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990s

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The 990s decade ran from January 1, 990, to December 31, 999.

Events

990

By place

Europe
Africa

By topic

Religion
  • June – The Pax Ecclesiae, an edict by the Catholic Church, is promulgated. Held at three synods in different parts of southern and central France (at Charroux, Narbonne and Puy), it attempts to outlaw acts of war against non-combatants and the clergy.

991

Unknown dates

992

By place

Worldwide
  • Winter – A superflare from the sun causes an Aurora Borealis, with visibility as far south as Germany and Korea. [3]
Europe

993

By place

Europe

By topic

Religion
Astronomy

994

By place

Byzantine Empire
Europe
England

By topic

Astronomy

995

By place

Japan
Byzantine Empire
Europe
Scotland
England
Asia
Armenia
  • 995 Balu earthquake. It reportedly affected the Armenian areas of Balu, Cop'k (or Covk'), Palnatun (or Palin), and the districts of Hasteank and Xorjean. The areas affected were districts in what is currently the border area between Armenia and Turkey.[13]

996

By place

Japan
  • 2 March: Emperor Ichijo orders the imperial police to raid Korechika's residence; Empress Teishi (sister of Korechika) cuts her hair because of the humiliation; Takaie is arrested, Korechika is absent.
  • 5 March: Korechika returns with his head shaven and attired as a monk.
Europe
Africa
China

By topic

Religion

997

By place

Japan
  • 1 February: Empress Teishi gives birth to Princess Shushi - she is the first child of the emperor, but because of the power struggle between Michinaga and Korechika, the empress is not allowed to go to the palace.
  • 18 May: The imperial court decides to pardon Korechika and Takaie, under the illness of Teishi.
Byzantine Empire
Europe
Scotland
Central Asia
China

By topic

Religion
  • Spring – Pope Gregory V is exiled during a rebellion led by Crescentius II (the Younger), patrician (the de facto ruler) of Rome. The Crescentii family appoints Giovanni Filagato (former tutor of Otto III) as an antipope under the name John XVI (or XVII), until 998.
  • April 23Adalbert, exiled bishop of Prague, organises a mission to convert the Old Prussians in north-east Poland. On his way, Adalbert is murdered by pagans on the Baltic coast. His body is bought back for its weight in gold by Duke Bolesław I (the Brave).[19]
  • The first documented reference of Gdańsk is made by Adalbert. During his mission he baptises the inhabitants of the city called Gyddannyzc.

998

By place

Europe
Arabian Empire
Japan

By topic

Religion

999

By place and name

Japan
  • 9 February: The Mogi Ceremony of Fujiwara no Shoshi is held (she later becomes empress).
  • December: Empress Teishi gives birth to Prince Atsuyasu (who becomes the imperial heir), but on the next day, her rival, Fujiwara no Shoshi, is promoted to Consort.
Europe
Ireland
Central Asia

By topic

Religion

Significant people

Births

990

991

992

993

994

995

996

997

998

999

Deaths

990

991

992

993

994

995

996

997

998

999

References

  1. ^ Antonopoulos, 1980
  2. ^ John Haywood (1995). The Historical Atlas of the Vikings: Raids on Æthelred's Kingdom, pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-0-140-51328-8.
  3. ^ "Mystery glow that lit up the night sky in 992 C.E. Explained".
  4. ^ John Julius Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee, p. 257. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.
  5. ^ Bernard S. Bachrach, Warfare and Military Organization in Pre-Crusade Europe (Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, UK & Burlington, VT, 2002), IX, p. 66.
  6. ^ Mekhaldi, Florian; Muscheler, Raimund; Adolphi, Florian; Aldahan, Ala; Beer, Jürg; McConnell, Joseph R.; Possnert, Göran; Sigl, Michael; Svensson, Anders; Synal, Hans-Arno; Welten, Kees C. (2015-10-26). "Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of AD 774/5 and 993/4". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 8611. doi:10.1038/ncomms9611. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4639793. PMID 26497389.
  7. ^ Reuter, Timothy (1992). Germany in the Early Middle Ages, 800-1036, London and New York.
  8. ^ Reuter, Timothy (1999). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III, p. 257. ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.
  9. ^ John Haywood (1995). The Historical Atlas of the Vikings: Raids on Æthelred's Kingdom, p. 119. ISBN 978-0-140-51328-8.
  10. ^ Read, Piers Paul (1999). The Templars. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 0-297-84267-6.
  11. ^ "Boleslaus II the Pious". www.kralovskacesta.cz. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  12. ^ Twitchett, Denis; Tietze, Klaus-Peter (1994). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6, pp. 43–153. ISBN 0-521-24331-9.
  13. ^ Guidoboni, Traina, 1995, p. 126-127
  14. ^ François Neveux, A Brief History of the Normans (Constable and Robinson, 2008) p. 74.
  15. ^ Gil, Moshe (1997). A History of Palestine, 634–1099, pp. 369–370. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59984-9.
  16. ^ Paul Stephenson (2003). The Legend of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81530-4.
  17. ^ Collins, Roger (1983). Early Medieval Spain, p. 199. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-22464-8.
  18. ^ Christine Schefte (20 June 2012). "Hva husker du fra 1000-årsjubileet?" (in Norwegian). Adressa. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  19. ^ Richard Brzezinski (1990). History of Poland: The Piast Dynasty - Bolesław the Brave, p.16. ISBN 83-7212-019-6.
  20. ^ John Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee, pp. 255–256. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.
  21. ^ John Norwich (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee, p. 257. ISBN 0-394-53779-3.
  22. ^ Reuter, Timothy (1992). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III, p. 258. ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.
  23. ^ James Palmer (2014). The Apocalypse in the Early Middle Ages, p. 215. Cambridge University Press.
  24. ^ Gil, Moshe (1997). A History of Palestine, 634–1099, pp. 369–370. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59984-9.
  25. ^ Uji Travel: Byodoin Temple - Japan Guide (Retrieved August 4, 2017).
  26. ^ "Conrad II - Holy Roman emperor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  27. ^ "Gregory V | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 May 2019.