Haplogroup T-M184: Difference between revisions
Fix broken reference name – You can help Category:Pages with broken reference names |
|||
| Line 41: | Line 41: | ||
||'''Notes''' |
||'''Notes''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Kazakhs]]||[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] ([[Turkic language|Turkic]]) ||[[Kosh-Agachski Raion]] ||19/49||38.8%||<ref>M. A. Gubina et al, "Haplotype Diversity in mtDNA and Y�Chromosome in Populations of Altai–Sayan Region," "Russian Journal of Genetics," (2012),</ref>||K(xL, NOP). According to Dulik 2011 only T fit. |
| [[Kazakhs]]||[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] ([[Turkic language|Turkic]]) ||[[Kosh-Agachski Raion]] ||19/49||38.8%||<ref name="M. A. Gubina et al">M. A. Gubina et al, "Haplotype Diversity in mtDNA and Y�Chromosome in Populations of Altai–Sayan Region," "Russian Journal of Genetics," (2012),</ref>||K(xL, NOP). According to Dulik 2011 only T fit. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Tuvinians]]||[[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] ([[Turkic language|Turkic]]) ||[[Kyzyl]] and [[Ubsunur Hollow]]||10/102||9.8%||<ref name="M. A. Gubina et al"/> |
| [[Tuvinians]]||[[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] ([[Turkic language|Turkic]]) ||[[Kyzyl]] and [[Ubsunur Hollow]]||10/102||9.8%||<ref name="M. A. Gubina et al"/> |
||
Revision as of 05:18, 16 October 2013
| Haplogroup T-M184 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Possible time of origin | 19,000-34,000 years BP[1] |
| Possible place of origin | West Asia[1][2] |
| Ancestor | LT |
| Descendants | T-M193 |
| Defining mutations | M184/PAGES34/USP9Y+3178, M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, L445 |
| Highest frequencies | Somalis from Ethiopia Northern Dir tribes, Kurru, Bauris, Ogaden, Armenian Sasuntzis, Chians, Arabs from Somalia Saccensi/Sicilians, Fulbe, Eivissencs, Northeastern Portuguese Jews, Rajus, Mahli, Zoroastrians in Kerman, Bakhtiaris/Lurs, Southern Egyptians |
In molecular evolution, a haplogroup (from the Greek: ἁπλούς, haploûs, "onefold, single, simple") is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation in all haplotypes. Haplogroup T-M184 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K2.
The UEP which defines this clade is generally considered to be the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) M184. Other SNPs (M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, L445) are currently considered to be phylogenetically equivalent.
Origins
K2-M70 is believed to have originated in Asia after the emergence of the K-M9 polymorphism (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001a). As deduced from the collective data (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; present study), K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, they are especially prominent in the Fulbe 18%( [Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999])"
— J. R. Luis et al.[3]
The occurrence in Europe of lineages belonging to both T1a1 (old T1a) and T1a2 (old T1b) subclades probably reflects multiple episodes of gene flow. T1a1* haplogroups in Europe likely reflect older gene flow.[1]
Distribution
Haplogroup T-M184 (M193, M272, L206, PAGES129) is found in an insignificant majority of Kurru, Bauris & Lodha in South Asia; and in a significant minority of Rajus and Mahli in South Asia; Somalis, southern Egyptians and Fulbe in north Cameroon; Chian Greeks, Saccensi/Sicilians, Eivissencs / Ibizans and Northeastern Portuguese Jews in Europe and Zoroastrians, Bakhtiaris/Lurs in the Middle East. Haplogroup T is common in northern Somalia and in the Somalis of Ethiopia. It is found in frequency of greater than 10 percent in populations of Kenya Tanzania and Cameroon. It is notable for being widespread in Tanzania where it is more common than Kenya . It has also been detected in the limba populations of Zimbabwe Malawi and South Africa. The distribution of this haplogroup has been suggested to be associated with mtdna haplogroup M1 as the two tend to be common in the same regions.[4]
Haplogroup T-M184 is not associated with the R1, G and J lineages that entered Africa from Eurasia relatively recently. Luis et al. (2004) suggest that the presence of the clade on the African continent may, like R1* representatives, point to an older introduction from Asia. The Levant rather than the Arabian Peninsula appears to have been the main route of entry, as the Egyptian and Turkish haplotypes are considerably older in age (13,700 ybp and 9,000 ybp, respectively) than those found in Oman (only 1,600 ybp). According to the authors, the spotty modern distribution pattern of haplogroup T-M184 within Africa may therefore represent the traces of a more widespread early local presence of the clade. Later expansions of populations carrying the E1b1b, E1b1a, G and J NRY lineages may have overwhelmed the T-M184 clade-bearers in certain localities.[5]
The distribution of haplogroup T-M184 in most parts of Europe is patchy or regionalized; for example, haplogroup T-M184 was found in 1.7% (10/591) of a pool of six samples of males from southwestern Russia, but it was completely absent from a pool of eight samples totalling 637 individuals from the northern half of European Russia.[6] The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities: Roslavl, Livny, Pristen, Repyevka, and Belgorod; and Kuban Cossacks from the Republic of Adygea.
Family Tree DNA, a commercial genetic genealogy company, has displayed a map that shows a relatively high frequency of haplogroup T-M184 in some Australian aborigines. Probably the populations coincide with those previously reported in several studies as K*(M9), with a frequency near to 30% in Northern Australia. According to Family Tree DNA, the defining SNP for haplogroup T-M184 is M184, while M70 defines T1.[citation needed]
The paternal haplogroup T-M70 varies between 3% and 24% of male lineages in Germany.
Northern Asia
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
| Kazakhs | Kazakh (Turkic) | Kosh-Agachski Raion | 19/49 | 38.8% | [7] | K(xL, NOP). According to Dulik 2011 only T fit. |
| Tuvinians | Tuvan (Turkic) | Kyzyl and Ubsunur Hollow | 10/102 | 9.8% | [7] | |
| Kazakhs | Kazakh (Turkic) | Southwestern Altai | 1/30 | 3.3% | [8] | |
| Khakass | Khakas (Turkic) | Abakan | 3/176 | 1.7% | .[7] |
Europe
With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl,[44] 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera,[26] 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano,[26] 10% (3/30) of Tyroleans in Nonstal,[26] 10% (2/20) of Italians in Pescara,[26] 8.7% (4/46) of Italians in Benavento,[26] 7.8% (4/51) of Italians in South Latium,[25] 7.4% (2/27) of Italians in Paola,[26] 7.3% (11/150) of Italians in Central-South Italy,[45] 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia,[46] 7% (6/86) of Sardinians in Tempio,[47] 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania,[48] 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella,[49] 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba,[21] 3.3% (2/60) of Leoneses in León|,[21] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Postua,[49] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Cavaglià,[49] 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria,[50] 2.8% (1/36) of Russians in Ryazan Oblast,[51] 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia,[52] 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza,[50] 2.6% (3/114) of Serbs in Belgrade,[53] 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov,[44] 2.4% (1/42) of Russians in Kaluga,[44] 2.2% (2/89) of Transylvanians in Csíkszereda,[54] 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese,[49] 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in Brescia,[55] 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania,[56] 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro,[57] 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche,[52] 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in Catanzaro,[50] 1.6% (3/183) of Greeks in Northern Greece,[58] 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area,[59] 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium,[52] 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in Leiden,[60] 0.8% (1/132) of "Andalusians" in Northwest Tunisia,[61] 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad (Vojvodina),[62] 0.5% (1/186) of Polish in Podlasie[63] and 0.4% (1/234) of Germans in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt.[64]
Other parts that have been found to contain a significant proportion of haplogroup T-M184 individuals include Trentino (2/67 or 3%), Mariña Lucense (1/34 or 2.9%), Heraklion (3/104 or 2.9%), Roslavl (3/107 or 2.8%), Ourense (1/37 or 2.7%), Livny (3/110 or 2.7%), Biella (3/114 or 2.6%), Entre Douro (6/228 or 2.6%), Porto (3/118 or 2.5%), Urbino (1/40 or 2.5%), Iberian Peninsula (16/629 or 2.5%), Blekinge/Kristianstad (1/41 or 2.4%), Belarus (1/41 or 2.4%), Modena (3/130 or 2.3%), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (1/45 or 2.2%), Pristen (1/45 or 2.2%), Cáceres (2/91 or 2.2%), Brac (1/47 or 2.1%), Satakunta (1/48 or 2.1%), Western Croatia (2/101 or 2%), Ukrainia (1/50 or 2%), Greifswald (2/104 or 1.9%), Moldavians in Sofia (1/54 or 1.9%), Uppsala (1/55 or 1.8%), Lublin (2/112 or 1.8%), Pias in Beja (1/54 or 1.8%), Macedonian Greeks (1/57 or 1.8%), Nea Nikomedeia (1/57 or 1.8%), Sesklo/Dimini (1/57 or 1.8%), Lerna/Franchthi (1/57 or 1.8%), Açores (2/121 or 1.7%), Viana do Castelo (1/59 or 1.7%), Midi-Pyrénées (1/67 or 1.5%), Belgorod (2/143 or 1.4%), Sardinia (1/77 or 1.3%).[65][66][67][68][69][70][25][71][29][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][71][86][87][88][9][89][90][91][92][93] According to data from commercial testing, 3.9% of Italian males belonging to this haplogroup.[94] Approximately 3% of Sephardi Jews and 2% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup T.[95]
Middle East and Caucasus
Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 28% (7/25) of Lezginians in Dagestan,[100] 21.7% (5/23) of Ossetians in Zamankul,[117] 14% (7/50) of Iranians in Isfahan,[100] 13% (3/23) of Ossetians in Zil'ga,[117] 12.6% (11/87) of Kurmanji Kurds in Eastern Turkey,[118] 11.8% (2/17) of Palestinian Arabs in Palestina,[119] 8.3% (1/12) of Iranians in Shiraz,[120] 8.3% (2/24) of Ossetians in Alagir,[117] 8% (2/25) of Kurmanji Kurds in Georgia,[118] 7.5% (6/80) of Iranians in Tehran,[100][121] 7.4% (10/135) of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village,[119] 7% (10/143) of Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Palestina,[119] 5% (1/19) of Chechens in Chechenia,[100][121] 4.2% (3/72) of Azerbaijanians in Azerbaijan,[100][121] 4.1% (2/48) of Iranians in Isfahan,[121] 4% (4/100) of Armenians in Armenia,[100][121] 4% (1/24) of Bedouins in Israel[119] and 2.6% (1/39) of Turks in Ankara.[121]
Africa
Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 9.7% (3/31) of Datogs in Tanzania,[134] 5.8% (4/69) of Kordofanians in Kurdufan,[119] 5.6% (1/18) of Tuaregs in Gorom-Gorom,[144] 4.8% (5/105) of Tunisians in Sfax,[145] 4.8% (3/63) of Libyans in Tripoli Area,[146] 2.6% (1/39) of Hutus in Rwanda[147] 2.1% (1/47) of Berbers in Sejenane,[148] 1.9% (1/53) of Ovimbundo in Angola,[149] and 1.5% (1/68) of Mozabites in Ghardaia,[150]
South Asia
Haplogroup T-M184 has been detected in:
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
| Kurru | Yerukala (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 10/18 | 55.6% | [71] | |
| Bauris | Bengali (Indo-Aryan) | West Bengal | 10/19 | 52.6% | [71] | K* is found at 6/19, if M70- but M184+, then could be 84.2% |
| Lodha | Lodhi (Sora–Juray–Gorum Munda) | West Bengal | 2/4 | 50% | [71] | |
| Rajus | Telugu (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 3/19 | 15.9% | [71] | |
| Maheli | Mahali (Kherwari Munda) | West Bengal | 2/13 | 15.3% | [71] | |
| Chenchus | Chenchu (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 3/20 | 15% | [71] | K* is found at 7/20, if M70- but M184+, then could be 50% |
| Kare Vokkal | Kannada (Dravidian) | Uttara Kannada | 4/30 | 13.3% | [151] | K* is found at 3/30, if M70- but M184+, then could be 23.3% |
| Banjaras | Lambadi (Indo-Aryan) | Andhra Pradesh | 2/18 | 11.1% | [71] | |
| Gonds | Gondi (Dravidian) | South Uttar Pradesh | 4/38 | 10.6% | [152][153] | |
| Gonds | Gondi (Dravidian) | Madhya Pradesh | 10/139 | 7.2% | [152][153] | |
| Indians | languages of India | South India | 18/305 | 5.9% | [71] | |
| Maheli | Mahali (Kherwari Munda) | Jamshedpur from Jharkhand; Purulia, Midnapore & other location from West Bengal | 2/38 | 5.3% | [71][154] | Two samples from different studies grouped together |
| Chenchus | Chenchu (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 3/61 | 4.9% | [71][155] | Samples from Trivedi et al. and Kivisild et al. |
| Banjaras | Lambadi (Indo-Aryan) | Andhra Pradesh | 2/53 | 3.8% | [71][155] | Two samples from different studies grouped together |
| Indians | languages of India | East India | 14/367 | 3.8% | [71] | |
| Gujaratis | Gujarati (Indo-Aryan) | Gujarat | 1/29 | 3.4% | [155] | |
| Lodha | Lodhi (Sora–Juray–Gorum Munda) | Midnapore & other location from West Bengal | 2/71 | 2.8% | [71][154][156] | Three samples from different studies grouped together |
| Sahariyas | Saharia (Munda) | Madhya Pradesh | 2/73 | 2.7% | [157] |
With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada,[158] 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh,[159] 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam,[159] 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India,[160] 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh,[161] 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia, (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh,[159] 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir,[152] 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir,[152] 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia) in Andhra Pradesh,[159] 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India,[162] 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad,[161] 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar,[152] 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh,[159] 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh,[159] (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra,[152] 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat,[152] 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh,[163] 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru,[159] and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra.[161]
Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%).
Far East
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
| Xibe/Sibo/Xibo people | Xibe (Tungusic) | Xinjiang | 1/8 | 12.5% | [164][165] | |
| Uyghur | Uyghur (Turkic) | Xinjiang | 1/48 (1/4 samples) | 2.1% | [166] |
Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 4.9% (2/41) of Xibe in Xinjiang,[167] 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning province,[168] and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak.[169]
Colonial America
Elite endurance runners
Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T[178] and specifically to the T1a1a* (old T1a*) subclade, according to further studies.[1] T1a1a* was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.[179]
Notable haplogroup members
A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is Thomas Jefferson. The Y-chromosomal complement of the Jefferson male line was studied in 1998 in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether he had fathered the mixed-race children of his slave Sally Hemings. A 1998 DNA study of the Y chromosome in the Jefferson male line found that it matched that of a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally Hemings' youngest son. This confirmed the body of historical evidence, and most historians believe that Jefferson had a long-term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years, and fathered her six children of record, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line. Jefferson grandchildren had asserted in the 19th century that a Carr nephew had been the father of Hemings' children, and this had been the basis of historians' denial for 180 years.
Phylogenetic network analysis of its Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotype shows that it is most closely related to an Egyptian K2 haplotype, but the presence of scattered and diverse European haplotypes within the network is nonetheless consistent with Jefferson’s patrilineage belonging to an ancient and rare indigenous European type. This is supported by the observation that two of 85 unrelated British men sharing the surname Jefferson also share the President’s Y-STR haplotype within haplogroup K2.
— Turi E. King et al.[180]
The affiliation of the Jefferson haplotype to T1a* and the absence of closely related haplotypes (zero to two step mutations away) in the network supports the hypothesis that this haplotype belongs to an ancient rare European Y-chromosome lineage rather than to lineages that recently migrated to Europe from the Near East.
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the 2012 ISOGG Tree.
- T (L445, L452, L455/PF5670, PR4091, L810, M184/Page34/USP9Y+3178, M272/PF5667, Page129) Found in Armenia and Northwest Europe. Also found in a South Australia European sample and a Palestinian individual.
- T1 (L206, L490, M193) Found in Syria.
- T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662, PAGES78) Found in Iran.
- T1a1 (L162/Page21, L299, L453/PF5617, L454) Found in northern Anatolia and Germany.
- T1a1a (L208/Page2, L905) Mostly found in western Europe, eastern Anatolia, Iran, Arabian Peninusla, Upper Egypt and Horn of Africa. Some spots in western Morocco, Sahrawis and Canarias.
- T1a1a1 (P77) Mostly found in Middle East, western Europe and Ashkenazi Jews.
- T1a1a2 (P321) Found in Syria and Ashkenazi Jews.
- T1a1a2a (P317) Found in Syria and Italian Jews.
- T1a1a (L208/Page2, L905) Mostly found in western Europe, eastern Anatolia, Iran, Arabian Peninusla, Upper Egypt and Horn of Africa. Some spots in western Morocco, Sahrawis and Canarias.
- T1a2 (L131) Mostly found in northern Europe, eastern Europe, southeastern Europe and Anatolia. Also found in Xinjiang, Lemba, Tunisia, south and east Iberian Peninsula.
- T1a2a (P322, P328) Found in Scandinavia, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands. Some spots in Yemenite Jews and Palestine(P327).
- T1a2b (L446) Found in Northwest Europe and eastern Alps.
- T1a3 (L1255) Found in Kuwait.
- T1a1 (L162/Page21, L299, L453/PF5617, L454) Found in northern Anatolia and Germany.
- T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662, PAGES78) Found in Iran.
- T1 (L206, L490, M193) Found in Syria.
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
| YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 | ISOGG 2013 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T-M184 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu16 | H5 | F | K* | K | T | T | K2 | K2 | T | T | T | T | T | T | |
| K-M70/T-M70 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu15 | H5 | F | K2 | K2 | T | T1 | K2 | K2 | T | T | T | T1 | T1a | T1a | |
| T-P77 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu15 | H5 | F | K2 | K2 | T2 | T1a2 | K2 | K2 | T2 | T2 | T2a1 | T1a1b | T1a1a1 | T1a1a1 |
Original research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
ζ Su 1999
See also
| |||
Footnotes
| |||
References
Footnotes
Original research
- ^ W. Goodwin et al, " Department of Forensic and Investigative Science ," "www.yhrd.org/" (2012),
- ^ Carsten Hohoff and Bernd Brinkmann "Institut für Rechtsmedizin"," 'Universität Münster <http://www.yhrd.org>
- ^ Uta D. Immel et al, "Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Martin-Luther Universität Haale/Saale," "www.yhrd.org/" (1999),
- ^ Laura Valverde Potes et al, "Grupo BIOMICs / BIOMICs Research Group," "www.yhrd.org/" (2011),
Works cited
- ^ a b c d e Mendez, Fernando L.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Krahn, Thomas; Ostrer, Harry; Soodyall, Himla; Hammer, Michael F. (2011). "Increased Resolution of Y Chromosome Haplogroup T Defines Relationships among Populations of the Near East, Europe, and Africa". Human Biology. 83 (1): 39–53. doi:10.3378/027.083.0103. PMID 21453003.
- ^ Underhill, Peter A.; Passarino, Giuseppe; Lin, Alice A.; Marzuki, Sangkot; Oefner, Peter J.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Chambers, Geoffrey K. (2001). "Maori origins, Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific". Human Mutation. 17 (4): 271–80. doi:10.1002/humu.23. PMID 11295824.
- ^ Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M; et al. (2004). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (3): 532–44. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266. PMID 14973781.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ [drum.lib.umd.edu/]
- ^ a b c Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M; et al. (2004). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (3): 532–44. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266. PMID 14973781.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Balanovsky, Oleg; Rootsi, Siiri; Pshenichnov, Andrey; Kivisild, Toomas; Churnosov, Michail; Evseeva, Irina; Pocheshkhova, Elvira; Boldyreva, Margarita; Yankovsky, Nikolay (2008). "Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their Eurasian Context". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 236–50. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019. PMC 2253976. PMID 18179905.
- ^ a b c M. A. Gubina et al, "Haplotype Diversity in mtDNA and Y�Chromosome in Populations of Altai–Sayan Region," "Russian Journal of Genetics," (2012),
- ^ Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG, "Y-Chromosome Variation in Altaian Kazakhs Reveals a Common Paternal Gene Pool for Kazakhs and the Influence of Mongolian Expansions," "PLoS ONE" (2011),
- ^ a b c V. Onofri et al., "Y-chromosome genetic structure in sub-Apennine populations of Central Italy by SNP and STR analysis," Springer-Verlag (2007)
- ^ a b c d e Panayotis Katsaloulis et al., "Genetic population study of 11 Y chromosome STR loci in Greece," Forensic Science International: Genetics (2013) Cite error: The named reference "Katsaloulis2013" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ C. Robino et al., "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios," Forensic Science International (2004)
- ^ I. Pichler et al., "Genetic Structure in Contemporary South Tyrolean Isolated Populations Revealed by Analysis of Y-Chromosome, mtDNA, and Alu Polymorphisms," Human Biology, August 2006, v. 78, no. 4, pp. 441–464.
- ^ Stefania Turrina et al. , "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Northeast Italian population sample using 17plex loci PCR assay," Springer-Verlag (2006)
- ^ Alessio Boattini et al. , "Uniparental Markers in Italy Reveal a Sex-Biased Genetic Structure and Different Historical Strata ," PLOS ONE (2013)
- ^ a b c d e Cornelia; Gaetano, Di; Cerutti, Nicoletta; Crobu, Francesca; et al. (2009). "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17: 91–99.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|first4=(help) - ^ a b c Zalloua, Pierre A.; Platt, Daniel E.; El Sibai, Mirvat; Khalife, Jade; Makhoul, Nadine; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Izaabel, Hassan; Bosch, Elena (2008). "Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (5): 633–42. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. PMC 2668035. PMID 18976729.
- ^ a b Nogueiro I, Manco L, Gomes V, Amorim A, Gusmão L (2010). "Phylogeographic analysis of paternal lineages in NE Portuguese Jewish communities". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 141 (3): 373–81. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21154. PMID 19918998.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Venusia Cortellini; et al. (2013). "Y-chromosome polymorphisms and ethnic group – a combined STR and SNP approach in a population sample from northern Italy". Croatian Medical Journal.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Pangrazio A; et al. (2001). "Human Y-chromosome variation in the western Mediterranean area: implications for the peopling of the region". Hum. Immunol. 62 (9): 871–84. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00286-5. PMID 11543889.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Begoña Martínez-Cruz et al., Evidence of pre-Roman tribal genetic structure in Basques from uniparentally inherited markers, Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g Carlos Flores, Nicole Maca-Meyer, Ana M González, Peter J Oefner, Peidong Shen, Jose A Pérez, Antonio Rojas, Jose M Larruga and Peter A Underhill, "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography," European Journal of Human Genetics (2004) 12, 855–863 & 2004 Nature Publishing Group
- ^ a b c d S. L. Monteiro et al., "Universidade do Porto" (2012)
- ^ a b Pardiñas et al., "Universidade do Porto" (2012)
- ^ a b Martinez, Laisel; Underhill, Peter A; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; et al. (2007). "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15: 485–493.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|first3=(help) - ^ a b c Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F; et al. (2007). "Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44 (1): 228–39. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.030. PMID 17275346.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g Tala-Heikkilä M, Lemma E, Stanford JL (1992). "Comparative study of skin testing with PPD and new tuberculins by the WHO Mantoux test". Tuber. Lung Dis. 73 (6): 330–6. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00016-2. PMID 1292712.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Maca-Meyer, N.; Sánchez-Velasco, P.; Flores, C.; et al. (2003). "Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Characterization of Pasiegos, a Human Isolate from Cantabria (Spain)". Annals of Human Genetics. 67: 329–339.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|first3=(help) - ^ a b c d Brisighelli F, Blanco-Verea A, Boschi I; et al. (2012). "Patterns of Y-STR variation in Italy". Forensic Sci Int Genet. 6 (6): 834–9. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.03.003. PMID 22487686.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Beleza S, Gusmão L, Lopes A; et al. (2006). "Micro-phylogeographic and demographic history of Portuguese male lineages". Ann. Hum. Genet. 70 (Pt 2): 181–94. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00221.x. PMID 16626329.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Calcagno G, Labruna G, Sacchetti L (2005). "Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes in a Campania population sample". Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 43 (2): 163–6. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2005.027. PMID 15843210.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Rodríguez V, Tomàs C, Sánchez JJ; et al. (2009). "Genetic sub-structure in western Mediterranean populations revealed by 12 Y-chromosome STR loci". Int. J. Legal Med. 123 (2): 137–41. doi:10.1007/s00414-008-0302-y. PMID 19066931.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Decorte R. et al., "'YHRD
- ^ a b Ambrosio B. et al., "'Y-STR genetic diversity in autochthonous Andalusians from Huelva and Granada provinces (Spain)," Forensic Sci International Genetics (2011)
- ^ Robino C et al., "'Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in an Albanian population sample," Forensic Sci International Genetics (2002)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Karachanak S, Grugni V, Fornarino S; et al. (2013). "Y-chromosome diversity in modern Bulgarians: new clues about their ancestry". PLoS ONE. 8 (3): e56779. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056779. PMC 3590186. PMID 23483890.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) Cite error: The named reference "Karachanak2013" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ Brisighelli F et al."Patterns of Y-STR variation in Italy'","For Sci Int Genet (2012)
- ^ a b R. Montiel et al."Analysis of Y-chromosome Variability and its Comparison with mtDNA Variability Reveals Different Demographic Histories Between Islands in the Azores Archipelago (Portugal)"," Annals of Human Genetics (2005)
- ^ a b c d e Jan Zastera et al., "Assembly of a large Y-STR haplotype database for the Czech population and investigation of its substructure," Forensic Science International: Genetics (2010)
- ^ a b Maarten HD Larmuseau et al., "Temporal differentiation across a West-European Y-chromosomal cline: genealogy as a tool in human population genetics.," European Journal of Human Genetics (2011)
- ^ Young, Kristin L.; et al. (2011). "Paternal Genetic History of the Basque Population of Spain". Human Biology. 83 (4): 455–475.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|first1=(help) - ^ Francesc Calafell et al. "Estudi genètic dels cognoms catalans, valencians i balears"," 'CSIC-UPF (2013)
- ^ Susann Seiberling et al., "Allelverteilung Y-chromosomaler Short TandemRepeats in Vorpommern," Greifswald, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie (2005)
- ^ Sánchez C, Barrot C, Xifró A; et al. (2007). "Haplotype frequencies of 16 Y-chromosome STR loci in the Barcelona metropolitan area population using Y-Filer kit". Forensic Sci. Int. 172 (2–3): 211–7. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.01.007. PMID 17320328.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Grzybowski T; et al. (2004). "Differentiation of mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes in Russian populations". Hum. Biol. 76 (6): 877–900. PMID 15974299.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Rapone, Cesare; Geraci, Antonio; Capelli, Cristian; De Meo, Adolfo; d’Errico, Giancarlo; Barni, Filippo; Berti, Andrea; Lago, Giampietro (2007). "Y chromosome haplotypes in Central-South Italy: Implication for reference database". Forensic Science International. 172 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.06.072. PMID 16884881.
- ^ Pericic, M.; Lauc, LB; Klarić, IM; Rootsi, S; Janićijevic, B; Rudan, I; Terzić, R; Colak, I; Kvesić, A (2005). "High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (10): 1964–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443.
- ^ Morelli, Laura; Contu, Daniela; Santoni, Federico; Foster, Jamie W.; Francalacci, Paolo; Cucca, Francesco (2008). Hawks, John (ed.). "Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian Population: Inference for Association Scans". PLoS ONE. 3 (1): e1430. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001430. PMC 2174525. PMID 18183308.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Mendizabal, Isabel; Sandoval, Karla; Berniell-Lee, Gemma; Calafell, Francesc; Salas, Antonio; Martinez-Fuentes, Antonio; Comas, David (2008). "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8: 213. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-213. PMC 2492877. PMID 18644108.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d Cerutti, N.; Marin, A.; Di Gaetano, C.; Pappi, P.; Crobu, F.; Riccardino, F.; Matullo, G.; Piazza, A. (2006). "Population data for Y-chromosome STR haplotypes from Piedmont (Italy)". Forensic Science International. 158 (2–3): 238–43. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.07.002. PMID 16111847.
- ^ a b c V. Rodríguez et al. "Genetic sub-structure in western Mediterranean populations revealed by 12 Y-chromosome STR loci"," 'J Legal Med (2008)
- ^ Angela Fechner. "Boundaries and Clines in the West Eurasian Y-Chromosome Landscape: Insights From the European Part of Russia"," 'AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (2008)
- ^ a b c Cristian Capelli et al. "A 9-loci Y chromosome haplotype in three Italian populations "," 'Forensic Science International: Genetics (2005)
- ^ Lovorka Barac Lauc et al. "Y chromosome STR polymorphisms in a Serbian population sample"," 'Forensic Science International (2004)
- ^ Balazs Egyed. "Population genetic study in two Transylvanian populations using forensically informative autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR markers"," 'Forensic Science International (2005)
- ^ Nicoletta Cerri et al. "YPopulation data for 12 Y-chromosome STRs in a sample from Brescia (northern Italy)"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd. (2005)
- ^ Ligia Elena Barbarii et al. "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Romanian population sample"," 'Springer-Verlag (2003)
- ^ Miljana Stevanovic "Human Y-specific STR haplotypes in population of Serbia and Montenegro"," 'Forensic Science International (2006)
- ^ Leda Kovatsi et al. "Population genetics of Y-chromosome STRs in a population of Northern Greeks"," 'Forensic Science International: Genetics (2009)
- ^ C. Haas et al. "Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in a population sample from Switzerland (Zurich area)"," 'Forensic Science International (2005)
- ^ Heike Rodig et al. "Evaluation of haplotype discrimination capacity of 35 Y-chromosomal STR loci"," 'Forensic Science International (2007)
- ^ Lotfi Cherni et al. "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in three ethnic groups and one cosmopolitan population from Tunisia"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd. (2005)
- ^ Igor S. Veselinovic et al. "Allele frequencies and population data for 17 Y-chromosome STR loci in a Serbian population sample from Vojvodina province"," 'Forensic Science International (2007)
- ^ Witold Pepinski et al. "Population genetics of Y-chromosome STRs in a population of Podlasie, northeastern Poland"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd. (2004)
- ^ Uta-Dorothee Immel et al. "Y chromosome polymorphisms and haplotypes in South Saxony-Anhalt (Germany)"," 'Forensic Science International (2005)
- ^ Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J (2007). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (3): 374–86. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID 17928816.
- ^ a b Regueiro, M.; Cadenas, A.M.; Gayden, T.; Underhill, P.A.; Herrera, R.J. (2006). "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration". Human Heredity. 61 (3): 132–43. doi:10.1159/000093774. PMID 16770078.
- ^ Cinnioglu, Cengiz; King, Roy; Kivisild, Toomas; Kalfoglu, Ersi; Atasoy, Sevil; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; Lillie, Anita S.; Roseman, Charles C.; Lin, Alice A. (2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia". Human Genetics. 114 (2): 127–48. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. PMID 14586639.
- ^ Sahoo, S. (2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (4): 843–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161.
- ^ Pierre A. Zalloua, Yali Xue, Jade Khalife, Nadine Makhoul, Labib Debiane, Daniel E. Platt, Ajay K. Royyuru, Rene J. Herrera, David F. Soria Hernanz, Jason Blue-Smith, R. Spencer Wells, David Comas, Jaume Bertranpetit, Chris Tyler-Smith, and The Genographic Consortium, "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events," The American Journal of Human Genetics 82, 873–882, April 2008.
- ^ Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15: 121–126.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o R. Trivedi, Sanghamitra Sahoo, Anamika Singh, G. Hima Bindu, Jheelam Banerjee, Manuj Tandon, Sonali Gaikwad, Revathi Rajkumar, T Sitalaximi, Richa Ashma, G. B. N. Chainy and V. K. Kashyap, "High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations"
- ^ a b Mirvat El Sibai et al., "Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast," Annals of Human Genetics (2009), "Table S1. General information and haplotype and haplogroup assignment of samples genotyped in this study" in the online data supplement.
- ^ Battaglia et al. "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe"," European Journal of Human Genetics (in press) (2009)
- ^ Rita Gonçalves et al."Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry"," 'University of Madeira (2005)
- ^ Karlsson et al."Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden – A long-time perspective"," European Journal of Human Genetics (2006)
- ^ Varzari et al."Searching for the Origin of Gagauzes: Inferences from Y-Chromosome Analysis"," American Journal of Human Biology (2008)
- ^ Semino et al."The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective"," Science (2000)
- ^ Kivisild et al."The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations"," American Journal of Human Genetics (2003)
- ^ Tove H. Jorgensen et al."The origin of the isolated population of the Faroe Islands investigated using Y chromosomal markers"," Human Genetics (2003)
- ^ Verónica Gomes et al."Refining the analysis of Y-chromosomal diversity in Alentejo (Portugal)"," Elsevier Ireland Ltd (2008)
- ^ Marin A.et al." Biodemographic and molecular analysis of an isolated Alpine population (Postua)"," International Journal of Anthropology (2005)
- ^ M.Brion et al." Hierarchical analysis of 30 Y-chromosome SNPs in European populations"," Springer-Verlag (2004)
- ^ G.Ferri et al." Slow and fast evolving markers typing in Modena males (North Italy)"," 'Forensic Science International (2009)
- ^ R.J. King et al., "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic," Annals of Human Genetics (2008)
- ^ D. Kasperaviciute et al., "Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Lithuanians," Annals of Human Genetics (2004)
- ^ T. Lappalainen, U. Hannelius et al., "Population Structure in Contemporary Sweden—A Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis," Annals of Human Genetics (2009)
- ^ P. Grignani et al., "Highly informative Y-chromosomal haplotypes by the addition of three new STRs DYS437, DYS438 and DYS439," Springer-Verlag (2000)
- ^ S. Gaikwad et al., "Molecular insight into the genesis of ranked caste populations of western India based upon polymorphisms across non-recombinant and recombinant regions in genome," Genome Biology (2005)
- ^ Zoë H. Rosser et al."Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language"," 'American Journal of Human Genetics (2000)
- ^ Mark G Thomas et al."New genetic evidence supports isolation and drift in the Ladin communities of the South Tyrolean Alps but not an ancient origin in the Middle"," 'European Journal of Human Genetics (2008)
- ^ Irene Pichler et al."Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes"," 'European Journal of Human Genetics (2010)
- ^ E. Ramos-Luis et al., "Phylogeography of French male lineages," Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series (2009)
- ^ Maria Gaibar et al. "STR genetic diversity in a Mediterranean population from the south of the Iberian Peninsula"," 'Annals of Human Biology (2010)
- ^ Italy DNA Project blog, "What a difference a year makes" (posted Tuesday, September 04, 2007), based on data from the Italy DNA Project at Family Tree DNA
- ^ Nicholas Wade, "Study Raises Possibility of Jewish Tie for Jefferson," The New York Times (February 28, 2007)
- ^ a b Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Ashrafian Bonab, Maziar; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang (2012). Kayser, Manfred (ed.). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLoS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d Kristian J Herrera et al, "Neolithic patrilineal signals indicate that the Armenian plateau was repopulated by agriculturalists," "European Journal of Human Genetics" (2011)
- ^ a b c d e f Zahra Lashgary et al, "Y chromosome diversity among the Iranian religious groups: A reservoir of genetic variation," "Annals of Human Biology" (2011)
- ^ L. Roewer et al, "A Y-STR database of Iranian and Azerbaijanian minority populations," "Forensic Science International: Genetics 4" (2009),
- ^ a b c d e f g Nasidze et al."Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus"," 'Annals of Human Genetics (2004)
- ^ Ashot Margaryan et al, "Paternal Lineage Analysis Supports an Armenian Rather Than a Central Asian Genetic Origin of the Hamshenis," " Human Biology 84(4) 405-422. 2012" (2012),
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Hooshiar Kashani, Baharak; Parolo, Silvia; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Gandini, Francesca; Houshmand, Massoud (2012). Kivisild, Toomas (ed.). "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians". PLoS ONE. 7 (7): e41252. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. PMC 3399854. PMID 22815981.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Yonan et al., "Y-chromosome diversity in the Assyrian christians," (2009)
- ^ N. Al-Zahery, O. Semino, G. Benuzzi, C. Magri, G. Passarino, A. Torroni, and A.S. Santachiara-Benerecetti, "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations," Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2003)
- ^ a b L. QUINTANA-MURCI et al., "Y-chromosome speci®c YCAII, DYS19 and YAP polymorphisms in human populations: a comparative study," Annals of Human Genetics (1999)
- ^ Mukherjee N., Nebel A., Oppenheim A. and Majumder P. P., "High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from Central Asia and West Asia into India," J. Genet. 80, 125–135 (2001)
- ^ a b Ana Teresa Fernandes et al., "Y-chromosomal STRs in two populations from Israel and the Palestinian Authority Area: Christian and Muslim Arabs," Forensic Science International: Genetics (2011)
- ^ a b c d e Michael E. Weale et al., "Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group," Journal of Human Genetics (2009)
- ^ Abu-Amero, Khaled K; Hellani, Ali; González, Ana M; Larruga, Jose M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Underhill, Peter A (2009). "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions". BMC Genetics. 10: 59. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59. PMC 2759955. PMID 19772609.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d e Marc Haber et al., "Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon," European Journal of Human Genetics 2010
- ^ Carlos Flores et al. "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan"," 'J Hum Genet (2005)
- ^ Mohammad et al. "Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait"," 'UKPMC (2009)
- ^ M.-R. Rafiee et al., "Analysis of Y-Chromosomal Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Polymorphism in an Iranian Sadat Population," Russian Journal of Genetics (2009)
- ^ a b King, Roy J; Dicristofaro, Julie; Kouvatsi, Anastasia; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; Scheidel, Walter; Myres, Natalie M; Lin, Alice A; Eissautier, Alexandre; Mitchell, Michael (2011). "The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11: 69. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-69. PMC 3068964. PMID 21401952.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d Oleg Balanovsky et al., "Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2011
- ^ Niaz M. Achakzai et al., "Y-chromosomal STR analysis in the Pashtun population of Southern Afghanistan," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2011
- ^ a b c Nasidze et al. "Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians"," 'Annals of Human Genetics (2004)
- ^ a b Nasidze et al. "MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups"," 'Annals of Human Genetics (2005)
- ^ a b c d e f Elise M. S. Belle et al. "Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent show evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common patrilineal origin"]
- ^ R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," The National Academy of Sciences, 2001
- ^ a b c d e f Nasidze et al. "Haplotypes from the Caucasus, Turkey and Iran for nine Y-STR loci"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd (2003)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Plaster et al., "Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia," UCL Discovery (2011)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Cesare de Filippo et al., "Y-chromosomal variation in Sub-Saharan Africa, insights into the history of Niger–Congo groups," Oxford University Press, 2010
- ^ U.D. Immel et al., "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in an Arab population from Somalia" (2009)
- ^ Cruciani, Fulvio; Santolamazza, Piero; Shen, Peidong; et al. "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1197–1214): 2002.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|first3=(help) - ^ María Brión et al., "Introduction of an single nucleodite polymorphism-based "Major Y-chromosome haplogroup typing kit" suitable for predicting the geographical origin of male lineages," Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH (2005)
- ^ a b Klara Stefflova et al., "Dissecting the Within-Africa Ancestry of Populations of African Descent in the Americas," PLoS ONE (2011)
- ^ Margurethe Stenersen et al., "Kurdish (Iraq) and Somalian population data for 15 autosomal and 9 Y-chromosomal STR loci," Elsevier (2004)
- ^ a b Elizabeth T Wood et al., "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes," European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) Cite error: The named reference "Wood2005" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Sanchez, Juan J; Hallenberg, Charlotte; Børsting, Claus; Hernandez, Alexis; Morling, Niels (2005). "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13: 856–866.
- ^ a b Arredi, Barbara; Poloni, Estella S.; Paracchini, Silvia; et al. "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (338–345): 2004.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|first3=(help) - ^ a b c d e Ghada A. Omran et al., "Diversity of 17-locus Y-STR haplotypes in Upper (Southern) Egyptians," Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series2007
- ^ Andreas O. Tillmar et al., "Population data of 12 Y-STR loci from a Somali population (2009)
- ^ a b Sarah A. Tishkoff et al. "Supplementary Table 2: Y chromosome genotype data"," 'Mol. Biol. Evol. (2007)
- ^ Soumaya Triki-Fendri et al. "Population genetics of 17 Y-STR markers in West Libya (Tripoli region)"," 'Forensic Science International: Genetics (2013)
- ^ Called "Wairak" and misidentified as Bantu in the studies.
- ^ a b Fulvio Cruciani et al. "Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12 "," 'Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)
- ^ a b Jean-Michel Dugoujon et al. "The Berber and the Berbers - Genetic and linguistic diversities"," 'John Benjamins Publishing Company (2009)
- ^ Wanwalai Charoenchote et al. "AmpFℓSTR Identifiler STR Allele Frequencies and PowerPlex Y-STR Haplotype Frequencies of the Meru Population of Northern Tanzania"," 'University of Nevada (2004)
- ^ Krishna R Veeramah et al. "Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria"," 'BMC Evolutionary Biology (2010)
- ^ Samir Elmrghni et al. "Population genetic data for 17 Y STR markers from Benghazi (East Libya)"," 'Forensic Science International: Genetics (2011)
- ^ a b Verónica Gomes et al. "Digging deeper into East African human Y chromosome lineages"," 'Hum Genet (2010)
- ^ Franz Manni et al. "Y-Chromosome Analysis in Egypt Suggests a Genetic Regional Continuity in Northeastern Africa"," 'Human Biology, Volume 74, Number 5, October 2002, pp. 645–658 (2002)
- ^ Luisa Pereira et al. "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel"," 'European Journal of Human Biology (2010)
- ^ Imen Ayadi et al. "Haplotypes for 13 Y-chromosomal STR loci in South Tunisian population (Sfax region)"," 'Elsevier Ltd. (2005)
- ^ U.-D. Immel et al. "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in an Arab population from Libya"," 'Elsevier B.V. (2005)
- ^ ALESSANDRA CAGLIÀ et al. "A Study of Y-Chromosome Microsatellite Variation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comparison between FST and RST Genetic Distances"," 'Human Biology, Volume 75, Number 3. (2003)
- ^ Sabeh Frigi et al. "Data for Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by 17 STRs (AmpFLSTR1 YfilerTM) in two Tunisian Berber communities"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd. (2005)
- ^ Miguel M. Melo et al. "Y-STR haplotypes in three ethnic linguistic groups of Angola population"," 'Forensic ScienceInternational:Genetics (2010)
- ^ E. Bosch et al. "Y chromosome STR haplotypes in four populations from northwest Africa"," 'Int J Legal Med (2000)
- ^ Shah, Anish M.; Tamang, Rakesh; Moorjani, Priya; Rani, Deepa Selvi; Govindaraj, Periyasamy; Kulkarni, Gururaj; Bhattacharya, Tanmoy; Mustak, Mohammed S.; Bhaskar, L.V.K.S. (2011). "Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 89: 154. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030.
- ^ a b c d e f g Sharma S, Rai E, Sharma P; et al. (2009). "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system". J. Hum. Genet. 54 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2. PMID 19158816.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Winters, Clyde (2010). "Y-Chromosome evidence of an African origin of Dravidian agriculture". International Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2 (3): 30–3.
- ^ a b Kumar, Vikrant; Reddy, Arimanda NS; Babu, Jagedeesh P; Rao, Tipirisetti N; Langstieh, Banrida T; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Reddy, Alla G; Singh, Lalji; Reddy, Battini M (2007). "Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 47. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-47. PMC 1851701. PMID 17389048.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M; et al. (2003). "The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72 (2): 313–32. doi:10.1086/346068. PMC 379225. PMID 12536373.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sengupta, Sanghamitra; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; King, Roy; Mehdi, S.Q.; Edmonds, Christopher A.; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T.; Lin, Alice A.; Mitra, Mitashree; Sil, Samir K. (2006). "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.
- ^ Sharma, Gunjan; Tamang, Rakesh; Chaudhary, Ruchira; Singh, Vipin Kumar; Shah, Anish M.; Anugula, Sharath; Rani, Deepa Selvi; Reddy, Alla G.; Eaaswarkhanth, Muthukrishnan (2012). Kivisild, Toomas (ed.). "Genetic Affinities of the Central Indian Tribal Populations". PLoS ONE. 7 (2): e32546. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032546. PMC 3290590. PMID 22393414.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Singh, Vijay Kumar; Reddy, Alla G.; Chauhan, Pallavi; Malvee, Rashmi; Pavate, P. P.; Singh, Lalji (2007). "Y-Chromosomal STR Haplotypes in Two Endogamous Tribal Populations of Karnataka, India". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 52 (3): 751–3. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00443.x. PMID 17456116.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ramana, Gutala Venkata; Su, Bing; Jin, Li; Singh, Lalji; Wang, Ning; Underhill, Peter; Chakraborty, Ranajit (2001). "Y-chromosome SNP haplotypes suggest evidence of gene flow among caste, tribe, and the migrant Siddi populations of Andhra Pradesh, South India". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (9): 695–700. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200708. PMID 11571559.
- ^ R. Cordaux et al. "Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages"
- ^ a b c Thanseem I, Thangaraj K, Chaubey G; et al. (2006). "Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA". BMC Genet. 7: 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-7-42. PMC 1569435. PMID 16893451.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Cordaux R, Weiss G, Saha N, Stoneking M (2004). "The northeast Indian passageway: a barrier or corridor for human migrations?". Mol. Biol. Evol. 21 (8): 1525–33. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh151. PMID 15128876.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ P. Majumder et al. "Ethnic populations of India as seen from an evolutionary perspective"]
- ^ R.Sanghamitra Sengupta et al, "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists," "The American Journal of Human Genetics" (2006),
- ^ R. Howard M. Cann et al, "A Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel," "Science " (2002), "Table 1" in the online data supplement.
- ^ Zhong et al, "Extended Y-chromosome investigation suggests post-Glacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route," "Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution" (2010),
- ^ Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao et al., "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times," Genetics 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006)
- ^ Rufeng Bai et al. "Y-chromosomal STRs haplotypes in Chinese Hui ethnic group samples"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd. (2008)
- ^ Yuet Meng Chang et al. "Haplotype diversity of 17 Y-chromosomal STRs in three native Sarawak populations (Iban, Bidayuh and Melanau) in East Malaysia"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd. (2008)
- ^ Mirian Tirado et al, "Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by 17 STRs included in AmpFlSTR Yfiler PCR Amplification Kit in a multi ethnical population from El Beni Department (North Bolivia)," "Legal Medicine" (2009).
- ^ a b c d Winston Rojas et al, "Genetic Make Up and Structure of Colombian Populations by Means of Uniparental and Biparental DNA Markers," "AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY" (2010),
- ^ a b T. Simms et al, "Paternal Lineages Signal Distinct Genetic Contributions From British Loyalists and Continental Africans Among Different Bahamian Islands," "AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (2011),
- ^ a b c V. Ramallo et al, "Comparison of Y-chromosome haplogroup frequencies in eight Provinces of Argentina," "Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series" (2009),
- ^ Ulises Toscanini et al, "Male Lineages in South American Native Groups: Evidence of M19 Traveling South," "AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY" (2011),
- ^ Ulises Toscanini et al, "Y chromosome microsatellite genetic variation in two Native American populations from Argentina: Population stratification and mutation data," "Forensic Science International: Genetics" (2008),
- ^ WINSTON ROJAS et al, "COANCESTRÍA DE APELLIDOS Y LINAJES DEL CROMOSOMA Y EN EL NOROESTE DE COLOMBIA: UNA HERRAMIENTA ÚTIL PARA ESTABLECER MIGRACIÓN ENTRE POBLACIONES," "Revista Colombiana de Antropología (2011),
- ^ Blanco-Verea, A.; Jaime, J.C.; Brión, M.; Carracedo, A. (2010). "Y-chromosome lineages in native South American population". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 4 (3): 187. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.08.008.
- ^ Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana; Falaschi, Francesco; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A. (2002). "Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1): 265–8. doi:10.1086/338306. PMC 384897. PMID 11719903.
- ^ Moran, Colin N.; Scott, Robert A.; Adams, Susan M.; Warrington, Samantha J.; Jobling, Mark A.; Wilson, Richard H.; Goodwin, William H.; Georgiades, Evelina; Wolde, Bezabhe (2004). "Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners". Human Genetics. 115 (6): 492–7. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1202-y. PMID 15503146.
- ^ King TE, Bowden GR, Balaresque PL, Adams SM, Shanks ME, Jobling MA (2007). "Thomas Jefferson's Y chromosome belongs to a rare European lineage". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 132 (4): 584–9. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20557. PMID 17274013.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)