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Phencyclidine

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"Angel Dust" redirects here. For other uses, see Angel dust.
Phencyclidine
File:PCP.svg
Legal status
Legal status
  • Schedule II / Class A
Identifiers
  • 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.150.427 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC17H25N
Molar mass243.387 g/mol g·mol−1
Data page
Phencyclidine (data page)

Phencyclidine (a contraction of the chemical name phenylcyclohexylpiperidine), abbreviated PCP, is a dissociative drug formerly used as an anesthetic agent, exhibiting hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects. It is commonly known as Angel Dust, but is also known as Wet, Sherm, Sherman Hemsley, Rocket Fuel, Ashy Larry, Shermans Tank, Wack, Halk Hogan, Ozone, HannaH, Hog, Manitoba Shlimbo, and Embalming Fluid, among other names.

It was first patented in the 1950s by the Parke-Davis pharmaceutical company. PCP is listed as a Schedule II drug in the United States under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[1]

Chemically PCP is an arylcyclohexylamine derivative, and pharmacologically, it is a member of the family of dissociative anesthetics. PCP works primarily as an NMDA receptor antagonist which blocks the activity of the NMDA Receptor.[2] Other NMDA receptor antagonists include ketamine, tiletamine, and dextromethorphan. Although the primary psychoactive effects of the drug only last hours, total elimination from the body is prolonged, typically extending over weeks.

More than 30 different analogues of PCP were reported as being used on the street during the 1970s and 1980s, mainly in the USA. The best known of these were PCPy (Rolicyclidine, 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidine); PCE (Eticyclidine, N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine); and TCP (Tenocyclidine, 1-(1-(2-Thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine). These compounds were never widely used and did not seem to be as well accepted by users as PCP itself, however they were all added onto Schedule I of the Controlled Substance Act because of their presumably similar effects.[3]

The generalised structural motif required for PCP-like activity is derived from structure-activity relationship studies of PCP analogues and summarised below. All of these analogues would presumably have somewhat similar effects to PCP itself, although with a range of potencies and varying mixtures of anaesthetic, dissociative and stimulant effects depending on the particular substituents used. In some countries such as the USA, Australia and New Zealand, all of these compounds would be considered controlled substance analogues of PCP and are hence illegal drugs, even though many of them have never been made or tested.[4][5]


Danger

Possible Analogues of PCP
Main article: Olney's lesions

Like other NMDA receptor antagonists, it is postulated that phencyclidine can cause a certain kind of brain damage called Olney's Lesions.[6][7] Studies conducted on rats have shown that high doses of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 caused vacuoles to form in certain regions of test rats' brains, and experts say that it is possible that similar brain damage can occur in humans.[8]

However, it is important to note that as yet, all studies on Olney's lesions have been performed only on animals and therefore no conclusion can be made regarding their existence in humans. Critics have cited poorly-performed studies and differences in animal metabolism as making Olney's lesions unproven in humans.[9][10]


Medical and veterinary use

PCP was first tested after World War I as a surgical anesthetic. Because of its adverse side-effects, such as hallucinations, mania, delirium and disorientation, it was shelved until the 1950s. In 1963 it was patented by Parke-Davis and named Sernyl (supposedly referring to serenity), but was withdrawn from the market two years later because of side effects. It was renamed Sernylan in 1967, and marketed as a veterinary anaesthetic, but again discontinued. Its side effects and long half-life in the human body made it unsuitable for medical applications.

PCP is retained in fatty tissue and is broken down by the human metabolism into PCHP, PPC and PCAA. When smoked, some of it is broken down by heat into 1-phenyl-1-cyclohexene (PC) and piperidine.

Conversion of PCP into PC and piperidine by heat. (Image in the PD)

Recreational use

PCP is consumed in a recreational manner mainly in the United States[citation needed], where the demand is met by illegal production. It comes in both powder and liquid forms (PCP base dissolved most often in ether), but typically it is sprayed onto leafy material such as marijuana, mint, oregano, parsley or Ginger Leaves, and smoked. Common street names for the drug include "wet" and "fry." PCP is a Schedule II substance in the United States and a Class A substance in the United Kingdom.

Biochemical action

The N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a type of ionotropic receptor, is found on the dendrites of neurons and receives signals in the form of neurotransmitters. It is a major excitatory receptor in the brain. Normal physiological function requires that the activated receptor fluxes positive ions through the channel part of the receptor. PCP enters the ion channel from the outside of the neuron and binds, reversibly, to a site in the channel pore, blocking the flux of positive ions into the cell. PCP therefore inhibits depolarization of neurons and interferes with cognitive and other functions of the nervous system.

Similarly, PCP and analogues also inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels (nAChR). Some analogues have greater potency at nAChR than at NMDAR. In some brain regions these effects act synergistically to inhibit excitatory activity.

Method of absorption

Illicit PCP seized by the DEA in several forms.

The term "embalming fluid" is often used to refer to the liquid PCP in which a cigarette or joint is dipped (a "sherm" or "dippy"), to be ingested through smoking. Smoking PCP is known as "getting wet." There is much confusion over the practice of dipping cigarettes in "embalming fluid" leading some to think that real embalming fluid may actually be used. This is a misconception that may cause serious health consequences beyond those of consuming PCP.

In its powder form, PCP can be insufflated.

In Canada, particularly in the province of Quebec, PCP is mostly encountered as "mescaline," although local users are aware that the drug is not, in fact, mescaline, but is actually a mixture of quinine or lactose and PCP freebase. Smoked PCP is almost unheard of in this region; the powder is most often insufflated or ingested.

In its pure form, PCP is a white crystalline powder that readily dissolves in water. However, most PCP on the illicit market contains a number of contaminants as a result of makeshift manufacturing, causing the color to range from tan to brown, and the consistency to range from powder to a gummy mass.

Effects

PCP has potent effects on the nervous system altering perceptual functions (hallucinations, delusional ideas, delirium or confused thinking), motor functions (unsteady gait, loss of coordination, and disrupted eye movement or nystagmus), and autonomic nervous system regulation (rapid heart rate, altered temperature regulation). The drug has been known to alter mood states in an unpredictable fashion causing some individuals to become detached and others to become animated. Intoxicated individuals may act in an unpredictable fashion driven by their delusions or hallucinations. Included in the portfolio of behavioral disturbances are acts of self injury including suicide, and attacks on others or destruction of property. The anesthetic properties of the drug can cause violent individuals to feel less pain at the time and persist in violent or injurious acts as a result. Recreational doses of the drug can also induce a psychotic state that resembles schizophrenic episodes.

See also

References

  1. ^ "List of psychotropic substances under control, in accordance with the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971": Report from 2003 (pdf)
  2. ^ Kapur, S. and P. Seeman. "NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and PCP have direct effects on the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2receptors¾implications for models of schizophrenia" Molecular Psychiatry. 7(8): 837–844 (2002)
  3. ^ http://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/pcp/pcp_index.html
  4. ^ Itzhak Y, Kalir A, Weissman BA, Cohen S. New analgesic drugs derived from phencyclidine. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 1981; 24(5):496–499
  5. ^ Chaudieu I, Vignon J, Chicheportiche M, Kamenka JM, Trouiller G, Chicheportiche R. Role of the aromatic group in the inhibition of phencyclidine binding and dopamine uptake by PCP analogs. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour. 1989 Mar;32(3):699–705.
  6. ^ Olney J, Labruyere J, Price M (1989). "Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencyclidine and related drugs". Science. 244 (4910): 1360–2. PMID 2660263.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Hargreaves R, Hill R, Iversen L. "Neuroprotective NMDA antagonists: the controversy over their potential for adverse effects on cortical neuronal morphology". Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 60: 15–9. PMID 7976530.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dxm/dxm_health2.shtml
  9. ^ Jansen, Karl. Ketamine: Dreams and Realities. MAPS, 2004. ISBN 0966001974
  10. ^ http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dxm/dxm_health3.shtml

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