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Mount Vernon

Coordinates: 38°42′28″N 77°05′09″W / 38.70778°N 77.08583°W / 38.70778; -77.08583
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Mount Vernon Estate, Virginia

Mount Vernon was the plantation house of George Washington, first President of the United States and his wife, Martha Dandridge Custis Washington. The estate is situated on the banks of the Potomac River in Fairfax County, Virginia, near Alexandria, across from Prince George's County, Maryland. The Washington family had owned land in the area since the time of Washington's great-grandfather in 1674. In 1739 they embarked on an expansion of the estate that continued under George Washington, who came into possession of the estate in 1754, but did not become its sole owner until 1761.

The mansion is built of wood in a loose Palladian style, and was constructed by George Washington in stages between 1758 and 1778. It occupies the site of an earlier, smaller house built by George Washington's father Augustine, some time between 1726 and 1735. It remained Washington's country home for the rest of his life. Following his death in 1799, under the ownership of several successive generations of the family, the estate progressively declined as revenues were insufficient to maintain it adequately. In 1858, the house's historical importance was recognized and it was saved from ruin by The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association; this philanthropic organization acquired it together with part of the Washington property estate. Escaping the damage suffered by many plantation houses during the American Civil War, Mount Vernon was restored.

Mount Vernon was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and is today listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is still owned and maintained in trust by The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, and is open every day of the year. Allowing the public to see the estate is not an innovation, but part of a 200-year-old tradition started by George Washington himself. In 1794 he wrote: "I have no objection to any sober or orderly person's gratifying their curiosity in viewing the buildings, Gardens, &ca. about Mount Vernon."[1]

Name

When George Washington's ancestors acquired the estate, it was known as Little Hunting Creek Plantation, after the nearby Little Hunting Creek.[2] However, when Washington's older half-brother, Lawrence Washington, inherited, he changed its name to Mount Vernon in honor of Vice Admiral Edward Vernon, famed for the War of Jenkin's Ear and capture of the Portobelo, Colón.[3] Vernon had been Lawrence's commanding officer in the British Royal Navy. When George Washington inherited the property, he retained the name.[2]

Buildings and grounds

In classic Palladian style, on the western side, the main house is flanked by advancing, single-story secondary wings creating a cour d'honneur

The current property consists of 500 acres (2.0 square kilometres);[4] the main buildings, including the house, are near the riverfront.

Architecture

The present house was built in phases from 1758, by an unknown architect, on the site of the Washingtons' former farmhouse. This staggered and unplanned evolution is indicated by the off-center main door, which would once have been central to an earlier façade. As completed and seen today, the house is in a loose Palladian style. The principal block, dating from 1758, is a two-storied corps de logis flanked by two single-story secondary wings, built in 1775. These secondary wings, which house the servants hall on the northern side and the kitchen on the southern side, are connected to the corps de logis by symmetrical, quadrant colonnades, built in 1778. The completion of the colonnades cemented the classical Palladian arrangement of the complex and formed a distinct cour d'honneur, known at Mount Vernon as Mansion Circle, giving the house its imposing perspective.

The corps de logis and secondary wings have hipped roofs with dormers. In addition to its second story, the importance of the corps de logis is further emphasized by two large chimneys piercing the roof, and by a cupola surmounting the center of the house; this octagonal focal point has a short spire topped by a gilded dove of peace.[5] This placement of the cupola is more in the earlier Carolean style than Palladian, and was probably incorporated to improve ventilation of the enlarged attic and enhance the overall symmetry of the structure and the two wings; a similar cupola crowns the Governor's House at Williamsburg, of which Washington would have been aware.

Interior

The rooms at Mount Vernon have mostly been restored to their appearance at the time of George and Martha Washington's occupancy. These rooms include Washington's study, two dining rooms (the larger known as the New Room), the West Parlour, the Front Parlour, the kitchen and some bedrooms.[6]

The interior design follows the classical concept of the exterior, but owing to the mansion's piecemeal evolution, the internal architectural features – the doorcases, mouldings and plasterwork – are not consistently faithful to one specific period of the 18th-century revival of classical architecture. Instead they range from severe Palladianism to a finer and later neoclassicism in the style of Robert Adam.[6] This varying of the classical style is best exemplified in the doorcases and surrounds of the principal rooms. In the West Parlour and Small Dining rooms there are doorcases complete with ionic columns and full pediments, whereas in the hall and passageways the doors are given broken pediments supported only by an architrave.[6] Many of the rooms are lined with painted panelling and have ceilings ornamented by plasterwork in a Neoclassical style; much of this plasterwork can be attributed to an English craftsman and emigree, John Rawlins, who arrived from London in 1771 bringing with him the interior design motifs then fashionable in the British capital.[7]

Today, visitors to Mount Vernon are shown Washington's study, a room to which in the eighteenth century only a privileged few were granted entrée. It is a simply furnished room Washington used as a combined bathroom, dressing room and office; the room was so private that few contemporary descriptions exist. Its walls are lined with naturally grained panelling and matching bookcases.[8]

In contrast to the privacy of the study, since Washington's time, the grandest, most public and principal reception room has been the so-called New Room or Large Dining Room – a two-storied salon notable for its large Palladian window, occupying the whole of the mansion's northern elevation, and its fine Neoclassical marble chimneypiece.[9] The history of this chimneypiece to some degree explains the overall restrained style of the house. When it was donated to Washington by the English merchant Samuel Vaughan, Washington was initially reluctant to accept the gift, stating that it was: "too elegant & costly I fear for my own room, & republican stile of living."[10]

A determined effort has to be made to restore the rooms and maintain the atmosphere of the eighteenth century; this has been achieved by using original color schemes, and by displaying furniture, carpets and decorative objects which are contemporary to the house. Throughout, George Washington and his family are evident through portraits and former possessions, expressing the preservation of the mansion as a personal memorial to the Washingtons as well as a nationally important museum.

Grounds

The eastern facade, facing the Potomac

The gardens and grounds contain English boxwoods, taken from cuttings sent by Major General Henry Lee III ("Light Horse Harry" Lee, a Governor of Virginia and the father of Robert E. Lee), which were planted in 1786 by George Washington and now crowd the entry path. A carriage road skirts a grassy bowling green to approach the mansion entrance. To each side of the green is a garden, contained by a red brick wall. These Colonial Revival gardens[11] grew the household's vegetables, fruit and other perishable items for consumption. The upper garden, located to the north, is bordered by the greenhouse.[12] Ha-ha walls are used to separate the working farm from the pleasure grounds that Washington created for his family and guests.[13] The overseer's quarter, spinning room, salt house, and gardener's house are between the upper garden and the mansion.

The lower garden, or southern garden, is bordered on the east by the storehouse and clerk's quarters, smokehouse, wash house, laundry yard, and coach house. A paddock and stable are on the southern border of the garden; east of them, a little down the hillside, is the icehouse. The original tomb is located along the river. The newer tomb in which the bodies of George and Martha Washington have rested since 1831 is south of the fruit garden; the slave burial ground is nearby, a little farther down the hillside. A "Forest Trail" runs through woods down to a recreated pioneer farm site on low ground near the river; the 4-acre (16,000 m2) working farm includes a re-creation of Washington's 16-sided treading barn.[14]

A Museum and Education Center are on the grounds and exhibit examples of Washington's survey equipment, weapons, and clothing, as well as dentures worn by the first President.

The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington opened in September 2013.[15] The Library fosters new scholarly about George Washington and safeguards original Washington books and manuscripts. The site is open for scholarship by appointment only.

History

John Washington (1633–77)

In 1674, John Washington (the great-grandfather of President Washington), and his friend Nicholas Spencer came into possession of the land from which Mount Vernon plantation would be carved, originally known by its Indian name of Epsewasson.[16][a] The successful patent on the acreage was due largely to Spencer, who acted as agent for his cousin Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper,[16] the English landowner who controlled the Northern Neck of Virginia, in which the tract lay.[17]

Lawrence Washington (1659–1698)

When John Washington died in 1677, his son Lawrence, George Washington's grandfather, inherited his father's stake in the property. In 1690, he agreed to formally divide the estimated 5,000 acre (20 km2) estate with the heirs of Nicholas Spencer, who had died the previous year. The Spencers took the larger southern half bordering Dogue Creek in the September 1674 land grant from Lord Culpeper, leaving the Washingtons the portion along Little Hunting Creek. (The Spencer heirs paid Lawrence Washington 2,500 lb (1,100 kg) of tobacco as compensation for their choice.)[16]

Augustine Washington (1694–1743)

Lawrence Washington died in 1698, bequeathing the property to his daughter Mildred. On 16 April 1726, she agreed a one-year lease on the estate to her brother Augustine Washington, George Washington's father, for a peppercorn rent; a month later the lease was superseded by Augustine's purchase of the property for £180.[18] He almost certainly built the original house on the site some time between then and 1735, when he and his family moved from Pope's Creek to Eppsewasson,[19] which he renamed Little Hunting Creek.[20] The original stone foundations of what appears to have been a two-roomed house with a further two rooms in a half-story above are still partially visible in the present house's cellar.[19]

Lawrence Washington (1718–1752)

Augustine Washington recalled his eldest son Lawrence (George's half-brother) home from The Appleby School, England, in 1738 and set him up on the family's Little Hunting Creek tobacco plantation, thereby allowing Augustine to move his family back to Fredericksburg at the end of 1739.[2]

In 1739, Lawrence, having reached his majority (age 21), began buying up parcels of land from the adjoining Spencer tract, starting with a plot around the Grist Mill on Dogue Creek. In mid-1740 Lawrence received a coveted officer's commission in the Regular British Army, and made preparations to go off to war in the Caribbean with the newly formed American Regiment to fight in the War of Jenkins' Ear.[21]

George Washington (1732–1799)

Mount Vernon (1796) with the Washington family on the terrace (Benjamin Henry Latrobe)

Lawrence died in July 1752, and his will stipulated that his widow should own a life estate in Mount Vernon, the remainder interest falling to his half-brother George; George Washington was already living at Mount Vernon and probably managing the plantation. Lawrence's widow, Anne Fairfax, remarried into the Lee family and moved out.[22] Following the death of Anne and Lawrence's only surviving child in 1754, George, as executor of his brother's estate, arranged to lease "Mount Vernon" that December. Upon the death of Anne Fairfax in 1761, he inherited his sister-in-law's life estate and became sole owner of the property.[23]

In 1758, Washington began the first of two major additions and improvements by raising the house to two-and-a half stories.[23] The second expansion was begun during the 1770s, shortly before the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. Washington had rooms added to the north and south ends, unifying the whole with the addition of the cupola and two-story piazza overlooking the Potomac River. The final expansion increased the mansion to 21 rooms and an area of 11,028 square feet.[13] The great majority of the work was performed by African American slaves and artisans.[24]

Though no architect is known to have designed Mount Vernon, some attribute the design to John Ariss (1725–1799), a prominent Virginia architect who designed Paynes Church in Fairfax County (now destroyed) and likely Mount Airy in Richmond County. A friend of George Washington, to whom he leased his home, Ariss was the great-grandson of Col. Nicholas Spencer, the original patentee of Mount Vernon with the Washingtons.[25] Other sources credit Col. Richard Blackburn, who also designed Rippon Lodge in Prince William County and the first Falls Church.[26][27] Blackburn's granddaughter Anne married Bushrod Washington, George's nephew, and is interred at the Washingtons' tomb on the grounds. Most architectural historians believe that the design of Mount Vernon is solely attributable to Washington alone and that the involvement of any other architects is based on conjecture.[28]

Agriculture and enterprise

Washington out on the plantation, with Mount Vernon in background

Washington had been expanding the estate by the purchase of surrounding parcels of land since the late 1750s, and was still adding to the estate well into the 1780s.[29] From 1759 until the Revolutionary War, Washington, who at the time aspired to become a prominent agriculturist, had five separate farms as part of his estate. He took a scientific approach to farming and kept extensive and meticulous records of both labor and results.

In a letter dated 20 September 1765, Washington writes about receiving poor returns for his tobacco production:

Can it be otherwise than a little mortifying then to find, that we, who raise none but Sweetscented Tobacco, and endeavour I may venture to add, to be careful in the management of it, however we fail in the execution, and who by a close and fixed corrispondance with you, contribute so largely to the dispatch of your Ships in this Country shoud [sic] meet with such unprofitable returns?[30]

In the same letter he asks about the prices of flax and hemp, with a view to their production:

In order thereto you woud do me a singular favour in advising of the general price one might expect for good Hemp in your Port watered and prepared according to Act of Parliament, with an estimate of the freight, and all other Incident charges pr. Tonn that I may form some Idea of the profits resulting from the growth. I should be very glad to know at the sametime how rough and undressd Flax has generally, and may probably sell; for this year I have made an Essay in both, and altho I suffer pretty considerably by the attempt, owing principally to the severity of the Drougth, and my inexperience in the management I am not altogether discouraged from a further prosecution of the Scheme provided I find the Sales with you are not clogd with too much difficulty and expence.

Map of the estate, drawn by Washington

The tobacco market had declined and many planters in northern Virginia converted to mixed crops. Like them, by 1766 Washington had ceased growing tobacco at Mount Vernon and replaced the crop with wheat, corn, and other grains. Besides hemp and flax, he experimented with 60 other crops including cotton and silk. He also derived income from a new gristmill which produced cornmeal and flour for export and also ground neighbors' grain for fees. Washington similarly sold the services of the estate's looms and blacksmith. He built and operated a small fishing fleet, permitting Mount Vernon to export fish. Washington also practiced the selective breeding of sheep in an effort to produce better quality wool.

The new crops were less labor-intensive than tobacco; hence, the estate had a surplus of slaves. But Washington's refused to break up families for sale. Washington began to hire skilled indentured servants from Europe to train the redundant slaves for service on and off the estate.[31] Following his service in the war, Washington returned to Mount Vernon and in 1785–1786 spent a great deal of effort improving the landscaping of the estate. It is estimated that during his two terms as President of the United States (1789–1797), Washington spent a total of 434 days in residence at Mount Vernon. After his presidency, Washington tended to repairs to the buildings, socializing, and further gardening.

In his will, written several months before his death in December 1799, Washington left directions for the emancipation after Martha Washington's death, of all the slaves who belonged to him. Of the 318 slaves at Mount Vernon in 1799, a little less than half, 123 individuals, belonged to George Washington and were set free under the terms of his will.[32]

When Martha Washington's first husband, Daniel Parke Custis, died without a will, she received a life interest in one-third of his estate, including the slaves. Neither George nor Martha Washington could free these slaves by law. Upon her death, they reverted to the Custis estate and were divided among her grandchildren. By 1799, 153 slaves at Mount Vernon were part of this dower property.[32]

In accordance with state law, George Washington stipulated in his will that elderly slaves or those who were too sick to work were to be supported throughout their lives by his estate. Children without parents, or those whose families were too poor or indifferent to see to their education, were to be bound out (or apprenticed) to masters and mistresses who would teach them reading, writing, and a useful trade, until they were ultimately freed at the age of twenty-five.[32]

In December 1800, Martha Washington signed a deed of manumission for her deceased husband's slaves, a transaction which is recorded in the abstracts of the Fairfax County, Virginia, Court Records. The slaves finally received their freedom on 1 January 1801.[32]

Washington's Tomb

Tomb of George (right) and Martha (left) Washington at the entrance to the Washington family mausoleum

On 12 December 1799, Washington spent several hours riding over the plantation, in snow, hail and freezing rain. He ate his supper later that evening without changing from his wet clothes. The following day, he awoke with a severe sore throat (either quinsy or acute epiglottitis) and became increasingly hoarse as the day progressed. All the available medical treatments failed to improve his condition, and he died at Mount Vernon at around 10pm on Saturday, 14 December 1799, aged 67.

On 18 December 1799, a funeral was held at Mount Vernon, where his body was interred.[33] Congress passed a joint resolution to construct a marble monument in the United States Capitol for his body, an initiative supported by Martha. In December 1800, the United States House passed an appropriations bill for $200,000 to build the mausoleum, which was to be a pyramid with a base 100 feet (30 m) square. Southerners who wanted his body to remain at Mount Vernon defeated the measure.[34]

In accordance with his will, Washington was entombed in a family crypt he had built upon first inheriting the estate. It was in disrepair by 1799, so Washington's will also requested that a new, larger tomb be built. This was not executed until 1831, the centennial of his birth. The need for a new tomb was confirmed when an unsuccessful attempt was made to steal his skull (See: Attempted theft of George Washington's head).[35] A joint Congressional committee in early 1832 debated the removal of Washington's body from Mount Vernon to a crypt in the Capitol, built by Charles Bulfinch in the 1820s. Southern opposition was intense, exacerbated by an ever-growing rift between North and South. Congressman Wiley Thompson of Georgia expressed the Southerners' fears when he said:

Remove the remains of our venerated Washington from their association with the remains of his consort and his ancestors from Mount Vernon and from his native State, deposit them in this capitol, and then let a severance of the Union occur and behold the remains of Washington on a shore foreign to his native soil.[34]

Washington's remains were finally moved on 7 October 1837, along with those of his wife, Martha, to the new tomb presented by John Struthers of Philadelphia.[36] Other members of the Washington family are interred in an inner vault, behind the vestibule containing the sarcophagi of George and Martha Washington.

Preservation, legacy and tourism

Reconstruction of George Washington's 1797 distillery

Following Martha Washington's death in 1802, George Washington's will was carried out in accordance with the terms of his bequests. The largest part of his estate, which included both his papers and Mount Vernon, passed to his nephew, Bushrod Washington (an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States).[37] The younger Washington and his wife then moved to Mount Vernon.

Bushrod Washington did not inherit much cash and was unable to support the upkeep of the estate's mansion on the proceeds from the property and his Supreme Court salary. He sold some of his own slaves to gain working capital.[38] However, the farms' low revenues left him short, and he was unable to adequately maintain the mansion.

Following Bushrod Washington's death in 1829, ownership of the plantation passed to George Washington’s great-grandnephew, John Augustine Washington III.[39] As his funds dwindled and the wear and tear of hundreds of visitors began to take its toll, Washington could do little to maintain the mansion and its surroundings.[39] Washington suggested to the United States Congress that the federal government purchase the mansion.[39] Little interest was paid to Washington’s offer.[39] Washington traveled to Richmond where he was equally unsuccessful in appealing to the Virginia General Assembly for the state to purchase the mansion.[39] The mansion's decline continued.[39]

In 1858, Washington sold the mansion and a portion of the estate's land to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, which was under the leadership of Ann Pamela Cunningham.[39] The Association paid the final installment of the purchase price of $200,000 ($5,714,285.71 in 2014 dollars) on 9 December 1859, taking possession on 22 February 1860.[39] The estate served as neutral ground for both sides during the American Civil War, although fighting raged across the nearby countryside.

The mansion has been fully restored by the Association, independent of the US government, with no tax dollars expended to support the 500-acre (2.0 km2) estate, its educational programs or activities.[40]

Harrison Howell Dodge became resident superintendent in 1885. During his 52 years' overseeing the estate, he doubled the facility's acreage, improved the grounds, and added many historic artifacts to the collections. Dodge reviewed George Washington's writings about the estate, visited other Colonial-era gardens, and traveled to England to see gardens dating from the Georgian period. Using that knowledge, Dodge oversaw the restoration of the site and put in place a number of improvements Washington had planned but never implemented.[41]

Charles Wall was assistant superintendent from 1929 to 1937, then resident superintendent for 39 years. He oversaw restoration of the house and planted greenery consistent with what was used in the 18th century. In 1974, a campaign he organized was successful in preserving as parkland areas in Maryland across the Potomac River from Mount Vernon, as part of an effort to retain the bucolic vista from the house.[42] His office was the same one used in the 18th century by Washington himself.[43]

A holiday attraction based on Washington's 1787 event – a camel like those that carried the Three Wise Men to Jerusalem (left)

On 7 November 2007, President George W. Bush hosted French President Nicolas Sarkozy for a general press conference on the front lawn of Mount Vernon following Sarkozy's address to a joint session of Congress earlier that day.[44]

On 30 March 2007, the estate officially opened a reconstruction of George Washington's distillery. This fully functional replica received special legislation from the Virginia General Assembly to produce up to 5,000 US gal (19,000 L) of whiskey annually, for sale only at the Mount Vernon gift shop. The construction of this operational distillery cost $2.1 million, and is located on the site of Washington's original distillery, a short distance from his mansion on the Potomac River. Frank Coleman, spokesman for the Distilled Spirits Council that funded the reconstruction, said the distillery “will become the equivalent of a national distillery museum” and serve as a gateway to the American Whiskey Trail.[45]

As of 2012, since first opening to the paying public in 1860, the estate had received more than 80 million visitors. In addition to the mansion, visitors can see original and reconstructed outbuildings and barns (including slaves' quarters), an operational blacksmith shop, and the Pioneer Farm. Each year on Christmas Day, Aladdin the Christmas Camel recreates Washington's 1787 hiring of a camel for 18 shillings to entertain his guests with an example of the animal that brought the Three Wise Men to Bethlehem to visit the newborn Jesus.[46]

Mount Vernon remains a privately owned property. Its income is derived from charitable donations and the sales of tickets, produce and goods to visitors. Its non-profit owners, the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, continue their 150-year-old mission "to preserve, restore, and manage the estate of George Washington."[47]

Mount Vernon
1956 issue

Mount Vernon was featured on U.S. postage stamps in 1937 and again in 1956; it was memorialized in the Liberty Series as a national shrine with a 1.5-cent stamp on 22 February 1956. The Liberty Series was originally planned to honor six presidents, six famous Americans, and six historic national shrines. The first of the shrines is the Mount Vernon issue, a view of Washington's home facing the Potomac River.[48]

On 19 December 1960, Mount Vernon was designated a National Historic Landmark and later listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Development and improvement of the estate is an ongoing concern. Following a $110 million fundraising campaign, two new buildings designed by GWWO, Inc./Architects were opened in 2006 as venues for additional background on George Washington and the American Revolution.

Award

In March 2014, Mount Vernon awarded its first Cyrus A. Ansary Prize for Courage and Character to former president George H. W. Bush.[49] Ansary is a member of the Life Guard Society.[50]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ The deed conveying the grant of Mount Vernon, then in Stafford County, to Washington and Spencer was dated 1 March 1677, and was signed by "Tho. Culpepper", the original proprietor of the Northern Neck, from whom the proprietorship devolved to his eventual heir Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron.

Citations

  1. ^ George Washington, letter to William Pearce (23 November 1794)
  2. ^ a b c Grizzard (2005), p. 332
  3. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ "Mount Vernon Fact Sheet". mountvernon.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 August 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "History of Mount Vernon". Mountvernon.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b c Mount Vernon Archived 2013-05-06 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 16 May 2013
  7. ^ Mount Vernon: Interior Architectural Details. Archived 2013-05-06 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Washington's Study[dead link‍] retrieved 17 May 2012.
  9. ^ Mount Vernon; the New Room Archived 2013-05-06 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 16 May 2013.
  10. ^ "Explore the Museum Collections". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  11. ^ Griswold & Foley (1999), p. 124
  12. ^ "Gardens". Mountvernon.org. Archived from the original on 29 July 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ a b Anon. "Ten Facts about the Mansion". Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  14. ^ "Sixteen-Sided Barn". Mountvernon.org. Archived from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "About the Library". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  16. ^ a b c Dalzell & Dalzell (1998), pp. 19–20
  17. ^ "Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography, Under the Editorial Supervision of Lyon … - Google Books". google.com. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  18. ^ Wall, Charles C. (1945), "Notes on the Early History of Mount Vernon", William and Mary Quarterly, 3, 2 (2): 173–90, JSTOR 1923518
  19. ^ a b Dalzell & Dalzell (1998), pp. 25–26
  20. ^ Rasmussen & Tilton (1999), p. 7
  21. ^ Rasmussen & Tilton (1999), p. 38
  22. ^ Burian, A. Ward (1 April 2007). George Washington's Legacy of Leadership. Morgan James Publishing. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-1-60037-161-5.
  23. ^ a b Greenberg, Allen (May 1999). George Washington, architect. Andreas Papadakis Publishers. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-901092-18-9.
  24. ^ Dalzell & Dalzell (1998), p. 228
  25. ^ James D. Kornwolf, Georgiana Wallis Kornwolf, Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2002
  26. ^ Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Virginia. Price, Jamese (ed.). VIRGINIA A Guide To The Old Dominion. American Guide Series. Oxford University Press.
  27. ^ Hayden, H.E. Virginia Genealogies.
  28. ^ Manca (2012), p. 250
  29. ^ "The Growth of Mount Vernon 1754–1786". The Papers of George Washington. Archived from the original on 15 December 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "George Washington to Robert Cary & Company, September 20, 1765, Account Book 1". The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799. John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor. The George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741–1799. Retrieved 6 March 2009.
  31. ^ Chernow, Ron (2010). Washington: A Life. The Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-101-44418-4.
  32. ^ a b c d "George Washington and Slavery". George Washington's Mount Vernon: Digital Encyclopedia. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  33. ^ "The Funeral". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ a b Boorstin, Daniel J. (1965). The Americans: The National Experience. Vintage Books. pp. 349–350. ISBN 0-394-70358-8.
  35. ^ Johnston, Elizabeth Bryant (1889). Visitors' Guide to Mount Vernon (16th ed.). Gibson Brothers, printers. pp. 14–15. OCLC 22376201. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
  36. ^ Washington, George; Jefferson, Thomas; Peters, Richard (1847). Knight, Franklin (ed.). Letters on Agriculture. Washington, The editor; Philadelphia, W. S. Martien. pp. 177–180. OCLC 3347675. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  37. ^ (1) Fister, Jude M. (2014). America Writes Its History, 1650–1850: The Formation of a National Narrative. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7864-7921-4. OCLC 859384941. Retrieved 15 March 2016. At Google Books
    (2) Lossing, Benson J. (1870). "The Home of Washington; Or, Mount Vernon and Its Associations, Historical, Biographical, and Pictorial". Hartford, Connecticut: A.S. Hale & Company. p. 350. OCLC 1593086. Retrieved 15 March 2016. At Google Books.
  38. ^ (1) Fister, Jude M. (2014). America Writes Its History, 1650–1850: The Formation of a National Narrative. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7864-7921-4. OCLC 859384941. Retrieved 15 March 2016. At Google Books.
    (2) Dunne, Gerald. "Bushrod Washington and The Mount Vernon Slaves". 1980 Yearbook. Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on 9 October 2002. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h "The Formation of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association and the Dramatic Rescue of George Washington's Estate". Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Archived from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  40. ^ "Exploring Mount Vernon". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian.com. 1 November 2006. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
  41. ^ "Col. Harrison Dodge, Mt. Vernon Custodian; Superintendent of Washington's Home Since 1885—Made Many Improvements". The New York Times. 21 May 1937. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  42. ^ Robert McG. Thomas, Jr. (5 May 1995). "Charles Wall, 91, Long Director Of George Washington's Home". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
  43. ^ Barnes, Bart. "Former Master of Mt. Vernon Charles Cecil Wall Dies at 91"[dead link‍], The Washington Post, 4 May 1995. Accessed 23 July 2010.
  44. ^ Gerstenzang, James (8 November 2007). "Bush, Sarkozy stand on common ground". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  45. ^ Barakat, Matthew (31 March 2007). "Replica of distillery of Washington Opens". The Navy Times. navytimes.com. Retrieved 1 April 2007.
  46. ^ Michelle Basch: "Mount Vernon continues 'Christmas Camel' tradition," http://www.federalnewsradio.com/41/2682986/Mount-Vernon-continues-Christmas-Camel-tradition, 25 December 2011.
  47. ^ Mount Vernon (limited-access or renamed page of website) Archived 2013-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ^ ”1-1/2-cent Mount Vernon”, Arago: people, postage & the post, National Postal Museum. Viewed 18 March 2014.
  49. ^ Baker, Peter, "Bush 41 Reunion Looks to Burnish His Legacy", New York Times, 3 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  50. ^ "Executive Profile: Cyrus A. Ansary", BloombergBusinessweek. Retrieved 4 April 2014.

Bibliography

  • Dalzell, Robert F.; Dalzell, Lee Baldwin (1998), George Washington's Mount Vernon: At Home in Revolutionary America, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513628-9
  • Griswold, Mac; Foley, Roger (1999), Washington's Gardens at Mount Vernon: Landscape of the Inner Man, Houghton Mifflin
  • Grizzard, Frank (2005), George!: A Guide to All Things Washington, Mariner Companies
  • Manca, Joseph (2012), George Washington's Eye: Landscape, Architecture, and Design at Mount Vernon, The Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-1-4214-0432-5
  • Rasmussen, William M. S.; Tilton, Robert S. (1999), George Washington—the Man Behind the Myths, University of Virginia Press, ISBN 978-0-8139-1900-3

Further reading

  • Wilstach, Paul (1918). Mount Vernon: Washington's Home and the Nation's Shrine. The Bobbs-Merrill Company.
  • Virginia: A Guide to the Old Dominion. Oxford University Press. 1940.
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