LGBT rights in India: Difference between revisions
Mumbaiexpat (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Mumbaiexpat (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
| image = India (orthographic projection).svg |
| image = India (orthographic projection).svg |
||
| caption = Area controlled by India shown in dark green;<br/>claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green. |
| caption = Area controlled by India shown in dark green;<br/>claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green. |
||
| legal_status = Illegal under [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]]. Penalty: Up to life imprisonment<ref name="court1">{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-12/india/45120907_1_delhi-hc-section-377-ipc-supreme-court | work=The Times Of India | title=Supreme Court makes homosexuality a crime again - The Times of India | date=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="court2">{{cite news| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/no-separate-proposal-to-repeal-or-amend-section-377-govt/ | work=The Hindustan Times | title=No separate proposal to repeal or amend section 377 : govt}}</ref><ref name="court3">{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-separate-proposal-to-repeal-or-amend-section-377-government/articleshow/45618509.cms | work=Economic Times | title=No separate proposal to repeal or amend section 377 : govt | date=23 December 2014}}</ref> |
| legal_status = Illegal under [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]]. Penalty: Up to life imprisonment and fines<ref name="court1">{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-12/india/45120907_1_delhi-hc-section-377-ipc-supreme-court | work=The Times Of India | title=Supreme Court makes homosexuality a crime again - The Times of India | date=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="court2">{{cite news| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/no-separate-proposal-to-repeal-or-amend-section-377-govt/ | work=The Hindustan Times | title=No separate proposal to repeal or amend section 377 : govt}}</ref><ref name="court3">{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-separate-proposal-to-repeal-or-amend-section-377-government/articleshow/45618509.cms | work=Economic Times | title=No separate proposal to repeal or amend section 377 : govt | date=23 December 2014}}</ref> |
||
| gender_identity_expression = Transgender people have a constitutional right to change gender in Tamil Nadu and Kerala; third gender recognised in Tamil Nadu and Kerala |
| gender_identity_expression = Transgender people have a constitutional right to change gender in Tamil Nadu and Kerala; third gender recognised in Tamil Nadu and Kerala |
||
| recognition_of_relationships = No recognition |
| recognition_of_relationships = No recognition |
Revision as of 08:39, 4 January 2018
![]() Area controlled by India shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green. | |
Status | Illegal under Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code. Penalty: Up to life imprisonment and fines[1][2][3] |
Gender identity | Transgender people have a constitutional right to change gender in Tamil Nadu and Kerala; third gender recognised in Tamil Nadu and Kerala |
Military | No |
Discrimination protections | No |
Family rights | |
Recognition of relationships | No recognition |
Adoption | No |
Part of a series on |
LGBT rights |
---|
![]() |
Lesbian ∙ Gay ∙ Bisexual ∙ Transgender |
![]() |
Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in India face legal and social difficulties not experienced by non-LGBT persons. Sexual activity between people of the same gender is illegal, and same-sex couples legally cannot marry or obtain a civil partnership. As of 2017, however, the Supreme Court is considering whether to legalise same-sex sexual activity and a draft Uniform Civil Code, if approved in its current form, would legalise same-sex marriage in India.
Since 2014, "hijras" in India, have been allowed to change their gender without sex reassignment surgery, and have a constitutional right to register themselves under a third gender, both in Kerala and Tamil Nadu only. Additionally, some states protect hijras through housing programmes, welfare benefits, pension schemes, free surgeries in government hospitals and others programmes designed to assist them. There are approximately 4.8 million hijras in India.[4]
Over the past decades, some high-profile Bollywood films have dealt with gay issues. Nonetheless, most LGBT people in India remain in the closet, in fear of discrimination from families, who see homosexuality as shameful.[5] Reports of honour killings, attacks and beatings against members of the LGBT community are also common in India.[6][7][8]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Anjali_gopalan.jpg/220px-Anjali_gopalan.jpg)
Law regarding same-sex sexual activity
The Goa Inquisition once prosecuted the capital crime of sodomy in Portuguese India[10][11], but not lesbian activity.[12]
The Mughal Empire combined a number of the preexisting Delhi Sultanate laws into the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, mandating a common set of punishments for Zina (unlawful intercourse[13]), these could include 50 lashes for a slave, 100 for a free infidel, or death by stoning for a Muslim.[14]
The British Raj criminalised sexual activities "against the order of nature", arguably including homosexual sexual activities, under Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which entered into force in 1861. This made it an offence for a person to voluntarily have "carnal intercourse against the order of nature." In 2009, the Delhi High Court decision in Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi found Section 377 and other legal prohibitions against private, adult, consensual, and non-commercial same-sex conduct to be in direct violation of fundamental rights provided by the Indian Constitution. Section 377 states that:[15]
- 377: Unnatural offences.--Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with 1*[imprisonment for life], or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.
- Explanation.-Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offence described in this section.
According to a previous ruling by the Indian Supreme Court, decisions of a high court on the constitutionality of a law apply throughout India, and not just to the territory of the state over which the high court in question has jurisdiction.[16]
There have been incidents of harassment of LGBT groups.[17]
On 23 February 2012, the Ministry of Home Affairs expressed its opposition to the decriminalisation of homosexual activity, stating that in India, homosexuality is seen as being immoral.[18] The Central Government reversed its stand on 28 February 2012, asserting that there was no legal error in decriminalising homosexual activity. This resulted in two judges of the Supreme Court reprimanding the Central Government for frequently changing its stand on the issue. "Don't make a mockery of the system and don't waste the court's time," an apex court judge told the Government.[19]
On 11 December 2013, the Supreme Court set aside the 2009 Delhi High Court order decriminalising consensual homosexual activity within its jurisdiction.[20][21][22] Justices G.S. Singhvi and S.J. Mukhopadhaya, however, noted that Parliament should debate and decide on the matter.[23] The full decision can be found here.
Human Rights Watch expressed worries that the Supreme Court ruling would render homosexual couples vulnerable to police harassment,[24] saying: "The Supreme Court's ruling is a disappointing setback to human dignity, and the basic rights to privacy and non-discrimination"[25] The Naz Foundation (India) Trust stated that it would file a petition for review of the court's decision.[26]
On 28 January 2014, the Supreme Court of India dismissed the review petition filed by the Central Government, NGO Naz Foundation and several others, against its 11 December verdict on Section 377 of IPC.[27] In explaining the ruling, the bench said: "While reading down Section 377, the High Court overlooked that a minuscule fraction of the country’s population constitutes lesbians, gays, bisexuals or transgender people, and in the more than 150 years past, less than 200 persons have been prosecuted for committing offence under Section 377, and this cannot be made a sound basis for declaring that Section ultra vires Articles 14, 15 and 21."[28]
On 18 December 2015, Shashi Tharoor, a member of the Indian National Congress party, introduced the bill for the decriminalisation of Section 377, but the bill was rejected in the House by a vote of 71-24. However, Shashi Tharoor is planning to re-introduce the bill.[29]
On 2 February 2016, the Supreme Court decided to review the criminalisation of homosexual activity.[30] In August 2017, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the right to individual privacy is an intrinsic and fundamental right under the Indian Constitution, giving hopes to LGBT activists that the Court would soon strike down Section 377. The Court also ruled that a person's sexual orientation is a privacy issue.[31]
Recognition of same-sex relationships
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bangalore_Gay_Pride_Parade_%2815%29.jpg/220px-Bangalore_Gay_Pride_Parade_%2815%29.jpg)
Same-sex marriages are not legally recognised in India nor are same-sex couples offered limited rights such as a civil union or a domestic partnership. In 2011, a court granted legal recognition to one same-sex marriage, involving two women.[32] After marrying, the couple began to receive threats from friends and relatives in their village.
Their lawyer said the court had served notice on 14 of Veena's relatives and villagers who had threatened them with "dire consequences". Haryana has been the centre of widespread protests by villagers who believe their village councils or khaps should be allowed to impose their own punishments on those who disobey their rulings or break local traditions – mainly honour killings of those who marry within their own gotra or sub-caste, regarded in the state as akin to incest. Deputy Commissioner of Police Dr. Abhe Singh told The Daily Telegraph: "The couple has been shifted to a safe house and we have provided adequate security to them on the court orders. The security is provided on the basis of threat perception and in this case the couple feared that their families might be against the relationship."[33]
The couple eventually won family approval.[34]
As of 2017, a draft of a new Uniform Civil Code that would legalise same-sex marriage has been proposed.[35]
It defines marriage as "the legal union as prescribed under this Act of a man with a woman, a man with another man, a woman with another woman a transgender with another transgender or a transgender with a man or a woman.All married couple and couples in partnership entitled to adopt a child. Sexual orientation of the married couple or the partners not to be a bar to their right to adoption. Non-heterosexual couples will be equally entitled to adopt a child".[36]
Discrimination protections
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/LGBT_flag_map_of_India.svg/220px-LGBT_flag_map_of_India.svg.png)
Article 15 of the Constitution of India states that:[37]
15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
- (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them
- (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to
- (a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and palaces of public entertainment; or
- (b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public
- (a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and palaces of public entertainment; or
Transgender rights
In India, one group of transgender people are called hijras. They were legally granted voting rights as a third sex in 1994.[38] Due to alleged legal ambiguity of the procedure, Indian transgender individuals do not have access to safe medical facilities for SRS.[39] On 15 April 2014, the Supreme Court of India declared transgender people as a socially and economically backward class entitled to reservations in education and jobs, and also directed union and state governments to frame welfare schemes for them.[40] The Court ruled that transgender people have a fundamental constitutional right to change their gender without any sort of surgery in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, and called on the Government to ensure equal treatment for transgender people. The Court also right that the Indian Constitution mandates the recognition of a third gender.[41]
In 2013, transgender and gender activists S. Swapna and Gopi Shankar Madurai from Srishti Madurai staged a protest in the Madurai collectorate on 7 October 2013 demanding reservation and to permit alternate genders to appear for examinations conducted by TNPSC, UPSC, SSC and Bank Exams.[42][43] Swapna, incidentally, had successfully moved the Madras High Court in 2013 seeking permission to write the TNPSC Group II exam as a ‘woman’ candidate. Swapna is the first trans person to clear TNPSC Group IV exams.[44]
On 24 April 2015, the Rajya Sabha unanimously passed the Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014 guaranteeing rights and entitlements, reservations in education and jobs (2% reservation in government jobs), legal aid, pensions, unemployment allowances and skill development for transgender people. It also contains provisions to prohibit discrimination in employment as well as prevent abuse, violence and exploitation of transgender people. The bill also provides for the establishment of welfare boards at the centre and state level as well as for transgender rights courts. The bill was introduced by DMK MP Tiruchi Siva, and marked the first time the Upper House had passed a private member's bill in 45 years. However, the bill contains several anomalies and a lack of clarity on how various ministries will coordinate to implement its provisions.[45] The bill is still pending in the Lower House.
Social Justice and Empowerment Minister Thaawar Chand Gehlot stated on 11 June 2015 that the Government would introduce a new comprehensive bill for transgender rights in the Monsoon session of Parliament. The bill will be based on the study on transgender issues conducted by a committee appointed on 27 January 2014. According to Gehlot, the Government intends to provide transgender people with all rights and entitlements currently enjoyed by scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.[46]
The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2016, which was initially introduced to Parliament in August 2016, was re-introduced to Parliament in late 2017.[4]
State laws
The states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala were the first Indian states to introduce a transgender (hijra/aravani) welfare policy. According to the transgender welfare policy, transgender people can access free sex reassignment surgery (SRS) in government hospitals (only for male-to-female); free housing program; various citizenship documents; admission in government colleges with full scholarship for higher studies; alternative sources of livelihood through formation of self-help groups (for savings) and initiating income-generation programmes (IGP). Tamil Nadu was also the first state to form a transgender welfare board with representatives from the transgender community. In 2016, Kerala started implementing free SRS in government hospitals.[47][48]
In July 2016, the state of Odisha enacted welfare benefits for transgender people, giving them the same benefits as those living below the poverty line. This was aimed at improving their overall social and economic status, according to the Odisha Department of Social Security.[49]
In April 2017, the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation instructed states to allow transgender people to use the public toilet of their choice.[50]
On 28 November 2017, N. Chandrababu Naidu, the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, announced the enactment of pension plans for transgender people.[51]. On 16 December 2017, the Andhra Cabinet passed the policy. According to the policy, the State Government will provide an amount of ₹1,500 per month to each transgender person above the age of 18 for social security pensions. In addition, the Government will construct special toilets in public places, like malls and cinema halls, for transgender people.[52]
Third-gender literature and studies
"Vaadamalli" by novelist Su.Samuthiram is the first Tamil novel about Aravaani community in Tamil Nadu published in 1994. Later, transgender activist A. Revathi became the first hijra to write about transgender issues and gender politics in Tamil. Her works have been translated into more than eight languages and act as a primary resource on gender studies in Asia. Her book is part of a research project for more than 100 universities. She is the author of Unarvum Uruvamum (Feelings of the Entire Body), the first of its kind in English from a member of the hijra community.[53][54] She also acted and directed several stage plays on gender and sexuality issues in Tamil and Kannada. The Truth about Me: A Hijra Life Story by transgender A. Revathi is part of the syllabus for final year students of The American College in Madurai. The American College is the first college in India to introduce third gender literature and studies with research-oriented seminars, and the Tamil terms for genderqueer people was coined in this college by gender activist Gopi Shankar.[55] Later, Naan Saravanan's Alla (2007) and Vidya's I Am Vidya (2008) were among early transwoman autobiographies.[56][57]
Living conditions
There are many avenues for LGBTQ communities in various metro cities for meeting and socializing, although not very openly. Some of them are GayBombay, Good as You, HarmlessHugs. Recently, a queer dating platform named Amour Queer Dating has been launched to help LGBTIQ people find long-term partners.[58]
In February 2017, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare unveiled resource material relating to health issues to be used as a part of a nationwide adolescent peer-education plan called Saathiya. Among other subjects, the material discusses homosexuality. The material states, "Yes, adolescents frequently fall in love. They can feel attraction for a friend or any individual of the same or opposite sex. It is normal to have special feelings for someone. It is important for adolescents to understand that such relationships are based on mutual consent, trust, transparency and respect. It is alright to talk about such feelings to the person for whom you have them but always in a respectful manner."[59][60]
In 2017, Delhi held its tenth pride parade, attended by hundreds of people.[5] Goa held its first pride parade in October 2017.[61]
Politics
The All India Hijra Kalyan Sabha fought for over a decade to get voting rights, which they finally got in 1994. In 1996, Kali stood for elections in Patna under the then Judicial Reform Party and gave the Janata Dal and the BJP a bit of a fight. Munni ran for the elections as well for South Mumbai that year. They both lost.[62]
After the defeat of Kali and Munni, three years later, Kamla Jaan ran and won the position of the Mayor of Katni. Later, Shabnam Mausi was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh in 2002 as well. Over the next few years, multiple other transgender candidates won office. These include Heera who won a seat at the City Council of Jabalpur and Gulshan who was elected to the City Council in Bina Etawa. In December 2000, Asha Devi became the Mayor of Gorakhpur, and Kallu Kinnar was elected to the City Council in Varanasi.
Shabnam Mausi is the first transgender Indian or hijra to be elected to public office. She was an elected member of the Madhya Pradesh State Legislative Assembly from 1998 to 2003. In 2000, Shabnam Mausi became India's first eunuch MP. (Hijras were granted voting rights in 1994 in India.) In 2003, hijras in Madhya Pradesh announced the establishment of their own political party called "Jeeti Jitayi Politics" (JJP), which literally means 'politics that has already been won'. The party also has released an eight-page election manifesto which it claims outlines why it is different from mainstream political parties. Heera Bai became the first member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly to win a seat.[63]
Kalki Subramaniam is a transgender rights activist, writer and an actor. In the 2011 assembly elections, Kalki tried in vain to get a DMK ticket.[64] Again on March 2014, Kalki announced in Puducherry that she would contest a seat in an election from the Villupuram constituency in neighbouring Tamil Nadu.[65]
On 4 January 2015, independent candidate Madhu Bai Kinnar was elected as the Mayor of Raigarh, Chhattisgarh.[66][67][68][69]
Manabi Bandopadhyay became India's first transgender college principal on 9 June 2015 when she assumed the role of principal of the Krishnagar Women's College in Nadia district, West Bengal.[70][71]
On 5 November 2015, K. Prithika Yashini became the first transgender police officer in the state of Tamil Nadu. At the time, the Tamil Nadu police had three transgender constables, but Yashini became the first trans person to hold the rank of officer in the state.[72]
In a reply to a letter from an intersex rights activist Gopi Shankar Madurai, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India replied that "Any kind of invasive medical procedure including sex reassignment surgeries are done only after thorough assessment of the patient, obtaining justification for the procedure planned to be conducted with the help of appropriate diagnostic test and only after taking a written consent of the patient/guardian".[73] Gopi Shankar Madurai was one of the youngest candidates,[74] and the first openly intersex and genderqueer candidate to contest an election in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 2016.[75][76][77][78]
On 12 February 2017, two transgender people were appointed by the Kolhapur District Legal Services Authority (KDLSA) as panel members for the Lok Adalat (People’s Court). 30 panels were appointed to settle general local disputes that arise within the community. Members of the KDLSA state: "Our main achievement was inclusion of transgenders as panelist in Lok Adalat. As per the Supreme Court's judgment, transgenders must be recognised as the third gender in our country. As per the norm, we have put in efforts and included two transgenders Mayuri Alawekar and Yuvraj Alavankar as panel members."[79]
Public opinion
Public opinion regarding LGBT rights in India is complex. According to a 2016 poll by the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, 35% of Indian people were in favor of legalising same-sex marriage, with 35% were opposed to its legalisation.[80]. A survey by the Varkey Foundation found that support for same-sex marriage was higher among 18-21 year olds at 53%.[81]
According to a 2017 poll carried out by ILGA, 58% of Indians agreed that gay, lesbian and bisexual people should enjoy the same rights as straight people, while 30% disagreed. Additionally, 59% agreed that they should be protected from workplace discrimination. 39% of Indians, however, said that people who are in same-sex relationships should be charged as criminals, while a plurality of 44% disagreed. As for transgender people, 66% agreed that they should have the same rights, 62% believed they should be protected from employment discrimination and 60% believed they should be allowed to change their legal gender.[82]
Notable Indian LGBTI rights activists
Name | Details |
---|---|
Manabi Bandyopadhyay | India's first openly transgender college principal and first transgender person to hold a PhD |
Vinay Chandran | Gay and human rights activist |
Bobby Darling | Transsexual actress |
Tista Das | Transsexual activist |
Sushant Divgikar | Mr. India Gay 2014 |
Pablo Ganguli | Cultural entrepreneur, artist, director and impresario |
Rituparno Ghosh | Popular filmmaker, winner of 11 Indian National Film Awards |
Anjali Gopalan | Human rights activist |
Andrew Harvey | Author, religious scholar and teacher of mystic traditions |
Harish Iyer | Activist, columnist and blogger |
Celina Jaitley | Miss India 2001 |
Firdaus Kanga | Writer and actor |
Karpaga | First trans person in India to perform a leading role in a mainstream movie |
Saleem Kidwai | Writer |
Agniva Lahiri | Social activist (PLUS Kolkata) |
Nolan Lewis | Mr. India Gay 2013 |
Leena Manimekalai | Poet, writer and film maker |
Shabnam Mausi | First openly trans person to participate in Indian elections |
Hoshang Merchant | Teacher, poet and critic |
Ismail Merchant | Film producer and director |
Raul Patil | Mr. India Gay 2011 |
Zoltan Parag | Mr. India Gay 2008 |
Onir | Award-winning film director |
Sridhar Rangayan | Film maker, and founder and festival director of Kasish Mumbai International Queer Film Festival |
R. Raj Rao | Writer, professor of literature |
A. Revathi | Actor, artist, writer and theater activist |
Wendell Rodricks | Fashion designer and choreographer |
Ashok Row Kavi | Founder of Humsafur Trust |
Aishwarya Rutuparna Pradhan | First openly transgender civil servant, Odisha Financial Services officer |
Nishit Saran | Filmmaker and gay rights activist |
Vikram Seth | Writer |
Parvez Sharma | Writer and documentary filmmaker |
Gopi Shankar Madurai | Genderqueer activist, recipient of the Commonwealth Youth Worker Asia Finalist Award and founder of Srishti Madurai[83][84][85][86] |
Manvendra Singh Gohil | Hereditary Prince of Rajpipla |
Ramchandra Siras | Linguist and author |
Living Smile Vidya | Actor, artist, writer, and theater activist |
Kalki Subramaniam | Trans activist, actor, artist, writer and founder of Sahodari Foundation |
Manil Suri | Indian-American mathematician and writer |
S. Swapna | First transwoman to clear Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission exam and first transgender I.A.S aspirant. |
Laxmi Narayan Tripathi | Trans activist |
Ruth Vanita | Writer and academician |
Rose Venkatesan | First trans TV host in India |
Riyad Vinci Wadia | Film maker |
Summary table
Same-sex sexual activity legal | ![]() |
Equal age of consent | ![]() |
Anti-discrimination laws in employment | ![]() |
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services | ![]() |
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) | ![]() |
Same-sex marriages | ![]() |
Recognition of same-sex couples | ![]() |
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples | ![]() |
Joint adoption by same-sex couples | ![]() |
LGBT people allowed to serve openly in the military | ![]() |
Right to change legal gender | ![]() ![]() |
Third gender recognised | ![]() ![]() |
Homosexuality declassified as an illness | ![]() |
Access to IVF for lesbians | ![]() |
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples | ![]() |
MSM allowed to donate blood | ![]() |
References
- ^ a b "Supreme Court makes homosexuality a crime again - The Times of India". The Times Of India. 12 December 2013.
- ^ a b "No separate proposal to repeal or amend section 377 : govt". The Hindustan Times.
- ^ a b "No separate proposal to repeal or amend section 377 : govt". Economic Times. 23 December 2014.
- ^ a b All you need to know about the Transgender Persons Bill, 2016
- ^ a b Hundreds of gay rights activists join pride march in Delhi
- ^ India: Prosecute Rampant ‘Honor’ Killings
- ^ Being LGBT in India: Some home truths
- ^ Lesbian newlyweds flee honor killing threats in India
- ^ "One Who Fights For an Other". The New Indian Express.
- ^ "'Xavier was aware of the brutality of the Inquisition'". Deccan Herald. Deccan Herald. 27 April 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
- ^ Sharma, Jai. "The Portuguese Inquisition in Goa: A brief history". Indiafacts.org. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
- ^ Soyer, Francois (2012). Ambiguous Gender in Early Modern Spain and Portugal: Inquisitors, Doctors and the Transgression of Gender Norms. p. 45. ISBN 9789004225299. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
- ^ Kugle, Scott A (1 September 2011). Sufis and Saints' Bodies: Mysticism, Corporeality, and Sacred Power in Islam. Chapter 4 - Note 62-63: Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 309. ISBN 9780807872772. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ A digest of the Moohummudan law pp. 1-3 with footnotes, Neil Baillie, Smith Elder, London
- ^ Indian Penal Code
- ^ Kusum Ingots v. Union of India, (2004) 6 SCC 254: "An order passed on a writ petition questioning the constitutionality of a Parliamentary Act, whether interim or final, keeping in view the provisions contained in Clause (2) of Article 226 of the Constitution of India, will have effect throughout the territory of India subject of course to the applicability of the Act."
- ^ Pervez Iqbal Siddiqui (28 December 2010). "Crackdown on gay party in Saharanpur, 13 held". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^ Mahapatra, Dhananjay (23 February 2012). "Centre opposes decriminalisation of homosexuality in SC". Economic Times. Times Internet. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
- ^ "Supreme Court pulls up Centre for flip-flop on homosexuality". The Indian Express. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
- ^ "Supreme Court sets aside Delhi High Court judgment in Naz Foundation; Declares S.377 to be constitutional".
- ^ Nelson, Dean (11 December 2013). "India's top court upholds law criminalising gay sex". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
- ^ "Supreme Court makes gay sex punishable offence, again; Twitter war breaks out between those for and against the verdict". DNA India. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
- ^ "Homosexuality is criminal offence: Supreme Court". Economic Times. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
{{cite news}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ IANS (11 December 2013). "Apex court ruling disappointing: rights body". Business Standard India. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
- ^ Harmit Shah Singh (11 December 2013). "India's Supreme Court declares homosexual sex illegal". CNN.
- ^ "Naz Foundation to file review petition against SC order on section 377".
- ^ "Supreme Court refuses overruling its Verdict on Section 377 and Homosexuality". IANS. Biharprabha News. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
- ^ J Venkatesan (11 December 2013). "Supreme Court sets aside Delhi HC verdict decriminalising gay sex". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
- ^ "India parliament blocks MP's bill to decriminalize gay sex". Rappler.
- ^ ABC News. "ABC News". ABC News.
- ^ India’s Supreme Court Upholds Right to Privacy Human Rights Watch
- ^ "In a first, Gurgaon court recognizes lesbian marriage - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
- ^ "India's first married lesbian couple given 24-hour protection", The Telegraph
- ^ "Lesbian couple's parents accept their relationship - The Times of India". The Times Of India. 17 August 2011.
- ^ Proposed law change could lead to marriage equality in India
- ^ "A new UCC for a new India? Progressive draft UCC allows for same sex marriages - Catchnews". Catchnews. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- ^ Article 15 in The Constitution Of India 1949
- ^ Shackle, Samira. "Politicians of the third gender: the "shemale" candidates of Pakistan". New Statesman. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ^ "Crystallising Queer Politics-The Naz Foundation Case and Its Implications For India's Transgender Communities" (PDF). NUJS Law Review. 2009.
- ^ "Supreme Court's Third Gender Status to Transgenders is a landmark". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- ^ Transgender rights in India
- ^ "Transgenders protest demanding name change in certificates - The Times of India". The Times Of India.
- ^ "Transgenders stage protest at collectorate - The Times of India". The Times Of India. 8 October 2013.
- ^ "Transgender Clears TNPSC Group IV Exam". The New Indian Express.
- ^ "Rajya Sabha passes historic private bill to promote transgender rights". The Indian Express. 25 April 2015.
- ^ "Bills on transgenders, disabled in monsoon session: Gehlot".
- ^ Devasia, TK. "Why Kerala's free sex-change surgeries will offer a new lifeline for the transgender community". Scroll.in. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ "How Kerala left the country behind on transgender rights | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
- ^ Odisha becomes first state to give welfare to transgender community
- ^ Sharma, Kuheena (6 April 2017). "Sanitation ministry allows transgender people use public toilets, wants them recognised as equal citizens". India Today. New Delhi. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ^ CM Naidu announces pension scheme for state's transgenders
- ^ Transgenders to get pension, ration and more in Andhra; govt clears welfare policy
- ^ Writing'a'Life'Between'Gender'Lines Conversations'with'A.'Revathi'about'Her'Autobiography' The Truth About Me: A Hijra Life Story
- ^ Umair, S. M. (29 September 2010). "Hope floats". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
- ^ Winter, Gopi Shankar (2014). Maraikkappatta Pakkangal: மறைக்கப்பட்ட பக்கங்கள். Srishti Madurai. ISBN 9781500380939. OCLC 703235508.
- ^ Achanta, Pushpa (9 October 2012). "My life, my way". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
- ^ "Doraiswamy to Revathi: A Tamil writer-activist's alternative journey". Deccan Herald.
- ^ Now, a dating platform for LGBT community
- ^ "Same-sex attraction is OK, boys can cry, girl's no means no". The Indian Express. 21 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
- ^ "Homosexual attraction is OK; 'NO' means no: Health Ministry rises above Indian stereotypes". The Financial Express. 21 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
- ^ Goa Hosts Its First Pride Parade Ever
- ^ "Accept history and move on".
- ^ "Eunuch MP takes seat". BBC News. 6 March 2000.
- ^ "Transgender activist Kalki to seek DMK ticket".
- ^ Jaisankar, C.; Raghunathan, A. V. "Transgender Kalki in poll race". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
- ^ Alter, Charlotte (6 January 2015). "India's First Openly Transgender Mayor Elected". Time.
- ^ "India's First Openly Transgender Mayor in Her Own Words". The Wall Street Journal. 7 January 2015.
- ^ "First transgender mayor elected in central India: media". Reuters. 5 January 2015.
- ^ "Transgender woman is elected district mayor in Indian state of Chhattisgarh". the Guardian.
- ^ IANS (9 June 2015). "India's first transgender college principal starts work".
- ^ The First Transgender Principal
- ^ "With a little help from Madras HC, Tamil Nadu gets its first transgender police officer". The Indian Express. 7 November 2015.
- ^ Karthikeyan, Ragamalika (3 February 2017). "Activists say surgical 'correction' of intersex babies at birth wrong, govt doesn't listen". The News Minute.
- ^ "Intersex person to contest from Madurai North". 30 April 2016 – via The Hindu.
- ^ "3rd gender gets a new champion in Tamil Nadu poll ring – Times of India".
- ^ "Meet and Understand The First Genderqueer Candidate in Indian Politics". bodahub.com. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
- ^ "Intersex candidate alleges harassment – Times of India".
- ^ "This intersex person is contesting TN polls, 'ze' wants to change your mind on sexual minorities - The News Minute". 24 April 2016.
- ^ "Lok Adalat makes history, appointed two transgenders as panelist". The Times of India. 12 February 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
- ^ a b "ILGA/RIWI Global Attitudes Survey on LGBTI People" (PDF). www.ilga.org. International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 31 December 2016.
- ^ "Young people and free speech". The Economist. 15 February 2017.
- ^ ILGA-RIWI Global Attitudes Survey ILGA, October 2017
- ^ "Intersex person to contest from Madurai North". 30 April 2016 – via The Hindu.
- ^ "3rd gender gets a new champion in Tamil Nadu poll ring - Times of India".
- ^ "Intersex candidate alleges harassment - Times of India".
- ^ "This intersex person is contesting TN polls, 'ze' wants to change your mind on sexual minorities". 24 April 2016.