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List of national flags of sovereign states

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A collage of various national flags around the world (clockwise from top-left):

All 193 member states and 2 observer states of the United Nations, in addition to several de facto states, represent themselves with national flags. National flags generally contain symbolism of their respective state and serve as an emblem which distinguishes themselves from other states in international politics. National flags are adopted by governments to strengthen national bonds and legitimate formal authority. Such flags may contain symbolic elements of their peoples, militaries, territories, rulers, and dynasties. The flag of Denmark is the oldest flag still in current use as it has been recognized as a national symbol since the 14th century.

Background and definitions

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According to the Collins English Dictionary, a national flag is "a flag that represents or is an emblem of a country."[1] The word country can be used to refer to a sovereign state, sometimes also called an independent state.[2] It is customary in international law that states adopt a flag to distinguish themselves from other states.[3]

National flags are considered to "provide perhaps the strongest, clearest statement of national identity," and governments have used them to promote and create bonds within the country, motivate patriotism, honor the efforts of citizens, and legitimate formal authority.[4] Throughout history, elements within flags have been used to symbolize rulers, dynasties, territories, militaries, and peoples of their respective countries.[5] Flags also conceptually represent a country's core values, such as group membership and love for the country.[6] In 1975, American vexillologist Whitney Smith stated thus regarding the role of flags in society:[7][8][9]

So strong is the tradition of flags, we may not be far from the truth in surmising that there is a law – not of nature, but of human society – which impels man to make and use flags. There is perhaps no more striking demonstration of this than the fact that, despite the absence of any international regulation or treaty requiring of a national flag, without exception every country has adopted at least one.

— Whitney Smith, Flags Through the Ages and Across the World, p. 32

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a sovereign state is "a state or nation with a defined territory and a permanent population, which administers its own government, and which is recognized as not subject to or dependent upon another power."[10] The amount of sovereign states in the world is generally derived from the number of member states of the United Nations (UN), although non-member states do exist,[11] with such states being called de facto states.[12] As of 2024, the UN currently includes 193 member states and 2 permanent observer states: the State of Palestine and Vatican City.[13][14] De facto states include Northern Cyprus,[15] Abkhazia,[16] South Ossetia,[17] Transnistria,[18] Kosovo,[19] the Sahrawi Republic,[20] Somaliland,[21] and Taiwan.[12]

The oldest flag of a sovereign state which is currently in use is the flag of Denmark, which has been recognized as a national symbol of the country since the 13th century, although the current version was officially adopted in 1867.[22][23] All 193 member states and 2 observer states are represented by their respective flags at the Headquarters of the United Nations in New York City.[24]

Flags of UN member states and observer states

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 No data

Flags of de facto states

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ This refers to the date on which the most recent law or proclamation relating to the design of a flag was established by the government of a sovereign state post-independence, or the date of independence if the flag was legally adopted by a prenational government and retained on independence, but was never modified afterwards.
  2. ^ The legitimate government of Afghanistan, and therefore flag, is presently disputed. De facto, the country is governed by the Taliban under the name of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. However, the United Nations officially recognizes the defunct Islamic Republic of Afghanistan as the legitimate government.[25][26]
  3. ^ Media related to Emblem of Afghanistan (2004–2021) at Wikimedia Commons
  4. ^ The designer of the flag is disputed between Émilie Busquant and Chawki Mostefaï [fr].
  5. ^ Also known as the Australian National Flag
  6. ^ Sources contradict as to the designer of the flag. The following have been given as the flag's designer:
  7. ^ Gauthier designed the previous version of the flag, which the current one is based on.
  8. ^ 3:4 and 2:3 have been given as ratios of the flag.
  9. ^ Denmark as a sovereign state is represented by the flag of Metropolitan Denmark, which excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
  10. ^ The flag can be lengthened up to a ratio of 28:37
  11. ^ 21:38 and "unspecified" have been given as the flag's proportions.
  12. ^ 1:2 and 2:3 have been given as ratios.
  13. ^ 2:3 and "unspecified" have been given as ratios.
  14. ^ When used as an ensign, the ratio is 1:2.
  15. ^ The design adopted by the government was based on the proposal of Aycinena y Piñol and other members of the Aycinena Clan [es]
  16. ^ When used as an ensign, the ratio is 1:2.
  17. ^ According to an apocryphal story, Catherine Flon is also credited.
  18. ^ Between 1955 and 2022, the Honduran government erroneously used a design with a navy blue color instead of the specified turquoise blue. With the inauguration of president Xiomara Castro, the correct colors were restored.
  19. ^ Between March and July 1958, Jordan and Iraq merged into the Arab Federation which bore a similar flag to that of Jordan, albeit without the star. Nevertheless, the flag of Jordan itself is considered to "have not changed since its independence."
  20. ^ Although 3:5 is generally used, 1:2 is also accepted.
  21. ^ It has been claimed French general Hubert Lyautey personally designed the flag, however he only played a minor role in the process of its adoption. The design for the flag only emerged through negotiations between the French administation and the Makhzen.
  22. ^ See Flag of North Korea#Creation
  23. ^ Ratios of 4:7 and 5:9 are sometimes used.
  24. ^ Either Manuel Amador Guerrero or his son Manuel Encarnacíon Guerrero. Some have also suggested the former's wife María de la Ossa de Amador, although this is considered unlikely.
  25. ^ The decree of July 2013 specifies a proportion of "1:0.55" for the "larger and smaller dimensions" respectively.
  26. ^ With help from Marcela Agoncillo, her daughter Lorenza, and Delfina Herbosa de Natividad
  27. ^ Deputy Prime Minister Toh designed the flag with two civil servants.
  28. ^ Solomonese artist Thomas Giosa claimed to have submitted the winning design in a competition in 1975, however an unnamed New Zealand visual artist also claimed ownership of the design.
  29. ^ March 29 has also been given as the date of adoption.
  30. ^ Habibullaev led a committee to design the national flag.
  31. ^ 2:3 and "approximately 3:5" have been given as the flag's ratio. It has also been claimed the proportions are golden.
  32. ^ 2:3 and "unspecified" have been given as the flag's ratio.
  33. ^ Robert Heft has claimed, and has been credited by some sources, as the designer of the 50-star flag. However, this has been thoroughly disputed by Slate writer Alec Nevala-Lee who has instead suggested William R. Furlong as the flag's true designer.
  34. ^ The designer of the flag is disputed between Nguyễn Hữu Tiến [vi] and Lê Quang Sô.

References

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  2. ^ Rosenberg, Matt (August 18, 2024). "Differences Between a Country, State, and Nation". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on August 2, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
  3. ^ Tóth, Zoltán (2022), "The Protection of State and National Symbols Across Europe: An Overview of Constitutional Law and Criminal Law Regulations", Constitutional and Legal Protection of State and National Symbols in Central Europe, Studies of the Central European Professors' Network, Miskolc, Budapest: Central European Academic Publishing, p. 39, doi:10.54237/profnet.2022.ztclpsnsce_2, ISBN 978-615-6474-18-6, retrieved August 17, 2024
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  5. ^ Eriksen, Thomas Hylland; Jenkins, Richard (October 18, 2007). Flag, Nation and Symbolism in Europe and America. Routledge. pp. 334–350. ISBN 978-1-134-06695-7.
  6. ^ Becker, Julia C.; Butz, David A.; Sibley, Chris G.; Barlow, Fiona Kate; Bitacola, Lisa M.; Christ, Oliver; Khan, Sammyh S.; Leong, Chan-Hoong; Pehrson, Samuel; Srinivasan, Narayanan; Sulz, Aline; Tausch, Nicole; Urbanska, Karolina; Wright, Steven C. (2017). "What Do National Flags Stand for? An Exploration of Associations Across 11 Countries". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 48 (3): 336. doi:10.1177/0022022116687851. ISSN 0022-0221.
  7. ^ Znamierowski 2020, p. 100.
  8. ^ Smith, Whitney (1975). Flags through the ages and across the world. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-07-059093-9.
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  11. ^ Visoka, Gëzim; Doyle, John; Newman, Edward, eds. (September 12, 2019). Routledge Handbook of State Recognition (1 ed.). Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge. pp. 1–2. doi:10.4324/9781351131759. ISBN 978-1-351-13175-9.
  12. ^ a b Ker-Lindsay, James (January 28, 2022), "De Facto States in the 21st Century", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.635, ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6, retrieved August 5, 2024
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  14. ^ Düerkop, Sascha; Ganohariti, Ramesh (October 2, 2021). "Sovereignty in sports: non-sovereign territories in international football". International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 13 (4): 681. doi:10.1080/19406940.2021.1947347. ISSN 1940-6940.
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  432. ^ Podeh, Elie (2022). "Anthems in the Arab world: A hybrid national symbol". Nations and Nationalism. 28 (4): 1379–1394. doi:10.1111/nana.12803. ISSN 1354-5078.
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  434. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Kazakhstan/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  435. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Kazakhstan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  436. ^ Kassymova, Didar; Kundakbayeva, Zhanat; Markus, Ustina (May 18, 2012). Historical Dictionary of Kazakhstan. Scarecrow Press. pp. xxxiii. ISBN 978-0-8108-7983-6.
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  440. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Kenya/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  441. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Kenya at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  444. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Kiribati/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  445. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Kiribati at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  446. ^ "Grimble, Arthur". asiapacific.anu.edu.au. Archived from the original on September 5, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
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  449. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Kuwait/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  450. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Kuwait at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  453. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Kyrgyzstan/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  454. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Kyrgyzstan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  455. ^ Putz, Catherine (January 3, 2024). "Kyrgyzstan's New Flag Debuts in Bishkek". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on July 4, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
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  457. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Laos/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  458. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Laos at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  462. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Latvia/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  463. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Latvia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  467. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Lebanon/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  468. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Lebanon at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  469. ^ Najem, Tom; Amore, Roy C. (June 15, 2021). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of Lebanon. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-2044-6.; see also "PHARAOUN, HENRI (1901–1993)"
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  472. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Lesotho at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  473. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 147.
  474. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Liberia/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  475. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Liberia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  478. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Libya/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  479. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Libya at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  482. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Liechtenstein/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  483. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Liechtenstein at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  486. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Lithuania/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  487. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Lithuania at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  490. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Luxembourg/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  491. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Luxembourg at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  493. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Madagascar/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  494. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Madagascar at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  500. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Malawi at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  503. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Malaysia/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  504. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Malaysia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  509. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Maldives/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  510. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of the Maldives at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  513. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Mali/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  514. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Mali at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  518. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Malta at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  520. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Marshall Islands/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  521. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Marshall Islands at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  524. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Mauritania/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  525. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Mauritania at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  528. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Mauritius/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  529. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Mauritius at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  538. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Micronesia, Federated States of/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  539. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Micronesia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  551. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Monaco at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  553. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Mongolia/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  554. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Mongolia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  559. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Montenegro/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  560. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Montenegro at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  563. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Morocco/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  564. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Morocco at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  565. ^ Boum, Aomar; Park, Thomas K. (June 2, 2016). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-6297-3.
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  569. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Mozambique/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  570. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Mozambique at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  571. ^ Darch, Colin (December 15, 2018). "NATIONAL SYMBOLS". Historical Dictionary of Mozambique. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-1135-2.
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  574. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Burma/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  575. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Myanmar at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  581. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Namibia/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  582. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Namibia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  584. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Nauru/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  585. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Nauru at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  588. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Nepal/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  589. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Nepal at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  595. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of the Netherlands at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  599. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "New Zealand/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  600. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of New Zealand at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  603. ^ a b Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Nicaragua/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  604. ^ a b Whitney Smith, flag of Nicaragua at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  610. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Nigeria at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  612. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Korea, North/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  613. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of North Korea at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  616. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "North Macedonia/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  617. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of North Macedonia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  618. ^ Bechev, Dimitar (September 3, 2019). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-1962-4.
  619. ^ Kolstø, Pål (April 1, 2016). Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe. Routledge. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-317-04936-4.
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  621. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Norway/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  622. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Norway at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  623. ^ Leiren, Terje; Sjåvik, Jan (October 8, 2019). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of Norway. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-2312-6.
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  625. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Oman/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  626. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Oman at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  631. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Pakistan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  634. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Palau/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  635. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Palau at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  643. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Panama/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  644. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Panama at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  646. ^ "Reglamento para el uso de los Símbolos de la Patria - Ley Número 34 (del 15 de diciembre de 1949) por la cual se adoptan la Bandera, el Himno y el Escudo de Armas de la República y se reglamenta su uso así como el de las Banderas Extranjeras" [Regulations for the use of the Symbols of the Homeland - Law Number 34 (of December 15, 1949) by which the Flag, the Anthem and the Coat of Arms of the Republic are adopted and its use is regulated as well as that of Foreign Flags]. www.pa (in Spanish). December 15, 1949. Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
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  648. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Papua New Guinea/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  649. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Papua New Guinea at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  651. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Paraguay/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  652. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Paraguay at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  658. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Peru at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  660. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Philippines/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  661. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of the Philippines at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  664. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Poland/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  665. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Poland at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  667. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Portugal/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
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  678. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Romania at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  680. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Russia/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  681. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Russia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  683. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Rwanda/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
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  688. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Saint Kitts and Nevis/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  689. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  690. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 70.
  691. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Saint Lucia/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  692. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Saint Lucia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  693. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 73.
  694. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  695. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  696. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 74.
  697. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Samoa/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  698. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Samoa at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  699. ^ Tinetali-Fiavaai, Grace (August 2, 2024). "A brief history of Sāmoan flags: 'Uniting under what colonisers brought to us', says academic". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
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  701. ^ "NEW FLAG FOR WESTERN SAMOA". Otago Daily Times. February 26, 1949. p. 9. Archived from the original on August 29, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2024 – via Papers past.
  702. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 303.
  703. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "San Marino/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  704. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of San Marino at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  705. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 199.
  706. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Sao Tome and Principe/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  707. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Sao Tome and Principe at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  708. ^ "Article 14, Section 1". Constitution of São Tomé and Príncipe. Constituteproject.org. November 5, 1975. Archived from the original on October 26, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
  709. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 136.
  710. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Saudi Arabia/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  711. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Saudi Arabia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  712. ^ a b Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 821.
  713. ^ "THE GUIDELINE FOR THE USE OF THE SAUDI ARABIAN FLAG" (PDF). saudiflag.sa. 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
  714. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 245.
  715. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Senegal/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  716. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Senegal at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  717. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 121.
  718. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Serbia/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  719. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Serbia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  720. ^ Elgenius, Gabriella (November 12, 2018). Symbols of Nations and Nationalism: Celebrating Nationhood. Springer. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-0-230-31704-8.
  721. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 218.
  722. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Seychelles/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  723. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Seychelles at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  724. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 150.
  725. ^ "National Symbols Act". SeyLII. June 18, 1996. Archived from the original on August 21, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
  726. ^ "GUIDELINES ON SPECIFICATIONS AND CORRECT USAGE OF THE SEYCHELLES' NATIONAL SYMBOLS" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Seychelles). 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
  727. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Sierra Leone/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  728. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Sierra Leone at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  729. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 126.
  730. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Singapore/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  731. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Singapore at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  732. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 280.
  733. ^ "History of the Singapore Flag: What it Could Have Looked Like". Kopi. November 24, 2019. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
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  735. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Slovakia/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  736. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Slovakia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  737. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 213.
  738. ^ Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (November 14, 2013). "STATE SYMBOLS". Historical Dictionary of Slovakia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-8030-6.
  739. ^ "Zomrel autor výtvarného spracovania štátnych symbolov SR". News Agency of the Slovak Republic. August 3, 2017. Archived from the original on November 1, 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
  740. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Slovenia/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  741. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Slovenia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  742. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 214.
  743. ^ Plut-Pregelj, Leopoldina; Kranjc, Gregor; Lazarevic, Žarko; Rogel, Carole (February 22, 2018). "FLAG OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA". Historical Dictionary of Slovenia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-1106-2.
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  745. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Solomon Islands/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  746. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of the Solomon Islands at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  747. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 296.
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  750. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Somalia/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  751. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Somalia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  753. ^ Casoowe, Cabdishakuur (October 12, 2020). "Maalinta Calanka: Calamada kala duwan ee Soomaalida iyo xilliyada dabaaldegyada". BBC Somali Service. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
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  755. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "South Africa/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  756. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of South Africa at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  757. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 149.
  758. ^ Saunders, Christopher; Limb, Peter (2021). "FLAG QUESTION". Historical Dictionary of South Africa. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-3025-4.
  759. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "South Korea/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  760. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of South Korea at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  762. ^ Kim, Myeong-Jin (March 15, 2015). "The Taekeugki". KOREA. Archived from the original on August 22, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
  763. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "South Sudan/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  764. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of South Sudan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  766. ^ a b Kramer, Robert S.; Jr, Richard A. Lobban; Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (March 22, 2013). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of the Sudan. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7940-9.
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  768. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Spain/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  769. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Spain at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  772. ^ Smith, Angel (2018). "FLAGS OF SPAIN". Historical Dictionary of Spain. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-0882-6.
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  774. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Sri Lanka/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  775. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Sri Lanka at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  776. ^ Znamierowski 2020, pp. 170–171.
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  778. ^ Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022b, p. 822.
  779. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Sudan/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  780. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of the Sudan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  781. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 105.
  782. ^ Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022a, p. 458.
  783. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Suriname/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  784. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Suriname at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  785. ^ Znamierowski 2020, pp. 207–208.
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  788. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Sweden/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  789. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Sweden at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  791. ^ Elgán, Elisabeth; Scobbie, Irene (September 17, 2015). "FLAG". Historical Dictionary of Sweden. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-5071-0.
  792. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Switzerland/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  793. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Switzerland at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  795. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Syria/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  796. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Syria at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  798. ^ Porsche-Ludwig & Chen 2022a, pp. 458–459.
  799. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Tajikistan/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  800. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Tajikistan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  803. ^ Gadzhieva, Amal Khanum (January 6, 2012). "Зухур ХАБИБУЛЛАЕВ: "Любовь – это все"". Asia-Plus. Archived from the original on August 22, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
  804. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Tanzania/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  805. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Tanzania at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  807. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Thailand/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  808. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Thailand at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  810. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Tonga/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  811. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Tonga at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  813. ^ Latu, Paula Onoafe (2011). Fakaongo and tau'ataina: the influences of the Tongan traditional religion, the European civilization and Wesleyan teachings on the formation of Tongan religious identities (PhD thesis). Massey University. p. 53. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2024.
  814. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Togo/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  815. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Togo at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  819. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Trinidad and Tobago/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  820. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Trinidad and Tobago at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  821. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 77.
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  823. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Tunisia/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  824. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Tunisia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  825. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 102.
  826. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Turkey (Turkiye)/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  827. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Turkey at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  828. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 238.
  829. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Turkmenistan/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  830. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Turkmenistan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  833. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Tuvalu/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  834. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Tuvalu at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  836. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Uganda/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  837. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Uganda at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  839. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Ukraine/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  840. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Ukraine at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  842. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "United Arab Emirates/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  843. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of the United Arab Emirates at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  848. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of the United Kingdom at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  852. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of the United States at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  854. ^ Mumford 2021, pp. 39–41.
  855. ^ Vile, John R. (October 5, 2018). The American Flag: An Encyclopedia of the Stars and Stripes in U.S. History, Culture, and Law. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 37. ISBN 979-8-216-04584-7.
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  858. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Uruguay at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  860. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 96.
  861. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Uzbekistan/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  862. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Uzbekistan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  864. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Vanuatu/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  865. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Vanuatu at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  869. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Vatican City at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  870. ^ Becker, William M. (2018). Vatican Flags: Keys & Crowns Since 1800 : the Flags of the Papal States and Today's Vatican. North American Vexillological Association. pp. 97–107. ISBN 978-0-9747728-7-5.
  871. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Venezuela/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  872. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Venezuela at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  873. ^ Mumford 2021, p. 81.
  874. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Vietnam/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  875. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Vietnam at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  880. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Yemen at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  895. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Kosovo/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  896. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Kosovo at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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  902. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Taiwan/flag". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA.
  903. ^ Whitney Smith, flag of Taiwan at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  904. ^ Znamierowski 2020, pp. 176–177.
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  906. ^ "The Story of the National Flag of the Republic of China". culture.teldap.tw. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2024.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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