each antenna is individually-controlled and may embed radio transceiver components. Nokia claimed a five-fold increase in the capacity increase for a 64-Tx/64-Rx antenna system. The term "massive MIMO" was coined by Nokia Bell Labs researcher Dr. Thomas L. Marzetta in 2010, and has been launched in [[4G]] networks, such as [[Softbank]] in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fiercewireless.com/wireless/zte-softbank-achieve-956-mbps-massive-mimo-test|title=ZTE, SoftBank achieve 956 Mbps in Massive MIMO test|website=FierceWireless|language=en|access-date=2019-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421014202/https://www.fiercewireless.com/wireless/zte-softbank-achieve-956-mbps-massive-mimo-test|archive-date=April 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The application process of this technology has two advantages and is also essential for the multi-carrier technology to work. First, many users will be able to communicate at the same time without restriction, due to a higher density of bases that will be receiving and transmitting signals. This increase in reception and transmission of signals will satisfy the demand for wireless communication. Second, its capability to narrow the area in which signals are transmitted and received [[Beamforming|(Beamforming)]] significantly reduces interference in the transmission process and therefore yields better information transmission services. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2018/105/matecconf_iswso2018_03034.pdf|title=5G Mobile Communication Development Trend and Several Key Technologies|last=Zheng|first=Liping|date=7 December 2018|website=MATEC Web of Conferences|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=December 7, 2018|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>
 Of more than 562 separate 5G demonstrations, tests or trials globally of 5G technologies, at least 94 of them have involved testing Massive MIMO in the context of 5G.<ref>GSA: [https://gsacom.com/paper/5g-investments-global-progress-feb19/ 5G Investments: Trials, Deployments, Launches – Updated March 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402105309/https://gsacom.com/paper/5g-investments-global-progress-feb19/ |date=April 2, 2019 }} (retrieved 2 March 2019)</ref>
@@ Line 2,355: / Line 2,345: @@
 A report published by the European Commission and European Agency for Cybersecurity details the security issues surrounding 5G while notoriously trying to avoid mentioning Huawei. The report warns against using a single supplier for a carrier's 5G infrastructure, specially those based outside the European Union. (Nokia and Ericsson are the only European manufacturers of 5G equipment.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/europe-warns-5g-will-increase-attack-paths-for-state-actors/|title=Europe warns 5G will increase attack paths for state actors|first=Chris|last=Duckett|website=ZDNet}}</ref>
-On February 2020, the Wall Street Journal reported that Huawei has had the ability to covertly exploit backdoors intended for law enforcement officials since 2009. These backdoors are found on carrier equipment like antennas and routers. Huawei's equipment is widely used around the world due to its low cost. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/us-finds-huawei-has-backdoor-access-to-mobile-networks-globally-report-says/|title=US finds Huawei has backdoor access to mobile networks globally, report says|first=Corinne|last=Reichert|website=CNET}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-officials-say-huawei-can-covertly-access-telecom-networks-11581452256|title=WSJ News Exclusive &#124; U.S. Officials Say Huawei Can Covertly Access Telecom Networks|first=Bojan|last=Pancevski|date=February 12, 2020|via=www.wsj.com}}</ref>
 ===Health concerns===
@@ Line 2,423: / Line 2,411: @@
 === Automobiles ===
-[[5G Automotive Association]] have been promoting the [[C-V2X]] communication technology that will first be deployed in 4G. It provides for communication between vehicles and communication between vehicles and infrastructures, leading to increase in autonomous (self-driving) cars and IOT (Internet of Things).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/5gaa-audi-ford-and-qualcomm-showcase-c-v2x-direct-communications-interoperability-to-improve-road-safety-680937731.html|title=5GAA, Audi, Ford and Qualcomm Showcase C-V2X Direct Communications Interoperability to Improve Road Safety|first=5GAA-5G Automotive Association|last=e.V|website=newswire.ca|access-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204554/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/5gaa-audi-ford-and-qualcomm-showcase-c-v2x-direct-communications-interoperability-to-improve-road-safety-680937731.html|archive-date=January 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+[[5G Automotive Association]] have been promoting the [[C-V2X]] communication technology that will first be deployed in 4G. It provides for communication between vehicles and communication between vehicles and infrastructures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/5gaa-audi-ford-and-qualcomm-showcase-c-v2x-direct-communications-interoperability-to-improve-road-safety-680937731.html|title=5GAA, Audi, Ford and Qualcomm Showcase C-V2X Direct Communications Interoperability to Improve Road Safety|first=5GAA-5G Automotive Association|last=e.V|website=newswire.ca|access-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204554/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/5gaa-audi-ford-and-qualcomm-showcase-c-v2x-direct-communications-interoperability-to-improve-road-safety-680937731.html|archive-date=January 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Auto industry experts believe that the incorporation of 5G technology in upcoming self-driving cars will be vital in helping autonomous cars realize their full potential (Llanasas, 2019). The speed of this technology will enhance the capabilities of autonomous vehicles whiles making them effective at the same time (Llanasas, 2019). For instance, the current 4G network doesn't possess the required speed needed to provide self-driving vehicles that could prevent catastrophic accidents (Llanasas, 2019).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Llansas |first1=Ralf |title=The Importance of 5G in the Auto Industry |url=https://www.newequipment.com/industry-trends/importance-5g-auto-industry |website=New Equipment Digest |publisher=David Ofori |accessdate=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104140527/https://www.newequipment.com/industry-trends/importance-5g-auto-industry |archive-date=November 4, 2019 |url-status=live |date=March 15, 2019 }}</ref>
 === Public safety ===
 Mission-critical push-to-talk (MCPTT) and mission-critical video and data are expected to be furthered in 5G.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://emsworld.com/commentary/1221807/promise-5g-public-safety|title=The Promise of 5G for Public Safety|website=EMS World|access-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216163602/https://emsworld.com/commentary/1221807/promise-5g-public-safety|archive-date=December 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
-===Healthcare===
-The Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) aspect of 5G could improve [[telehealth]], [[remote patient monitoring]] and [[remote surgery]] for patients or medical facilities with less access to existing high-speed networks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tecuila.com/what-is-5g/|title=What Is 5G And Why Is It The Next Big Transformative Wireless Technology ?|website=Tecuila|access-date=November 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406132355/https://www.tecuila.com/what-is-5g/|archive-date=April 6, 2019|url-status=live|date=February 21, 2019}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2020}}
 ===Fixed wireless===
-Fixed wireless connections intended to replace fixed line broadband ([[ADSL]], [[VDSL]], [[Fiber to the x|Fiber optic]], and [[DOCSIS]] connections) with 5G connections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-5g-everything-you-need-to-know/|title=What is 5G? All you need to know about the next generation of wireless technology|first=Scott Fulton|last=III|website=ZDNet|access-date=April 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421231954/https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-5g-everything-you-need-to-know/|archive-date=April 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://5g.co.uk/guides/what-is-5g-fixed-wireless-access-fwa/|title=5G Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) technology &#124; What Is It?|website=5g.co.uk|access-date=April 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421232001/https://5g.co.uk/guides/what-is-5g-fixed-wireless-access-fwa/|archive-date=April 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.verizonwireless.com/5g/home/|title=5G Ultra Wideband Wireless Home Network &#124; Verizon Wireless|website=verizonwireless.com|access-date=May 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516143515/https://www.verizonwireless.com/5g/home/|archive-date=May 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Fixed wireless connections will offer an alternative to fixed line broadband ([[ADSL]], [[VDSL]], [[Fiber to the x|Fiber optic]], and [[DOCSIS]] connections) in some locations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-5g-everything-you-need-to-know/|title=What is 5G? All you need to know about the next generation of wireless technology|first=Scott Fulton|last=III|website=ZDNet|access-date=April 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421231954/https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-5g-everything-you-need-to-know/|archive-date=April 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://5g.co.uk/guides/what-is-5g-fixed-wireless-access-fwa/|title=5G Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) technology &#124; What Is It?|website=5g.co.uk|access-date=April 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421232001/https://5g.co.uk/guides/what-is-5g-fixed-wireless-access-fwa/|archive-date=April 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.verizonwireless.com/5g/home/|title=5G Ultra Wideband Wireless Home Network &#124; Verizon Wireless|website=verizonwireless.com|access-date=May 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516143515/https://www.verizonwireless.com/5g/home/|archive-date=May 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
-===Smart Home===
-G is leveraged by the [[Home automation|smart home]] concept, which is an automated home equipped with lighting, heating, or other electronic devices that can be controlled remotely by smartphone or computer. Compared to existing wireless technologies such as [[Wireless LAN|WLAN]], [[Bluetooth Low Energy]], [[ZigBee|Zigbee]], [[Z-Wave]], and other such technologies, 5G will contribute to the success of smart homes by providing reliable and user-friendly connections to devices with various performance requirements.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dzogovic |first1=Brunoe |title=2019 IEEE 4th International Conference on Computer and Communication Systems : ICCCS 2019 : February 23–25, 2019, Singapore. |isbn=978-1-7281-1321-0 |pages=543–548 |url=https://its-wiki.no/images/1/18/SmartHome_5G_NetworkSlice_Dzogovic.pdf}}</ref>
 ===Wireless video transmission for broadcast applications===

v t e Wireless video and data distribution methods
Radio	Digital radio Internet radio Radio broadcasting Satellite radio
Video	Amateur television Internet television Mobile television Terrestrial television Digital Satellite television Visual sensor network
Data	Mobile broadband Satellite Internet access Wireless broadband Wireless local loop
Standards	3GPP family Long Term Evolution (LTE) 5G New Radio Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial (DVB-T) Handheld (DVB-H) Satellite (DVB-S2) IEEE 802 family Mobile WiMAX Mobile broadband wireless access IEEE 802.15.3 (UWB) Wi-Fi WiMAX WRAN Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) Educational Broadband Service (EBS) HomeRF Multichannel Video and Data Distribution Service (MVDDS) Multipoint Video Distribution System (MVDS) Wireless USB
Technologies	Local multipoint distribution service (LMDS) Multichannel multipoint distribution service (MMDS)
Related	Broadcasting K_u band Microwave